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EDITION FOR 1893-94 


¥ 

THE MaRVEE GyGROPEDIA 


A Condensed Library of Usefnl Knowledge 

H —J 

Edited by K. L. ARMSTRONG 




“Which—if ydh but open— 
You will be unwilling, 

For many a shilling, 

To part with the profit 
Which you ehall have of it.” 







C. ROPP & SONS, PUBLISHERS 






“ The era is fast a VV roachimj when no writer will be read by 
the majority, except, those who can effect for bales of manuscript 
what the hydrostatic screw performs for bales of cotton condense 
into a period what before occupied a page. — Cotter. 


S' 



LC Control Number 



tmp96 032531 


/iq to5 

,$ 31 S’ 







Copyright, 1889, by Francis J. Schulte. 
Copyright, i8o*>. by Schulte Publishing Co. 






















This rule to all when I am dead: 
Be sure you're right , then go ahead. 


—Davy Crockett. 



GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE 


Handy Facts to Settle Many Arguments. 

London plague in 1665. 

Telephone invented, 1861. 

There are 2,750 languages. 

Two persons die every second. 

Sound moves 743 miles per hour. 

Chinese invented paper, 170 B.C. 

A square mile contains 640 acres. 

A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. 

Hawks can fly 150 miles in one hour. 

Watches were first constructed in 1476. 

Chinese in United States in 1880, 105,613. 

Rome was founded by Romulus, 752 B.C. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 

Phonograph invented by T. A. Edison, 1S77. 

The first balloon ascended from Lyons, France, 1783. 

The first fire insurance office in America, Boston, 1724. 

Jet is found along the coast of Yorkshire, Eng., near Whitby. 
Napoleon I. crowned emperor, 1804; died at St. Helena, 1820. 
Electric light invented by Lodyguin and Kossloff, at London, 
1874. 

Harvard is the oldest college in the United States; established 
in 1638. 

War declared with Great Britain, June 19, 1812; peace, Feb. 

18, 1815. 

Until 1776 cotton spinning was performed by the hand spin¬ 
ning-wheel. 

Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre 

within an inch. 

Postage stamps first came into use in England in the year 184c; 
in the United States, in 1847. 

The highest range of mountains are the Himalayas, the mean 
elevation being from 16,000 to 18,000 feet. 

The largest inland sea is the Caspian, between Europe and 
Asia, being 700 miles long and 270 miles wide. 


The term “Almighty Dollar” originated with Washington 
Irving, as a satire on the American love for gain. 


3 







GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 


Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

Iron horseshoes were made in 481. 

A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. 

A hand (horse measure) is four inches. 

A rifle ball moves 1,000 miles per hour. 

First steamer crossed the Atlantic, 1819. 

Assassination of Lincoln, April 14, 1865. 

German empire re-established, Jan. 18, 1871. 

Storm clouds move thirty-six miles an hour. 

First subscription library, Philadelphia, 1731. 

Dark Ages, from the 6th to the 14th century. 

The Latin tongue became obsolete about 580. 

The great London fire occurred Sept. 26, 1666. 

The value of a ton of pure gold is $602,799.21. 

Ether was first used for surgical purposes in 1844. 

Ignatius Loyola founded the order of Jesuits, 1541. 

First authentic use of organs, 755; in England, 951. 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. 

Cork is the bark taken from a species of the oak tree. 
Benjamin Franklin used the first lightning rods, 1752. 

Glass windows (colored) were used in the 8th century. 
Authentic history of China commenced 3,000 years B.C. 
Introduction of homoeopathy into the United States, 1825. 
Spectacles were invented by an Italian in the 13th century. 
Medicine was introduced into Rome from Greece, 200 B.C. 
First electric telegraph, Paddington to Brayton, Eng., 1835. 
The Chaldeans were the first people who worked in metals. 
First life insurance, in London, 1772; in America, Phila., 1812. 
Egyptian pottery is the oldest known; dates from 2,000 B.C. 
Julius Caesar invaded Britain, 55 B.C.; assassinated, 44 B.C. 
Soap was first manufactured in England in the 16th century. 
The largest free territorial government is the United States. 
First photographs produced in England, 1802; perfected, 1841. 
First marine insurance, A. D. 533; England, 1598; America, 
1721. 

Professor Oersted, Copenhagen, discovered electro-magnetism, 

in 1819. 

First American express, New York to Boston—W. F. 
Hamden. 

Glass windows were first introduced into England in the 

8th century. 

Chicago is little more than fifty years old, and is the eighteenth 
city of the world. 

Glass was made in Egypt, 3,000 B.C.; earliest date of trans¬ 
parent glass, 719 B.C. 

First public schools in America were established in the New 
England States about 1642. 

4 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE . 


First Atlantic cable operated, 1S5S. 

A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. 

The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

Light moves 187,000 miles per second. 

Slow rivers flow seven miles per hour. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

A storm moves thirty-six miles per hour. 

Battles of Bunker Hill and Lexington, 1775. 

The largest island in the world is Australia. 

First musical notes used, 1338; printed, 1502. 

Kerosene was first used for illuminating in 1826. 

National banks first established in United States, 1816. 

Slavery in the United States was begun at Jamestown in 1619 

First postoffice established, between Vienna and Brussels 
1516. 

The Alexandrian Librarv contained 400,000 valuable books 
47 B.C. 

Moscow, Russia, has the largest bell in the world, 432,00c 
pounds. 

The highest denomination of United States legal tender notes 
is $10,000. 

The electric eel is only found in the northern rivers of South 
America. 

Columbus discovered America, Oct. 12, 1492; the Northmen 
A. D. 985. 

The first theater in the United States was at Williamsburg 
Va., 1752. 

Congress declared war with Mexico, May 13, 1846; closec 
Feb. 2, 184s. 

The first complete sewing machine was patented by Elia! 
Howe, Jr., in 1846. 

London is the largest city in the world, containing a popula¬ 
tion of 4,764,312 persons. 

First cotton raised in the United States was in Virginia, in 
1621; first exported, 1747. 

The largest university is Oxford, in England. It consists oi 
twenty-one colleges and five halls. 

First sugar-cane cultivated in the United States, near New 
Orleans, 1751; first sugar-mill, 1758. 

First telegraph in operation in America was between Wash* 
ington and Baltimore, May 27, 1844. 

The first illumination with gas was in Cornwall, Eng., 1792 ; 
in the United States, at Boston, 1822. 

Printing was known in China in the 6th century; introduced 
into England about 1474; America, 1536. 

The great wall of China, built 200 B.C., is 1,250 miles in length, 
20 feet high, and 25 feet thick at the base. 

Glass mirrors first made by Venetians in the 13th century^ 
Polished metal was used before that time. 

Meerschaum means “froth of the sea.” It is white and soft 
when dug from the earth, but soon hardens. 

5 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE . 


America was discovered in 1492. 

A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds. 

A span is ten and seven-eighths inches. 

Pianoforte invented in Italy about 1710. 

The value of a ton of silver is $37,704.84. 

First watches made in Nuremberg, 1476. 

A hurricane moves eighty miles per hour. 

Modern needles first came into use in 1545. 

Electricity moves 288,000 miles per second.^ 

French and Indian War in America, 1754." 

The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

The average human life is thirty-three years. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

French Revolution, 1789; Reign of Terror, 1793. 

$1,000,000 gold coin weigh 3,685.8 lbs. avoirdupois. 

Mormons arrived at Salt Lake Valley, Utah, July 24, 1847. 

Experiments in electric lighting, by Thomas A. Edison, 1878-80. 

Daguerre and Nieper invented the process of daguerreotype, 
339 - 

The largest cavern in the world is the Mammoth Care, Ken- 
ucky. 

First American library founded at Harvard College, Cam- 
>ridge, 1638. 

The first iron ore discovered in this country was found in Vir¬ 
ginia in 1715. 

“ Bravest of the Brave ” was the title given to Marshal Ney at 
Friedland, 1807. 

The first steam engine on this continent was brought from 
England in 1753. 

The most extensive park is Deer Park in Denmark. It con- 
;ains 4,200 acres. 

Books in their present form were invented by Attalus, king of 
Pergamus, in 887. 

Robert Raikes established the first Sunday-school, at Glou- 
;ester, Eng., 1781. 

Albert Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood 

;ngraving in 1527. 

St. Augustine, oldest city in the United States, founded by 
the Spaniards, 1565. 

Jamestown, Va., founded, 1607; first permanent English set¬ 
tlement in America. 

The first volunteer fire company in the United States was 
at Philadelphia, 1736. 

Oberlin College, Ohio, was the first in the United States that 
admitted female students. 

The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriages in France in 1559. 

The largest park in the United States is Fairmount, at Phila¬ 
delphia, ana contains 2,740 acres. 

6 


GEMS OF KNO WLEDGE. 


The highest natural bridge in the world is at Rockbridge, Vir¬ 

ginia, being 200 feet high to the bottom of the arch. 

The largest circulation of paper money is that of the United 

States, being 700 millions, while Russia has 670 millions. 

The largest insurance company in the world is the Mutual 

Life of New York City, having cash assets of $108,000,000. 

The largest empire in the world is that of Great Britain, being 

8,557,658 square miles, and more than a sixth part of the globe. 

The first electrical signal ever transmitted between Europe and 

America passed over the Field submarine cable on Aug. 5, 1S58. 

The longest tunnel in the world is St. Gothard, on the line of 

the railroad Detween Lucerne and Milan, being 9^ miles in length. 

The loftiest active volcano is Popocatapetl. It is 17,784 feet 

high, and has a crater three miles in circumference and 1,000 feet deep. 

Burnt brick were known to have been used in building the 

Tower of Babel. They were introduced into England by the Romans. 

The most remarkable echo known is that in the castle of Simoa- 

etta, two miles from Milan. It repeats the echo of a pistol sixty times. 

The largest volcano in the world is Etna. Its base is 90 miles 
in circumference; its cone 11,000 feet high. Its first eruption occurred 474 
B.C. 

The largest tree in the world, as yet discovered, is in Tulare 
County, California. It is 275 feet high, and 106 feet in circumference at it* 
base. 

The largest desert is Sahara, in Northern Africa. Its length 
Is 3,000 miles and breadth 900 miles; having an area of 2,000,000 square 
miles. 

The largest suspension bridge is the Brooklyn. The length of 
the main span is 1,595 feet 6 inches. The entire length of the bridge is 
5,989 feet. 

The first deaf and dumb asylum was founded in England, by 
Thomas Braidwood, 1760; and the first in the United States was at Hart¬ 
ford, 1817. 

The largest diamond in the world is the Braganza, being a 
part of the Portuguese jewels. It weighs 1,880 carats. It was found in 
Brazil in 1741. 

The grade of titles in Great Britain stands in the following 

order from the highest: A Prince, Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron, 
Baronet, Knight. 

The “Valley of Death,” in the island of Ja^a, is simply th® 
crater of an extinct volcano, filled with carbonic-acid gas. It is half a mile 
in circumference. 

The city of Amsterdam, Holland, is built upon piles driven 
into the ground. It is intersected by numerous canals, crossed by nearly 
three hundred bridges. 

Coal was used as fuel in England as early ns 852, and in 1234 
the first charter to dig for it was granted by Henry HI. to the inhabitants 
of Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

Tobacco was discovered in San Domingo in 1496; afterwards 
by the Spaniards in Yucatan in 1520. It was introduced in France in 1560, 
and into England in 1583. 

The present national colors of the United States were not 
adopted by Congress until 1777. The flag was first used by Washington at 
Cambridge, January 1, 1776. 


7 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 


Paris was known as Lutetia until 1184, when the name of the 

great French capital was changed to that which it has borne ever since. 

The longest span of wire in the world is used for a telegraph 
in India over the river Ristuah. It is over 6,000 feet, and is stretched be¬ 
tween two hills, 1,200 feet high. 

The largest library in the world is in Paris, founded by Louis 
XIV. It contains 1,400,000 volumes, 175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and 
charts, and 150,000 coins and medals. 

The tallest man was John Hale, of Lancashire, England, who 
was nine feet six inches in height. IIis hand was seventeen inches long 
and eight and one-half inches broad. 

In round numbers, the weight of $1,000,000 in standard gold 
coin is 1 tons; standard silver coin, 26% tons; subsidiary silver coin, 25 
tons; minor coin, 5-cent nickel, 100 tons. 

The part of United States territory most recently acquired 
is the island of San Juan, near Vancouver’s Island. It was evacuated by 
England at the close of November, 1873. 

The highest monument in the world is the Washington monu¬ 
ment, being 555 feet. The highest structure of any kind is the Eiffel 
Tower, Paris, finished in 1889 and 9S9 feet high. 

It is claimed that crows, eagles, ravens and swans live to be 100 
years old; herons, 59; parrots, 60; pelicans and geese, 50; skylarks,30; spar¬ 
row hawks, 40; peacocks, canaries and cranes, 24. 

The greatest cataract in the world is Niagara, the height of the 
American Falls being 165 feet. The highest fall of water in the world is 
that of the Yosemite in California, being 2,550 feet. 

The most ancient catacombs are those of the Theban kings, 
begun a,000 years ago. The catacombs of Rome contain the remains of 
about 6,000,000 human beings; those of Paris, 3,000,000. 

The quickest passage ever made across the Atlantic was that 

>f the steamer Etruria, of the Cunard line, being 6 days 5 hours and 30 
ninutes from New York to Queenstown ; the distance being 2,850 miles. 

There has been no irregularity in the recurrence of leap year 
ivery four years since 1800, and will be none until 1900, which will be a 
common year, although it will come fourth after the preceding leap year. 

The first English newspaper was the English Mercury , issued 
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was issued in the shape of a 
pamphlet. The Gazette of Venice was the original model of the modern 
newspaper. 

The Mormon Church in Utah shows a membership of 127,294 
—23,000 families. The church has 12 apostles, 5S patriarchs, 3,885 seventies, 
3,153 high priests, 11,000 elders, 1,500 bishops, and 4,400 deacons, being an 
office for each six persons. 

The seven sages flourished in Greece in the 6th century B.C. 
They were renowned for their maxims of life, and as the authors of the 
mottoes inscribed in the Delphian Temple. Their names are: Solon, Chilo, 
Pittacus, Bias, Periander, Cleobolus, and Thales. 

The largest stationary engine in the world is at the zinc mines 
at Friedenville, Penn. The number of gallons of water raised every 
minute is 17,500. The driving wheels are 35 feet in diameter and weigh 40 
tons each. The cylinder is no inches in diameter. 

The largest number of cattle ever received in one year was 
that of Chicago in the year 1884, being 1,874,984 beeves, 30,223 calves, 5,640,- 
625 hogs, 749,917 sheep, and 15,625 horses. It required 9,000 trains of 31 car* 
each, which, if coupled together, would reach 2,146 miles. 

8 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 


The estimated number of Christians in the world is over 40S,- 
ocx),ooo; of Buddhists, 420,000,000; of the followers of Brahma, 1S0,000,000} 
of Mohammedans, 150,000,000; of Jews, S,000,000; of atheists, deists, and in¬ 
fidels, 85,000,000; of pagans, 50,000,000, and of the 1,100 other minor creeds, 
123,000,000. 

The largest producing farm in the world lies in the southwest 
corner of Louisiana, owned by a northern syndicate. It runs one hundred 
miles north and south. The immense tract is divided into convenient pas¬ 
tures, with stations of ranches every six miles. The fencing alone cost 
neatly $50,000. 

The “Seven Wonders of the World” are seven most remarka¬ 
ble objects of the ancient world. They are: The Pyramids of Egpyt, 
Pharos of Alexandria, Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of 
Diana at Ephesus, the Statue of the Olympian Jupiter, Mausoleum of Arte¬ 
misia, and Colossus of Rhodes. 

A “monkey wrench” is not so named because it is a handy 
thing to monkey with, or for any kindred reason. “Monkey” is not its 
name at all, but “Moncky.” Charles Moncky, the inventor of it, sold his 
patent for $2,000, and invested the money in a house in Williamsburgh, Kings 
County, N. Y., where he now lives. 

The Union arch of the Washington Aqueduct is the largest 
in the world, being 220 feet; 20 feet in excess of the Chester arch across the 
Dee in England, feet longer than that of the London, Bridge ; 92 feet 
longer than that at Neuillv on the Seine, and 100 feet longer than that of 
Waterloo Bridge. The height of the Washington arch is 100 feet. 

The largest ship ever built, the Great Eastern, recently broken 
to pieces and sold to junk dealers, was designed and constructed by Scott 
Russell, at Maxwell, on the Thames. Work on the giant vessel was com¬ 
menced in May, 1S54. She was successfully launched January 13, 185S. The 
launching alone occupied the time from November 3, 1857, until the date 
above given. Her total length was 600 feet; breadth, 118'feet; total weight 
when launched, 12,000 tons. Her first trip of any consequence was made to 
New York in 1859-60. 

In 1775 there were only twenty-seven newspapers published 
in the United States. Ten years later, in 17S5, there were seven published 
in the English language in Philadelphia alone, of which one was a daily. 
The oldest newspaper published in Philadelphia at the time of the Federal 
convention was the Pennsylvajiia Gazette , established by Samuel Keimer, 
in 1728. The second newspaper in point of age was the Pennsylvania 
Journal, established in 1742 by William Bradford, whose uncle, Andrew 
Bradford, established the first newspaper in Pennsylvania, the American 
Weekly Mercury, in 1719. Next in age, but the first in importance, was the 
Pennsylvania Packet, established by John Dunlap in 1771. I11 17S4 it became 
a daily, being the first daily newspaper printed on this continent. 

Statistics of twenty leading libraries in this country show that, 
of over $500,000 spent, a little'over $170,000 spent was devoted to books, while 
other expenses consumed $358,000. In the Mercantile Library of New York 
city it costs 14 cents to circulate a volume; in the Astor, 14J 2 cents are spent 
on each volume, or 27 cents on each reader; in Columbia College Library, 
21 cents per reader; in the Library Company of Philadelphia, 26 cents per 
volume, or 10 cents per head. The largest library in the world is the Na¬ 
tional Library of France, founded by Louis XIV., which now contains 1,- 
400,000 books, 300,000 pamphlets, 175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and charts, 
150,000 coins and medals, 1,300,000 engravings, and 100,000 portraits. The 
Library of Congress is the largest in this country, as it contained 570,000 
volumes in 1886. The Mercantile Library of Philadelphia was the seventh 
in point of size in this country in the same year. There are in the United 
States 5,338 libraries. 


9 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 


The most extensive mines in the world are those of Freiberg, 
Saxony. They were begun in the twelfth century, and in 1835 the galleries, 
taken collectively, had reached the unprecedented length of 123 miles. A 
new gallery, begun in 183S, had reached a length of eight miles at the time 
of the census of 1878. The deepest perpendicular mining shaft in the world 
is located at Prizilram, Bohemia. It is a lead mine; it was begun 1832. 
January, 1880, it was 3,2So feet deep. The deepest coal mine in the world is 
near Tourney, Belgium; it is 3,542 feet in depth, but, unlike the lead mine 
mentioned above, it is not perpendicular. The deepest rock-salt bore in the 
world is near Berlin, Prussia; it is 4,185 feet deep. The deepest hole ever 
bored into the earth is the artesian well at Potsdam, which is 5,500'feet in 
depth. The deepest coal mines in England are the Dunkirk collieries of 
Lancashire, which are 2,824 feet > n depth. The deepest coal shaft in the 
United States is located at Pottsville, Pa. In 1885 it had reached a depth of 
1,576 feet. From this great depth 400 cars, holding four tons each, are 
hoisted daily. The deepest silver mine in the L T nitea States is the Yellow 
lacket, one of the great Comstock system at Virginia City, Nevada; the 
lower levels are 2,700 feet below the hoisting works. 

The largest locomotive ever constructed prior to 1880 was that 

made at the Baldwin Locomotive Works during the early part of 1879. It 
was turned out ready for use April 10th of that year and named Uncle Dick. 
Uncle Dick weighed 130,000 pounds; was sixty feet from headlight to the 
rear end of the tender. He is now at work on the Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fe road. During the year 1SS3 the same works that constructed 
Uncle Dick turned out several locomotives for the Northern Pacific railroad, 
each weighing 180,000 pounds. During the same year, as if to overshadow 
the Baldwin works, the Central Pacific company caused to be built at their 
shops in Sacramento, Cal., what are really the largest locomotives in the 
world. They have eight drive-wheels each, the cylinders are 19 inches in 
diameter, and the stroke three feet. These engines weigh, with the tender, 
as Uncle Dick’s weight was given, almost 190,000 pounds. The Baldwin 
Works, in 1889, completed for the Northern Pacific an engine weighing., 
with tender, 225,000 pounds. 

“ Liberty,” Bartholdi’s statue, presented to the United States 

by the French people in 1SS5, is the largest statue ever built. Its conception 
is due to the great French sculptor whose name it bears. It is said to be a 
likeness of his mother. Eight years of time were consumed in the construc¬ 
tion of this gigantic brazen image. Its weight is 440,000 pounds, of which 
146,000 pounds are copper, the remainder iron and steel. The major part of 
the iron and steel was used in constructing the skeleton frame work for the 
inside. The mammoth electric Jight held in the hand of the giantess is ^05 
feet above tide-water. The height of the figure is 152^ feet; the pedestal 
91 feet, and the foundation 52 feet and 10 inches. Forty persons can find 
standing-room within the mighty head, which is 14^ feet in diameter. A 
six-foot man standing on the lower lip could hardly“reach the eyes. The 
index finger is eight leet in length and the nose 3% feet. The Colossus of 
Rhodes was a pigmy compared with this latter day wonder. 

The largest stone bridge on the face of the earth is that finished 
in May, 1885, at Lagang, China. Chinese engineers had sole control of its 
construction. It crosses an arm of the China Sea, is nearly six miles in 
length, is composed entirely of stone, and has 300 arches, each 70 feet high. 
It is the most colossal structure ever reared by man, yet we sneer at the 
“heathen Chinee.” The largest truss iron bridge in the world crosses the 
Firth of Tay, Scotland. It is 18,612 feet in length and composed of eighty- 
five spans. The longest wooden bridge in the world is that crossing Lake 
Poncfiartrain, near New Orleans, La. It is a trestle-work twenty-one miles 
in length, built of cypress piles which have been saturated with creosote 
oil to preserve them. The highest bridge in the United States is over Kin- 
zina Creek, near Bradford, Pa. It was built in 18S2, has a total span of 2 oci 
feet and is 301 feet above the creek bed. ’ 3 

10 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 

The “Centennial ox,” bred by Samuel Barkley of Somerset 
County, Pa., was the largest specimen of the bovine the world has ever 
seen. He weighed 4,900 pounds the day he arrived in Philadelphia. This 
mountain of beef was of mixed stock, being short-horn, native, “scrub,” 
and Ayrshi-e, the short-horn predominating. After the exhibition was 
ended the giant ox was butchered and exhibited as “show beef” at Phila¬ 
delphia during the holidays of 1876. A short-horn steer weighing 4,100 

f iounds was slaughtered at Detroit in 1874. A. N. Meal of Moberly, Mo., 
ormerly owned the largest cow in the world. Mr. Meal disposed of her in 
1883, the Cole Circus Company being the purchasers. She weighed the day 
of sale 3,296 pounds. Mr. John Pratt of Chase County, Kan., was formerly 
the owner of a cow weighing 3,200 pounds. She was of the common “scrub” 
stock and stood nineteen hands high. 

The great pyramid of Cheops is the largest structure of any 
kind ever erected by the hand of man. Its original dimensions at the base 
were 764 feet square, and its perpendicular height in the highest point 488 
feet; it covers four acres, one rood, and twenty-two perches of ground and 
has been estimated by an eminent English architect to have cost not less 
than £30,000,000, which in United States currency would be about $145,200,- 
000. Internal evidence proves that the great pyramid was begun about the 
year 2170 B.C., about the time of the birth of Abraham. It is estimated 
that about 5,000,000 tons of hewn stone were used in its construction, and 
the evidence points to the fact that these stones were brought a distance of 
about 700 miles from quarries in Arabia. 

The largest and grandest temple of worship in the world is 
the St. Peter’s Cathedral at Rome. It stands on the site of Nero’s circus, in 
the northwest part of the city, and is built in form of a Latin cross. The 
total length of the interior is6i2^ English feet; transept, 446% feet; height 
of nave, 152% feet; diameter of cupalo, 193 feet; height of dome from pave¬ 
ment to top of cross, 44S feet. The great bell alone without the hammer 
or clapper weighs 18,600 peunds, or over 9J4 tons. The foundation was laid 
in 1450 A.D. Forty-three Popes lived and died during the time the work 
was In progress. It was dedicated in the year 1826, but not entirely finished 
until the year 1880. The cost, in round numbers, is set down at $70,000,000. 

The Capitol building at Washington, D. C., is the largest 
building in the United States. The corner stone was laid December 18th, 
1793, by President Washington, assisted by other Masons. It was partially 
destroyed by the British in 1814. The present dome was begun in 1S55 and 
finished in 1863. The flag of the United States first floated from it Decem¬ 
ber 12th, 1863. The cost of the entire building has been something over $13,- 
000,000. Its length is 715 feet 4 inches; width, 324 feet. It covers t>/2 
acres of ground. The distance from the ground to the top of the dome is 
3°7/^ feet; diameter of the dome, 135^ feet—making fifth as to size with the 
greatest domes of the world. 

The largest and costliest private mansion in the world is that 
belonging to Lord Bute, called Montstuart, and situated near Rothesay, 
England. It covers nearly two acres; is built in gothic style; the walls, 
turrets and balconies are built of stone. The immense tower in the center 
of the building is 120 feet high, with a balcony around the top. The halls 
are constructed entirely of marble and alabaster, and the rooms are finished 
in mahogany, rosewood and walnut. The fire-places are all carved mar¬ 
bles of antique design. The exact cost of this fairy palace is not known, 
but it has never been estimated at less than $8,000,000. 

The largest body of fresh water in the world is Lake Superior. 
It is 400 miles long and 180 miles wide; its circumference, including the 
windings of iis various bays, has been estimated at 1,800 miles. Its area in 
square miles is 32,000, which is greater than the whole of New England, 
leaving out Maine. The greatest depth of this inland sea is 200 fathoms, 
or 1,200 feet. Its average depth is about 160 fathoms. It is 636 feet above 
sea level. 


11 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 


The corner stone of the Washington monument, the highest 
.n the United States, and until 1880 the highest in the world, was laicl July 
4th, 1848. Robert E. Winthrop, then the Speaker of the House, delivered 
the oration. Work progressed steadily for about six years, until the funds 
of the monumental society became exhausted. At that time the monument 
was about 175 feet high. From 1S54 until 1879 nothing to speak of was done 
on the building. In the year last above named Congress voted an appro¬ 
priation of #200,000 to complete the work. From that time forward work 
progressed at a rapid rate until December 6th, 1S84, when the aluminum 
apex was set at 555 feet 5^ inches from the foundation and the work de¬ 
clared finished. The foundation is 146% feet square; number of stones 
used above the 130-foot level, 9,163; total weight stone used in work, 81,120 
tons. 

The famous Corliss engine, the largest ever constructed, and 
the one used to drive the machinery in the great hall at the Centennial of 
1S76, is now in the shops of the Pullman Car Company at Pullman, near 
Chicago, Ill. The writer is aware that this differs from other statements 
that have been made, it being generally supposed that the Emperor oi 
Brazil bought the engine and removed it to his own country. He did talk 
of buying it, but the bargain was never consummated. This tireless giant 
works in an upright position, is over 40 feet high, of 1,400 horse-power, and 
has two 40-inch cylinders and a io-foot stroke. 

The largest ferry-boat ever constructed was named the Solano, 
and is now in use daily conveying trains across the Straits of Carquinez, 
between Benecia and Port Costa. The Solano is 460 feet long, 116 feet 
wide, and 20 foot depth of hold. She has eight steel boilers, four rudders, 
and a tonage of 3,841 tons. On her decks arc four railway tracks, with 
capacity for 48 ordinary freight cars and two locomotives, or 2S passenger 
coaches of the largest build. 

The highest building in the world, not counting the Eiffel 
tower and the Washington monument, is the Cologne cathedral. The 
height from the pavement to the top of the cupola is 511 feet. It is 511 feet 
long, exactly the same as the height, and 231 feet wide. It was begun 
August 15th in the j'ear 1248, and was pronounced finished August 14th, 
1SS0, over 600 years aftei;the corner s4pne was laid. 

The highest mountain on the globe is not, as is generally sup¬ 
posed, Mt. Everest, that honor belonging to a lofty peak named Mt. Her¬ 
cules on the Isle of Papua, New Guinea, discovered by Capt. Lawson in 
1881. According to Lawson, this monster is 32,763 feet in height, being 
.3,781 feet higher than Mt. Everest, which is only 29,002 feet above the level 
of the Indian ocean. 

The largest State in our grand republic is Texas, which con¬ 
tains 274,356 square miles, capable of sustaining 20,000,000 of people, and then 
it would not be more crowded than Scotland is at present. It ha- been 
estimated -that the entire population of the globe could be seated upon 
chairs within the boundary of Texas and each have f ur feet of elbow room. 

The largest anvil is that used in the Woolwich Arsenal, Eng¬ 
land. It weighs sixty tons. The anvil block upon which it rests weighs 
103 tons. Altogether 600 tons of iron were used in the anvil, the block and 
the foundation work. It is said to have been six months cooling before it 
was sufficiently hard to stand the shock of the immense hammer. 

The Mississippi river, from the source of the Missouri to the 
Eads jetties, is the longest river in the world. It is 4,300 miles in length 
and drains an area of 1,726,000 square miles. The Amazon, which is with¬ 
out doubt the widest river in the world, including the Beni, is 4,000 miles in 
length and drains 2,330,000 square miles of territory. 

The largest school in the world is the Jews’ free school of 

Spitalsfield, Eng., which has a daily attendance of2,800 pupils. 

12 


GEMS OF KNOWLEDGE. 


New Orleans boasts the largest custom-house in this or any 
other land. It was begun in 184S and over thirty years elapsed before it 
was finished and ready for use. It is built of Quincy granite, the interior 
being finished in finest marble. It has in rooms; height from the pave¬ 
ment to the top of the co»nice is eighty feet, and to the top of the light on the 
dome 187 feet. The dome itself is 49 feet square and 61 feet high; estimated 
total cost of building, $4,900,000. 

The largest hotel in the U nited States, and probably the largest 

in the world, is located at San Francisco, Cal. It is nine stories high and 
cost $3,500,000. It is named the Palace and has accommodations for 1,500 
guests. 

Paris claims the finest theater in the world. It is of solid 
stone, finished with marble floors, and covers about four acres of ground. 
La Scala, of Milan, has the largest seating capacity, while the Auditorium 
at Chicago, completed in 1889, seating 7,000 people, ranks second in that 


respect. 

The Name of God in 


Hebrew.Eleah, Jehovah 

Chaldaic.Eiliah 

Assyrian . .Eleah 

Syrian and Turkish .... Alah 

Malay.Alla 

Arabic .Allah 

Languages of the Magi. .Orsi 

Old Egyptian.Teut 

Armenian.Teuti 

Modern Egyptian.Teun 

Greek.Theos 

Cretan..Thios 

Aedian and Dorian.Ilos 

Latin . * . Deus 

Low Latin .Diex 

Celtic Gaelic.Diu 

French .. Dieu 

Spanish .Dios 

Portuguese.Deos 

Old German. Diet 

Provincial .Diou 

Low Breton.Done 

Italian.Dio 

Irish.. . Dia 


Forty-eight Languages. 


Olotu tongue. . 



German and Swiss.... 


Flemish.. 

. . Q 

.... God 

Dutch. 



English. 


.God 

Teutonic . 


. ... Goth 

Danish and Swedish. . 

.Gud 

Norwegian .. .. 


.... Gud 

Slav. 


, ...Buch 

Polish. 


.Bog 

Polacca. 


... Bung 

Lapp. 


. .Jubinal 

* Finnish. 


.. Tumala 

Runic . 



Zemblian. 


.. Fetiza 

Pannonian. .,.. 


.Istu 

Ilindostanee.. . 


. . .. Rain 

Coromandel... 



Tartar. 


. Magatai 

Persian. 


.. . . . Sire 

Chinese . 


. . Prussa 

Japanese. 


. . Goezer 

Madagascar ... 


. Zannar 

Peruvian. 

. Puchecammae 


Comparative Cost of Freight by Water and Rail. —It 
lias been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat can trans¬ 
port at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of 
coal, loaded in barges. Estimating in this way, the boat and its 
tow, worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destina¬ 
tion as 3,000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, 
could transport. 


13 














































LOISETTE’S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


S O MUCH has been said about Loisette’s memory system, 
the art has been so widely advertised, and so carefully 
guarded from all the profane who do not send five or 
many dollars to the Professor, that a few pages showing how 
every man may be his own Loisette, may be both interesting and 
valuable. 

In the first place, the system is a good one, and well worth the 
labor of mastering, and if the directions are implicitly followed 
there can be no doubt that the memory will be greatly strength¬ 
ened and improved, and that mnemonic feats otherwise impossible 
may be easily performed. Loisette, however, is not an inventor, 
but an introducer. He stands in the same relation to Dr. Pick 
that the retail dealer holds to the manufacturer : the one pro¬ 
duced the article ; the other brings it to the public. Even this 
statement is not quite fair to Loisette, for he has brought much 
practical common sense to bear upon Pick’s system, and, in pre¬ 
paring the new art of mnemonics for the market, in many ways 
he has made it his own. 

If each man would reflect upon the method by which he him¬ 
self remembers things, he would find his hand upon the key of 
the whole mystery. For instance, the author was once trying to 
remember the word blythe. There occurred to my mind the 
words “ Bellman,” “ Belle,” and then the verse : 

"-the peasant upward climbing 

Hears the bells of Buloss chiming.” 

“ Barcarole,” “ Barrack,” and so on until finally the word “ blythe ” 
presented itself with a strange insistance^ong after I had ceased 
trying to recall it. 

On another occasion, wdien trying to recall the name “ Richard¬ 
son,” I got the words “ hay-rick,” “ Robertson,” “ Randallstown,” 
and finally “ wealthy,” from which, naturally, I got “ rich ” and 
“ Richardson ” almost in a breath. 

Still another example : trying to recall the name of an old 
schoolmate, “Grady,” I got “Brady,” “grave,” “gaseous,” “gas¬ 
tronome,” “gracious,” and I finally abandoned the attempt, 
simply saying to myself that it began with a “ G,” and there was 
an “ a ” sound after it. The next morning, when thinking of 
something entirely different, this name “ Grady ” came up in my 
mind with as much distinctness as though someone had whis¬ 
pered it in my ear. This remembering was done without any 
conscious effort on my part, and was evidently the result of the 
exertion made the day before when the mnemonic processes were 
put to work. Every reader must have had a similar experience 
which he can recall, and which will fall in line with the examples 
given 


14 



LOISETTE'S STSTEM OF MEM OR T. 


It follows, then, that when we endeavor, without the aid of any 
system, to recall a forgotten fact or name, our memory presents 
to us words of similar sound or meaning in its journey toward 
the goal to which we have started it. This goes to show that 
our ideas are arranged in groups in whatever secret cavity or 
recess of the brain they occupy, and that the arrangement is one 
not alphabetical exactly, and not entirely by meaning, but after 
some fashion partaking of both. 

If you are looking for the word “ meadow ” you may reach 
“ middle ” before you come to it, or “ Mexico,” or many words 
beginning with the “ m ” sound, or containing the “ dow,” as 
“ window” or “ dough,” or you may get “ field ” or “ farm ”— 
but you are on the right track, and if you do not interfere with 
your intellectual process you will finally come to the idea which 
you are seeking. 

How often have you heard people say, “ I forget his name, it 
is something like Beadle or Beagle—at any rate it begins with a 
B.” Each and all of these were unconscious Loisettians, and they 
were practicing blindly, and without proper method or direction, 
the excellent system which he teaches. The thing, then, to do— 
and it is the final and simple truth which Loisette teaches—is to 
travel over this ground in the other direction—to cement the 
fact which you wish to remember to some other fact or word 
which you know will be brought out by the implied conditions— 
and thus you will always be able to travel from your given start- 
ing-point to the thing which you wish to call to mind. 

To illustrate: let the broken line in the annexed diagram 
represent a train of thought. If we connect the idea “ a ” with 
“<?” through the steps b, c and d , the tendency of 
the mind ever afterwards will be to get to e from 
a that way, or from any of the intermediates that 
way. It seems as though a channel were cut in 
our mind-stuff along which the memory flows. 
How to make it flow this way will be seen later on. 
Loisette, in common with all the mnemonic teach¬ 
ers, uses the old device of representing numbers by 
as this is the first and easiest step in the art, this 
seems to be the most logical place to introduce the accepted 
equivalents of the Arabic numerals : 

O is always represented by s, z or c soft, 
is always represented by /, th or d . 
is always represented by n. 
is always represented by m. 
is always represented by r. 
is always represented by l. 
is always represented by s/i. j, ch soft or g soft. 

15 



letters—and 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 


LOISE TTE'S sr stem of memory 

7 is always represented by g hard, k c hard, q or final ng. 

8 is always represented b yf or v. 

1) is always represented by p or b. 

All the other letters are used simply to fill up. Double letters in 
a word count only as one. In fact the sytem goes by sound, not 
by spelling—for instance “ this ” or “ dizzy ” would stand for 
ten; “catch” or “gush ” would stand for 76. and the only diffi¬ 
culty is to make some word or phrase which will contain only 
the "significant letters in the proper order, filled out with non- 
siguificants into some guise of meaning or intelligibility.* Sup¬ 
pose you wished to get some phrase or word that would express 
the number 3685, you arrange the letters this way : 



You can make out “image of law,” “my shuffle,” “ match- 
ville,” etc., etc., as far as you like to work it out. 

Now, suppose you wished to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 
in gold weighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and 
here is the kernel and crux of Loisette’s system : 

“ How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh ? ” 

Weigh—scales.” 

“ Scales—statue of Justice.” 

“ Statue of Justice —image of law?' 

The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, 
and that you fear to forget, is the weight; consequently you 
cement your chain of suggestion to the idea which is most 


*You can remember the equivalents by noting the fact that z is the first letter ot 
“ zero,” and c of “ cipher,” t has but one stroke, n has two, m three. The script/ 
is very like 8, the script p like 9; r is the last letter of four, l is the roman num¬ 
eral ior fifty, which suggests five. The others may be retained as memorizing these 
two nonsense lines: 

Six shy Jewesses cha.sc George 
Seven ^reat £ings came yuarreli#^. 

16 












LOISETTE'S STSTEM OF MEM OR T. 


prominent in jour mental question. What do jou weigh with ? 
Scales. What does the mental picture of scales suggest ? The 
statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out award and pun¬ 
ishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice but the 
image of law ? and the words “ image of law,” translated back 
from the significant letters g soft,y and /, give you 3-6-S-5, 
the number of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind together 
in your mind each separate step in the journey, the one suggests 
the other, and you will find a year from now that the fact will 
be as fresh in your memory as it is to-day. You cannot lose it. 
It is chained to you by an unbreakable mnemonic tie. Mark, that 
it is not claimed that “ weight ” will of itself suggest “ scales ” 
and “scales” “statue of Justice,” etc., but that, having once passed 
your attention up and down that ladder of ideas, your mental 
tendency will be to take the same route, and get to the same goal 
again and again. Indeed, beginning with the weight of $1,000,000, 
“ image of law ” will turn up in your mind without your con¬ 
sciousness of any intermediate station on the way, after some 
iteration and reiteration of the original chain. 

Again, so as to fasten the process in* the reader’s mind even 
more firmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the 
battle of Hastings (A. D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be 
represented by the words “ the wise judge ” (t/i = 1, s = o,j = 6, 
dg — 6 » the others are non-significants); a chain might be made 
thus : 

Battle of Hastings—arbitrament of war. 

Arbitrament of war—arbitration. 

Arbitration—judgment. 

Judgment—the wise judge. 

Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, 
go about it any way you please, so that you will form a mental 
habit of connecting the “battle of Hastings” with the idea of 
“ arbitrament of war,” and so on for the other links in the chain, 
and the work is done. 

Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily diffi¬ 
cult, to say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar 
of the art of memory, which he makes the first of his lessons. 
He analyzes suggestion into— 

1. Inclusion. 

2. Exclusion. 

3. Concurrence. 

All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really 
misleading, and badly named. The truth is that one idea will 
suggest another. 

1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as “ house ” suggests 

17 


LOISETTE'S ST STEM OE MEM OR T. 

“ room ” or “ door,” etc.; or, “ white ” suggests “ black,” “ cruel," 
“ kind,” etc. 

2. By likeness of sound, as “ harrow ” and “ barrow” ; “Henry ” 
and “ Hennepin.” 

3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each per- 
son, and depending upon each one’s own experiences. Thus, 
“ St. Charles ” suggests “ railway bridge ” to me, because I was 
vividly impressed by the breaking of the Wabash bridge at that 
point. “Stable” and “broken leg” come near each other in 
my experience, so do “ cow ” and “ shot-gun ” and “ licking.” 

Out of these three sorts of suggestion it is possible to get from 
any 6ne fact to any other in a chain certain and safe, along which 
the mind may be depended upon afterwards always to follow. 

The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its 
binding must be accompanied by. a vivid, methodically directed 
attention, which turns all the mental light gettable in a focus 
upon the subject passing across the mind’s screen. Before 
Loisette was thought of this was known. In the old times in 
England, in order to impress hpon the mind of the rising gene¬ 
ration the parish boundaries in the rural districts, the boys wer* 
taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the position ana 
bearings of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to deepen 
the impression, the young people were then and there vigorously 
thrashed, a mechanical method of attracting the attention which 
was said never to have failed. This system has had its supporters 
in many of the old-fashioned schools, and there are men who will 
read these lines who can recall, with an itching sense of vivid 
expression, the 144 lickings which were said to go with the mul¬ 
tiplication table. 

In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate 
as best he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or 
word or date that he wishes to make permanently his own. It is 
easy. It is a matter of habit. If you will you can photograph an 
idea upon your cerebral gelatine so that neither years nor events 
will blot.it out or overlay it. You must be clearly and distinctly 
aware of the thing you are putting into your mental treasure- 
house, and drastically certain of the cord by which you have 
tied it to some other thing of which you are sure. Unless it is 
worth your while to do this, you might as well abandon any 
hope of mnemonic improvement, which will not come without the 
hardest kind of hard work, although it is work that will grow 
constantly easier with practice and reiteration. 

You need, then : 

1. Methodic suggestion. 

2. Methodic attention, 

3. Methodic reiteration. 


18 


L OISE T TE'S S TS TEM OF MEM OR T. 


And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. 'Two 
of then? will not do without the third. You do not know' how- 
many steps there are from your hall door to your bed-room, 
though you have attended to and often reiterated the journey. 
But if there are twenty of them, and you have once bound the 
word “nice,” or “nose,” or “news,” or “hyenas,” to the fact of the 
stairw'ay, you could never forget it. 

The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the impor¬ 
tance of working through some established chain, so that the 
whole may be carried away in the mind—not alone for the value 
of the facts so bound together, but for the mental discipline so 
afforded. 

Here, then, is the “President Series,” which contains the 
name and the date of inauguration of each president from Wash¬ 
ington to Cleveland. The manner in which it is to be mastered 
is this: Beginning at the top, try to find in your mind some 
connection between each word and the one following it. See 
how you can at some future time make one suggest the next, 
either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mental juxtaposi¬ 
tion. When you have found this dw-ell on it attentively for a 
moment or two. Pass it backward and forward before you, and 
then go on to th*e next step. 

The chain runs thus, the names of the presidents being in 


small caps, the date words in italics: 

President....Chosen as the first word as the one most apt to occur to the 

mind of any one wishing to repeat the names of the presidents. 

Dentist.Presi dent and dentist. 

Draw.What does a dentist do? 

To give up .When something is drawn from one it is given up. This is a 

date phrase meaning 1789. 

Self-sacrifice.There is an association of thought between giving up and self- 

sacrifice. 

Washington .Associate the quality of self-sacrifice with Washington’s charac¬ 

ter. 

Morning wash. JVashi ngton and wash. 

Dew.Early wetness and dew. 

Flower beds.Dew and flowers. 

Took a bouquet .Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1797). 

Garden.Bouquet and garden. 

Eden.The first garden. 

Adam.Juxtaposition of thought. 

Adams .Suggestion by sound. 

Fall..Juxtaposition of thought. 

Failure.Fall and failure. 

Deficit .Upon a failure there is usually a deficit Dateword (1801). 

Debt.The consequence of a deficit. 

Bonds.Debt and bonds. 

Confederate bonds. .Suggestion by meaning. 

Jefferson Davis.Juxtaposition of thought 

Jefferson. 


Now follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a 
time, and binding those you do last to those you have done be- 
fore each time, before attacking the next bunch. 

19 






















LOISETTE'S ST ST EM OF MEMORY. 


1 


EPPERSON 

udge Jeffreys 
bloody assize 
bereavement 
too heavy a sob 
parental grief 
mad son 
Madison 
Madeira 
first-rate wine 
frustrating 
defeating 
feet 

toe the line 
row 

Monroe 

row 

boat 

steamer 

the f unnel 

windpipe 

throat 

quinzy 

Quincy Adams 

quince 

fine fruit 

the fine boy 

sailor boy 

sailor 

jack tar 

Jackson 

stone wall 

indomitable 

tough make 

oaken furniture 

bureau 

Van Buren 

rent 

side-splitting 

divert 

annoy 

harassing 

Harrison 

Old Harry 

the tempter 


2 


the fraud 
painted clay 
baked clay 
tiles 
Tyler 
Wat Tyler 
poll tax 
compulsory 
free will 
free offering 
burnt offering 
poker 
Polk 

end of dance 

termination “ly” 

adverb 

part of speech 

part of a man 

Taylor 

measurer 

theodolite 

Theophilus 

fill us 

Fillmore 

more fuel 

the fame 

flambeau 

bow 

arrow 

Pierce 

hurt 

feeling 

wound 

soldier 

cannon 

Buchanan 

rebuke 

official censure 

to officiate 

wedding 

linked 

Lincoln 

link 

stroll 

sea shore 


3 


the heavy shell 
mollusk 

unfamiliar word 

dictionary 

Johnson’s 

Johnson 

son 

bad son 

dishonest boy 

thievish boy 

take 

give 

Grant 

award 

school premium 
examination 
cramming 
fagging 
labojer 
hay field 
Hayes 
hazy 
clear 
vivid 

brightly lighted 
camp fire 
war field 
Garfield 
Guiteau 
murderer 
prisoner 
prison fare 
half fed 
well fed 
well read 
author 
Arthur 
round table 
tea table 
tea cup 
half full 
divide 
cleave 

Cleveland 

[20] 










LOISETTE'S STSTEM OF MEM OFF 

It will be noted that some of the date words, as “free will,** 
only give three figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed 
that if the student knows that many figures in the date of Polk’s 
inauguration he can„guess the other one. 

The curious thing about this system will now become apparent. 
If the reader has learned the series so that he can say it down, 
from President to Cleveland, he can with no effort, and without 
any further preparation, say it backwards from Cleveland up to 
the commencement! There could be no better proof that this is 
the natural mnemonic system. It proves itself by its works. 

The series should be repeated backwards and forwards every day 
for a month, and should be supplemented by a series of the reader’s 
own making, and by this one, which gives the numbers from o to 
100, and which must be chained together before they can be learned. 



0—hoes 


1—wheat 

34—mare 

67—jockey 

2—hen 

35—mill 

68—shave 

3—home 

36—image 

69—ship 

4—hair 

37—mug 

70—eggs 

5—oil 

38—muff 

71—gate 

6—shoe 

39—mob 

72—gun 

7—hook 

40—race 

73—comb 

8—off 

41—hart 

74—hawker 

9—bee 

42—horn 

75—coal 

10—daisy 

43—army 

76—cage 

11—tooth 

44—warrior 

77—cake 

12—dine 

45—royal 

78—coffee 

13—time 

46—arch 

79—cube 

14—tower 

47—rock 

80—vase 

15—dell 

48—wharf 

81—feet 

16—ditch 

49—rope 

82—vein 

17—duck 

50—wheels 

83—fame 

18—dove 

51—lad 

84—fire 

19—tabby 

52—lion 

85—vial 

20—hyenas 

53—lamb 

86—fish 

21—hand 

54 —l a * r 

87—fig 

22—nun 

55— H1 y 

88—fife 

23—name 

56—lodge 

89—fib 

24—owner 

57—lake 

90—pies 

25—nail 

58—leaf 

91—putty 

26—hinge 

59—elbow 

92—pane 

27—ink 

60—chess 

93—bomb 

28—knife 

61—cheat 

94—bier 

29—knob 

62—chain 

95—bell 

30—muse 

63—sham 

96—peach 

31—mayday 

64—chair 

97—book 

32—hymen 

65—jail 

98—beef 

33—mama 

66—judge 

99 -Pope 










LOISETTE'S STSTEM OF MEMORY. 


By the use of this table, which should be committed as 
thoroughly as the President series, so that it can be repeated 
backwards and forwards, any date, figure or number can be at 
once constructed, and bound by the usual cljain to the fact which 
you wish it to accompany. 

When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger 
problems than the simple binding of two facts together, there is 
little in Loisette’s system that is new, although there is much 
that is good. If it is a book that is to be learned as one would 
prepare for an examination, each chapter is to be considered 
separately. Of each a precis is to be written in which the 
writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reduce the matter in 
hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to commit to mem¬ 
ory both by the use of the chain and the old system of interro¬ 
gation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of 
language one boils a chapter or an event down to the final irre¬ 
ducible sediment: “ Magna Charta was exacted by the barons 
from King John at Runnymede.” 

You must now turn this statement this way and that way; 
asking yourself about it every possible and impossible question, 
gravely considering the answers, and, if you find any part of it 
especially difficult to remember, chaining it to the question which 
will bring it out. Thus, “ What was exacted by the barons from 
King John at Runnymede ?” “ Magna Charta.” “ By whom 

was Magna Charta exacted from King John at Runnymede?” 
“By the barons.” “From whom was,” etc., etc. ? “ King John.” 
“ From what king,” etc., etc. ? “King John.” “Where was Magna 
Charta,” etc., etc. ? “At Runnymede.” 

And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest 
questions to ask, or points of view from which to consider the 
statement. Your mind will be finally saturated with the in¬ 
formation, and prepared to spill it out at the first squeeze of the 
examiner. This, however, is not new. It was taught in the 
schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born. Old news¬ 
paper men will recall in connection with it Horace Greeley’s 
statement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfac¬ 
tory manner in which a report answered* the interrogatories, 
“ What?” “When?” « Where?” « Who?” “ Why?” 

In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, e. 

“The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold.” 

“ Who came down?” 

“ How did the Assyrian come down?” 

“Like what animal did?” etc. 

And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every 
scrap of Information to be had out of them by the most assiduous 
«ross-examination. 


22 


NOISETTE'S STSTEM OF MEMORT. 


Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value ot 
tnis part of the system, there are so many easily applicable tests 
of the worth of much that Loisette has done, that it may be 
taken with the rest. 

Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value 
of It —the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of 
the circle—beyond four places of decimals, or at most six — 
3. 141592 + . Here is the value to 108 decimal places: 

3. I 4 i 59 26 5 ‘ 35 8 9793 2 3 8 * 4 626 433 8 3 2 ' 795 0288 4 i 9 ' 7 i6 9399375 ‘ io 5 8 2 
097 49*4459230781 *6406286208*99862 80348* 2 5 342117 06 ■ 7 9821480 
864- 

By a very simple application of the numerical letter values 
these 108 decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled 
about as fast as you can write them down. All that is to be done 
is to memorize these nonsense lines: 

Mother Day will buy any shawl. 

My love pick up my new muff. 

A Russian jeer may move a woman. 

Cables enough for Utopia. 

Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley. 

The slave knows a bigger ape. 

I rarely hop on my sick foot. 

Cheer a sage in a fashion safe. 

A baby fish now views my wharf. 

Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay. 

A cabby found a rough savage. 

Now translate each significant into its proper value and you 
have the task accomplished. “ Mother Day,” w=3, th— 1, r= 4 
d— 1, and so on. Learn the lines one at a time by the method 
of interrogatories. “Who will buy any shawl?” “Which Mrs. Day 
will buy a shawl?” “ Is Mother Day particular about the sort ol 
shawl she will buy?” “Has she bought a shawl?” etc., etc. Then 
cement the end of each line to the beginning of the next one, 
thus, “ Shawl ”—“warm garment ”—“ warmth ”—“ love ”—“ my 
love,” and go on as before. Stupid as the work may seem to you, 
you can memorize the figures in fifteen minutes this way so that 
you will not forget them in fifteen years. Similarly you can take 
Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and turn fact after fact into non¬ 
sense lines like these which you cannot lose. 

And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. 
If you look back across the sands of time and find out that it is 
that ridiculous old “ Thirty days hath September ” which comes 
toyou when you are trying to think of the length of October—if 
you can quote your old prosody, 

“O datur ambiguis, 1 'etc., 

with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; if, 

23 


z otse r te's s rs tem of memor r. 

in fine, jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have stayed 
with you, while solid and serviceable information has faded 
away, you may be certain that here is the key to the enigma of 
memory. 

You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish 
to clinch in your mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dear¬ 
born Street, what is more easy than to turn 485 into the word 
“rifle” and .chain the ideas together, say thus: “Love —happi¬ 
ness—good time—picnic—forest—wood rangers— range—rifle 
range— rifle —fine weapon—costly weapon—dearly bought— 
Dearborn. ” 

Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman’s name, and you 
notice he has a mole on his face which is apt to attract your at¬ 
tention when you next see him, cement the ideas thus : “Mole, 
mark, target, archer, Bowman.” 


The Copying Pad. —Put 1 ounce of glue to soak in cold 
water until pliable and soft. Drain off the surplus water and 
place the dish in another dish containing hot water. When the 
glue is thoroughly melted, add 6 ounces of glycerine, which 
has been previously heated, and mix the two, adding a few drops 
of carbolic acid to prevent molding. Pour out this mixture into 
a shallow pan (9x12 inches) and set away to cool, taking care 
that the surface is free from blisters. After standing 12 hours it 
is ready for use. To use, write on a sheet of paper what you 
wish to duplicate with a sharp steel pen and strong aniline ink. 
When dry, lay the paper face down on the pad, pressing it lightly, 
and allow it to remain for a moment. On removing the paper 
an impression will be found on the face of the pad, and if another 
paper is placed upon it, it will receive a similar impression. 
When enough impressions have been taken, the face of the pad 
should be immediately washed with a sponge and cold water until 
the ink impression is wholly removed. If the surface of the pad 
becomes dry, wipe it with a moist sponge, and, if uneven, melt 

over a slow fire. _ 

How to Raise the Body of a Drowned Person. —In a 
recent failure to recover the body of a drowned person in New 
Jersey, a French-Canadian undertook the job, and proceeded as 
follows : Having supplied himself with some glass gallon jars 
and a quantity of unslacked lime he went in a boat to the place 
where the man was seen to go down. One of the jars was filled 
half full of lime, and then filled up with water and tightly 
corked. It was then dropped into the water and soon after ex- # 
ploded at the bottom of the river with a loud report. After the 
third trial, each time at a different place, the body rose to the 
surface and was secured. 


24 



500 ERRORS CORRECTED. 


Concise Rules in Grammar, Spelling and Pronunciation. 



HERE are several kinds of errors in speaking. The 


most objectionable of them all are those in which words 


are employed that are unsuitable to convey the meaning 
intended. Thus, a person wishing to express his intention of go¬ 
ing to a given place says, “ I propose going,” when, in fact, he 
purposes going. The following affords an amusing illustration 
of this class of error : A venerable matron was speaking of her 
son, who, she said, was quite stage-struck. “ In fact,” remarked 
the old lady, “ he is going to a premature performance this 
evening ! ” Considering that most amateur performances are 
premature , it cannot be said that this word was altogether mis¬ 
applied ; though, evidently, the maternal intention was to con¬ 
vey quite another meaning. 

Other errors arise from the substitution of sounds similar to 
the words which should be employed ; that is, spurious words 
instead of genuine' ones. Thus, some people say “ renumera- 
tiveP when they mean “ remunerative .” A nurse, recommend¬ 
ing her mistress to have a perambulator for her child, advised 
her to purchase a preamputator ! 

Other errors are occasioned by imperfect knowledge of the 
English grammar : thus, many people say, “ Between you and 
I,” instead of “ Between you and me." And there are numerous 
other departures from the rules of grammar, which will be 
pointed out hereafter. 

Misuse of the Adjective : “ What beautiful butter!” 
“ What a nice landscape! ” They should say “ What a beautiful 
landscape /” “What nice butter /” Again, errors are fre¬ 
quently occasioned by the following causes : 

Mispronunciation of Words : Many persons say pro - 
noun ciation instead of pronunciation; othars say pro-nun-ce-a-shun, 
instead of pro-nun-she-a-shun. 

Misdivision of Words and Syllables : This defect 
makes the words an ambassador sound like a nambassador , or 
an adder like a nadder. 

Imperfect Enunciation, as when a person says hebben for 
heaven , ebber for ever,jocholatc for chocolate. 

To correct these errors by a systematic course of study would 
involve a closer application than most persons could afford, but 
the simple and concise rules and hints here given, founded upon 
usage and the authority of scholars, will be of great assistance to 
inquirers. 


25 



GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION 

RULES AND HINTS FOR CORRECT SPEAKING. 

Who and whom are used in relation to persons, and which in relation to things. 
But it was once common to say, “the man 'which.” This should now be avoided. 
It is now usual to say, “Our Father who art in heaven,” instead of "which art in 
heaven.” 

Whose is, however, sometimes applied to things as well as to persons. We may 
therefore say, “The country whose inhabitants are free." 

Thou is employed in solemn discourse, and you in common language. Ye 
(plural) is also used in serious addresses, and you in ffimiliar language. 

The i rses of the word zt are various, and very perplexing to the uneducated. It 
Is not only used to imply persons, but things, and even ideas, and therefore in 
Jpeaking or writing, its assistance is constantly required. The perplexity respect¬ 
ing this word arises from the fact that in using it in the construction of a long sen¬ 
tence, sufficient care is not taken to insure that when it is employed it really points 
out or refers to the object intended. For instance, “It was raining when John 
<et out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so long .hat it was over be¬ 
fore he arrived.” Now what is to be understood by this sentence? Was the rain 
over? or the market? Either or both might be inferred from the construction of the 
sentence, which, therefore, should be written thus:—“It was aining when John 
set out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so long that the market was 
Over before he arrived.” 

Rule. —After writing a sentence always look through it, and see that wherever the 
word it is employed, it refers to or carries the mind back to the object which it is 
intended to point out. 

The general distinction between this and that may be thus defined; this de¬ 
motes an object present or near, in time or place ; that something which is absent. 

These refers, in the same manner, to present objects, while those refers to things 
lhat are remote. 

Who changes, under certain conditions, into whose and whom', but that and 
«>hich always remain the same, with the exception of the possessive case, as noted 
above. 

That may be applied to nouns or subjects of all sorts; as, the girl that w'ent to 
school, the dog that bit me, the opinion that he entertains. 

The misuse of these pronouns gives rise to more errors in speaking and writing 
than any other cause. 

When you wish to distinguish between two or more persons, say, “ Which is the 
happy man?” not who —“ Which of those ladies do you admire?” 

Instead of “ Whom do you think him to be?” say, “ Who do you think him to 
be?” 

Whom should I see ? 

To whom do you speak? 

Who said so ? 

Who gave it to you ? 

Of whom did you procure them ? 

Who was he ? • , 

Who do men say that / am ? 

.S?£ r should never be added to his, their, mine, or thine. 

Each is used to denote every individual cf a number. 

Every denotes all the individuals of a number. 

Either and or denote an alternative: “I will take either road, at your 
pleasure , ” "I will take this or that.” 

Neither means not either ; and nor means not the other. 

Either is sometimes used for each —“Two thieves were crucified, on either side 
one.” 

“ Let each esteem others as good as themselves,” should be, “Let each esteem 
others as good as himself.” 

“There are bodies each of which are so small,” should be, “each of which zjso 
small.” 

Do not use double superlatives, such as most straightest, most highest, most 
finest. 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

The term worscr has gone out of use ; but lesser is still retained. 

The use of such words as chiefest, extremest, etc., has become obsolete, because 
they do not give any superior force to the meanings of the primary words, chief, ex¬ 
treme, etc. 

Such expressions as more impossible, more indispensable, more universal, more 
uncontrolable, more unlimited, etc., are objectionable, as they really enfeeble the 
meaning which it is the object of the speaker or writer to strengthen. For instance, 
impossible gains no strength by rendering it more impossible. This class of error is 
COOimon with persons who say, “ A great large house,” “ A great big animal,” “ A 
tittle small foot,” " A tiny little hand.” 

Here, there and inhere, originally denoting place, may now, by common consent, 
he used to denote other meanings ; such as, “ There I agree with you,” “ Where we 
differ,” “ We find pain inhere we expected pleasure,” “ Here you mistake me.” 

Hence, whence and thence, denoting departure, etc., may be used without the 
word from. The idea of from is included in the word whence —therefore it is un¬ 
necessary to say “ From whence .” 

Hither, thither, and whither, denoting to a place, have generally been super¬ 
seded by here, there, and where. But there is no good reason why they should not 
be employed. If, however, they are used, it is unnecessary to add the word to, be¬ 
cause that is implied—“ Whither are you going?” “ Where are you going?” 
Each of theso sentences is complete. To say, “Where are you going toV' is re¬ 
dundant. 

Two negatives destroy each other, and produce an affirmative. "Nor did he 
not observe them,” conveys the idea that he did observe them. 

But negative assertions are allowable. “ His manners are not impolite,” which 
implies that his manners are in some degree marked by politeness. 

Instead of “ Let you and /, ” say ‘ * Let you and me.” 

Instead of “ I am not so tall as him,” say “ I am not so tall as he.” 

When asked “Who is there?” do not answer "Me,” but “I.” 

Instead of “For you and I,” say “ For you and me.” 

Instead of "Says /,” say, “I said.” 

Instead of “You are taller than me,” say “You are taller than I.” 

Instead of “ I ain't,” or “I anpt,” say “ I am not.” 

Instead of “ Whether I be present or no, say “ Whether I be present or not.” 

For “ Not that I know on, say “ Not that I know.” 

Instead of “ Was I to do so,” say “ Were I to do so.” 

Instead of “ I would do the same if I was hint,” say “ I would do the same if T 
were he.” 

Instead of‘‘I had as lief go myself,” say “ I would as soon go myself,” or “I 
would rather.” 

It is better to say ‘‘Six weeks ago,” than “Six weeks back.” 

It is better to say “Since which time,” than “ Since when.” 

It is better to say “ I repeated it,” than “ I said so over again.” 

Instead of “ He was too young to have suffered much,” say “ He was too young to 
suffer much.” 

Instead of “ Less friends,” say “Fewer friends.” Less refers to quantity. 

Instead of “ A quantity of people,” say “A number of people.” 

Instead of "He and they we know,” say “ Him and them.” 

Instead of "As far as I can see,” say “ So far as I can see.” 

Instead of “ A new pair of gloves, say “A pair of new gloves.” 

Instead of “I hope you’ll think nothing on it,” say “ I hope you’ll think nothing 
of it.” 

Instead of “Restore it back to me,” say “ Restore it to me.” 

Instead of “I suspect the veracity of his story,” say “ I doubt the truth of his 
story.” _ n 

Instead of “I seldom or ever see him,” say “ I seldom see him. ( 

Instead of “I expected to have found him,” say “ I expected to find him.’ 

Instead of “ Who lear?is you music?” say “Who teaches you music?” 

Instead of “ I never sing whenever I can help it,” say “I never sing when I can 

Instead of “Before I do that I must first ask leave,” say “Before I do that I must 
ask leave.” 07 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

Instead of saying “The observation of the rule,” say “The observance of the 
rule.” 

Instead of “ A man ^eighty years of age,” say “ A man eighty years old.” 

Instead of “ Here layshis honored head,” say “ Here lies his honored head.” 

Instead of “He died from negligence say “He died through neglect,” or “ in 
consequence of neglect.” 

Instead of “Apples are plenty,” say “ Apples are plentiful.” 

Instead of “The latter end of the year,” say “The end, or the close, of the year.” 

Instead of “The then government,” say “ The government of that age, or century, 
or year, or time.” 

Instead of “ A couple of chairs,” say “Two chairs.” 

Instead of “ They are united together in the bonds of matrimony,” say “ They 
are united in matrimony,” or “They are married.” 

Instead of “We travel slow,” say “We travel slowly.” 

Instead of “He plunged down into the river,” say “ He plunged into the river.” 

Instead of “ He jumped front off of the scaffolding,” say “ He jumped off the 
scaffolding.” 

Instead of “ He came the last of all,” say “ He came the last.” 

Instead of “ universal,” with reference to things that have any limit, say “gen¬ 
eral;” “generally approved,” instead of “universally approved;” “generally be¬ 
loved,” instead of “universally beloved.” 

Instead of “ They ruined one another,” say “They ruined each other.” 

Instead of “If in case I succeed,” say “ If I succeed.” 

Instead of “A large enough room,” say “A room large enough.” 

Instead of “I am slight in comparison to you,” say “ I am slight in comparison 
with you.” 

Instead of “ I went for to see him,” say “I went to see him.” 

Instead of “The cake is all eat up,” say “The cake is all eaten ” 

Instead of “ Handsome is as handsome does,” say “ Handsome is who handsome 
does.” 

Instead of “The book fell on the floor,” say “The book fell to the floor.” 

Instead of “ His opinions are approved cf by all,” say “ His opinions are approved 
by all ” 

Instead of “ I will add one more argument,” say*“ I will add one argument more,” 
or “ another argument.” 

Instead of “ A sad curse is war,” say "War is a sad curse.” 

Instead of “He stands six foot high,” say “He measures six feet,” or “His 
heightis six feet.” 

Instead of “ I go ez’cry now and then,” say “ I go sometimes for often).” 

Instead of “ Who finds him in clothes,” say “Who provides him with clothes.” 

Say “ The first two,” and the last two,” instead of “ the two first,” “ the two last.” 

Instead of “ His health was drank with enthusiasm say “ His health was druak 
enthusiastically.” 

Instead of " Except I am prevented,” say “Unless I am prevented.” 

Instead of “ In its primary sense,” say “ In its primitive sense.” 

Instead of “ It grieves me to see you,” say “ I am grieved to see you.” 

Instead of “ Give me them papers,” say “ Give me those papers.” 

Instead of “ Those papers I hold in my hand,” say “ These papers I hold in my 
hand.” 

Instead of “ I could scarcely imagine but what,” say " I could scarcely imagine 
but that.” 

Instead of “ He was a man notorious for his benevolence,” say “He was noted 
for his benevolence.” 

Instead of “ She was a woman celebrated for her crimes,” say “ She was notorious 
on account of her crimes.” 

Instead of “ What may your name be ?” say “ What is your name ? ” 

Instead of “ I lifted it up,” say “ I lifted it.” 

Instead of “It is equally of the same value,” say “It is of the same value, or 
“ equal value.” 

Instead of “I knew it previous to your telling me,” say “I knew it previously to 
your telling me.” 

28 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

Instead of “You was out when I called,” say “You were out when I called.” 

Instead of “I thought L should have won this game,” say “I thought I should 
win this game.” 

Instead of “ This much is certain,” say “Thus much is certain,”or, “So much is 
certain.” 

Instead of “He went away as it maybe yesterday week,” say “He went away 
yesterday week.” 

Instead of “ He came the Saturday as it may be before the Monday,” specify the 
Monday on which he came. 

Instead of “Put your watch in your pocket,” say “Put your watch into your 
pocket ” 

Instead of “ He has got riches,” say “ He has riches.” 

Instead of “ Will you set down ?” say “Will you sit down?” 

Instead of “ No thankee ,” say “ No, thank you.” 

Instead of “ I cannot do it without farther means,” say “ I cannot do it without 
further means.” 

Instead of “ No sooner but” or “ No other but,” say “ than.” 

Instead of “ Nobody else but her,” say “Nobody but her.” 

Instead of " He fell dozun from the balloon,” say “ He fell from the balloon.” 

Instead of “ He rose up from the ground,” say “ He rose from the ground.” 

Instead of “ These kind of oranges are not good,” say “This kind of oranges is 
not good.” 

Instead of “Somehow or another,” say “ Somehow or other.” 

Instead of “ Will I give you some more tea?” say “ Shall I give you some more 
tea?” 

Instead of “Oh dear, what will I do?” say “ Oh dear, what shall I do?” 

Instead of “I think indifferent of it,” say “ I think indifferently of it.” 

Instead of “I will send it conformable to your orders,” say “I will send it con¬ 
formably to your orders.” 

Instead of “To be given away gratis,” say “ To be given away.” 

Instead of “ Will you enter in ?” say “Will you enter ?” 

Instead of “ This three days or more,” say “These three days or more.” 

Instead of “ He is a bad grammarian,” say “ He is not a grammarian.” 

instead of “ We accuse him for,” say “We accuse him of.” 

Instead of “We acquit him from," say “ We acquit him of.” 

Instead of “ I am averse from that,” say “ I am averse to that.” 

Instead of “ 1 confide on you,” say “I confide in you.” 

Instead of “As soon as ever,” say “As soon as.” 

Instead of “The very best,” or “The very worst,” say “The best or the worst.” 

Avoid such phrases as “No great shakes,” “ Nothing to boast of,” “ Down in my 
boots,” “ Suffering from the blues.” All such sentences indicate vulgarity. 

Instead of “ No one hasn't called,” say “No one has called.” 

Instead of “You have a right to pay me,” say “It is right that you should pay 

_ L L » 
me. 

Instead of “ I am going over the bridge,” say “ I am going across the bridge.” 

Instead of “I should just think I could,” say “ I think I can.” 

Instead of “There has been a.good deal? say “ There has been much.” 

Instead of saying “ The effort you are making for meeting the bill,” say “ The 
effort you are making to meet the bill.” 

To say “ Do not give him no more of your money,” is equivalent to saying “Give 
him some of your money.” Say “ Do not give him any of your money.” 

Instead of saying “ They are not what nature designed them,” say “They are 
are not what nature designed them to be.” 

Instead of saying “ I had not the pleasure of hearing his sentiments when I wrote 
that letter,” say “ I had not the pleasure of having heard,” etc. 

Instead of ‘ The quality of the apples were good,” say 4 ‘ The quality of the apples 
was good.” 

Instead of “ The want of learning, courage and energy are more visible,” say, 
“Is more visible.” 

Instead of “We die for want,” say “ We die of want.” 

Instead of “ He died by fever,” say “ He died of fever.” 

29 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

Instead of “ I enjoy bad health,” say “ My health is not good.” 

Instead of “ Either of the three,” say “ Any one of the three.” 

Instead of “ Better nor that,” say “ Better than that.” 

Instead of “ We often thinks you,” say ‘‘We often think of you.” 

Instead of “ Mine is so good as yours,” say “Mine is as good as yours.” 

Instead of “ This town is not as large as we thought,” say “ This town is not so 
large as we thought.” 

Instead of Because why?” say “Why?” 

Instead of “ That there boy,” say “ That boy.” 

Instead of “That horse is not muck worth,” say “The horse is not worth much.” 

Instead of “ The subject-matter of debate,” say “The subject of debate.” 

Instead of saying “When he was come back,” say “ When he had come back.” 

Instead of saying “His health has been shook,” say “His health has been 
shaken.” 

Instead of “ It was spoke in my presence,” say “ It was spoken in my presence.” 

Instead of " Very right,” or " Very wrong,” say “ Right,” or “ Wrong.” 

Instead of “The mortgageor paid him the money,” say “The mortgagee paid 
him the money,” The mortgagee lends ; the mortgageor borrows. 

Instead of “ I took you to be another person,” say “ I mistook you for another per¬ 
son.” 

Instead of “ On either side of the river,” say “ On each side of the river.” 

Instead of “ There’s fifty,” say “There are fifty.” 

Instead of “ The best of the two,” say “The better of the two.” 

Instead of “ My clothes have become too small for me,” say “ I have grown too 
Stout for my clothes.” 

Instead of “ Two spoonsful of physic,” say “ Two spoonfuls of physic.” 

Instead of “ She said, says she,” say “She said.” 

Avoid such phrases as “ I said, says I,” “Thinks I to myself,” etc. 

Instead of “ I don’t think so,” say “I think not.” 

Instead of “ He was in eininent danger,” say “ He was in imminent danger.” 

Instead of “ The weather is hot,” say “ The weather is very warm.” 

Instead of “I szveat,” say “ I perspire.” 

Instead of “ I only want two dollars,” say “ I want only two dollars.” 

Instead of " Whatsomever,” say “ Whatever,” or “ Whatsoever.” 

Avoid such exclamations as “God bless me !” “ God deliver me !” “ By God !” 
“By Gosh!” “My Lord!” “ Upon my soul,” etc., which are vulgar on the one 
hand, and savor of impiety on the other, for—“Thou shalt net take the name of the 
Lord thy God in vain.” 


PRONUNCIATION. 

Accent is a particular stress or force of the voice upon certain syllables or words. 
This mark ' in printing denotes the syllable upon which the stress or force of the 
voice should be placed. 

A word may have more than one accent. Take as an instance aspiration. In 
uttering this word we give a marked emphasis of the voice upon the first and third 
syllables, and therefore those syllables are said to be accented. The first of these 
accents is less distinguishable than the second, upon which we dwell longer, there¬ 
fore the second accent in point of order is called the primary, or chief accent of the 
word. 

When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel should have a long sound, as in 
vo'caT, but when it falls on or after a consonant, the preceding vowel has a short 
sound, as in hab'it. 

To obtain a good knowTedge 01 pronunciation, *t is advisable for the reader to 
listen to the examples given by good speakers, and by educated persons. We learn 
the pronunciation of words, to a great extent, by imitation, just as birds acquire the 
notes of other birds which may be near them. 

But it will be very important to bear in mind that there are many words having a 
double meaning or application, and that the difference of meaning is indicated by 
the difference of the accent. Among these words, nouns are distinguished from 

30 



GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


verbs by this means: nouns are mostly.accented on the first syllable, and verbs on 
the last. 

Noun signifies name ; nouns are the names of persons and things, as well as of 
things not material and palpable, but of which we have a conception and knowl¬ 
edge, such as courage, firmness, goodness, strength ; and verbs express actions, 
movements, &c. If the word used signifies that anything has been done, or is being 
done, or is, or is to be done, then that word is a verb. 

Thus when we say that anything is “ an in'sult,” that word is a noun, and is ac¬ 
cented on the first syllable ; but when we say he did it "to insult' another person,” 
the word insult' implies acting, and becomes a verb, and should be accented on the 
last syllable. 

A list of nearly all the words that are liable to similar variation is given here. It 
will be noticed that those in the first column, having the accent on the first syllable, 
ar*’ mostly nouns; and that those in the second column, which have the accent on 
t 1 ..; second and final syllable, are mostly verbs:— 


Noun, &°c. 

Ab’ject 

Ab'sent 

Ab'stract 

Ac'cent 

Affix 

As'pect 

Attribute 

Aug'ment 

Au'gust 

Bom'bard 

Col'Ieague 

Col'lect 

Com'ment 

Com'pact 

Com'plot 

Com'port 

Com'pound 

Com'press 

Con'cert 

Con'crete 

Con'duct 

Con'fine 

Con'flict 

Con'serve 

Con'sort 

Con'test 

Con'text 

Con'tract 


Verb, <Sr*c. 

abject’ 

absent' 

abstract' 

accent' 

affix' 

aspect' 

attrib'ute 

augment' 

august' 

bombard' 

colleague' 

collect' 

comment' 

compact' 

complot' 

comport' 

compound 1 

compress' 

concert' 

concrete' 

conduct' 

confine' 

conflict' 

conserve' 

consort' 

contest' 

context' 

contract' 


Noun, Sr’c. 

Con'trast 

Con'verse 

Con'vert 

Con'vict 

Con'voy 

De'crease 

Des'cant 

Des'ert 

De'tail 

Di'gest 

Dis'cord 

Dis'count 

Efflux 

Es'cort 

Es'say 

Ex'ile 

Ex'port 

Ex'tract 

Fer'ment 

Fore'cast 

Fore'taste 

Fre'quent 

Im'part 

I m 'port 

I m'press 

Im'print 

In'cense 

In'crease 


Verb, &c. 

contrast' 

converse' 

convert' 

convict' 

convoy' 

decrease' 

descant' 

desert' 

detail' 

digest’ 

discord' 

discount' 

efflux' 

escort' 

essay' 

exile' 

export' 

extract' 

ferment' 

forecast' 

foretaste' 

frequent' 

impart' 

import' 

impress' 

imprint' 

incense' 

increase' 


Noun, &*c, 

In'lfcy 

In'sult 

Ob'ject 

Out'leap 

Per'fect 

Per’fume 

Per'mit 

Pre'fix 

Prem'ise 

Pres'age 

Pres'ent 

Prod'uce 

Proj'ect 

Pro'test 

Reb'el 

Rec'ord 

Refuse 

Re'tail 

Sub'ject 

Su'pine 

Sur'vey 

Tor'ment 

Traj' ect 

Trans'fer 

Trans'port 

Un'dress 

Up'cast 

Up'start 


Verb, &c. 

inlay' 

insult' 

object' 

outleap' 

perfect' 

perfume' 

permit' 

prefix' 

premise' 

presage' 

present' 

produce' 

project' 

protest' 

rebel' 

record' 

refuse' 

retail' 

subject' 

supine' 

survey' 

torment' 

traject' 

transfer' 

transport' 

undress' 

upcast' ‘ 

upsta» t' 


Cement' is an exception to the above rule, and should always be accented on the 
last syllable. So also the word consols'. 


RULES OF PRONUNCIATION. 

C before a , o, and u, and in some other situations, is a close articulation, like 4 r. 
Before e, i, and y, c is precisely equivalent to s in same, this; as in cedar , civil, 
cypress, capacity. 

E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete, sire, robe, 
lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude. 

E final indicates that c preceding has the sound of $ ; as in lace , lance ; and that 
g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, page, challenge. 

E final in proper English words, never forms a syllable, and in the most used 
words, in the terminating unaccented syllable it is silent. Thus, motive, genuine, 
examine, grcnite, are pronounced motiv, genuin, examin, granit. 

E final, in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable ; as syncope, simile. 

31 






GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

E final is silent after / in the following terminations,— lie, cle, die, fie, gle, kle, pie, 
tie, zle ; as in able, manacle, cradle, ruffle, mangle, wrinkle, supple, rattle,puzzle, 
which are pronounced ah'l, mana'cl, cra'dl, ruff, man'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pi, puz'zl. 

E is usually silent in the termination en ; as in token, broken ; pronounced tokn, 
brokn. 

OUS, in the termination of adjectives and their derivatives, is pronounced us ; as 
in gracious, pious, pompously. 

CE, Cl, Tl, before a vowel, have the sound of s/i ; as in cetaceous, graciotis, mo¬ 
tion, partial, ingratiate; pronounced cetashus, grashus, moshun, parshal, 
ingrashiate. 

SI, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like zh : as in Ephesian, confusion ; 
pronounced Ephezhan, confuzhon. 

' GH, both in the middle and at the end of words is silent: as in caught, bought, 
fright, nigh, sigh ; pronounced caut, baut, frite, ni, si. In the following excep¬ 
tions, however, gh are pronounced as//— cough, chough, clough, enough, laugh, 
rough, slough, tough, trough. 

When WH begins a word, the aspirate h precedes w in pronunciation: as in 
what, whiff, whale ; pronounced hwat, hwiff, hwale, w having precisely the sound 
of oo, French ou. In the following words w is silent:— who, whom, whose, whoop, 
whole. 

H after r has no sound or use ; as in rheum, rhyme; pronounced reum, ryme. 

H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in forehead, ab/«or, behold, ex¬ 
haust, inhabit, un/zorse. 

H should always be sounded except in the followjng words:—heir, herb, honest, 
ponor, hour, humor, and humble, and all their derivatives,— such as humorously, 
herived from humor. 

K and G are silent before n ; as know, gnaw', pronounced no, naw. 

W before r is silent; as in wring, wreath ; pronounced ring, reath. 

B after m is silent; as in dumb, numb ; pronounced dum, num. 

L before k is silent as in balk, walk, talk : pronounced bauk, wauk, tauk. 

PH has the sound of f : as in philosophy ; pronounced filosofy. 

NG has two sounds, one as in singer, the other as in fin-ger. 

N after m, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in hymn, condemn. 

P before j and t is mute; as \nfsalm, pseudo, ptar?nigan ; pronounced sarm, 
sudo, tarmigan. 

R has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the beginning of words and sylla¬ 
bles, such as robber, reckon, error ; the other is at the terminations of the words, oi 
when succeeded by a consonant, as farmer, morn. 

There are other rules of pronunciation affecting the combinations of vowels, etc. ; 
but as they are more difficult to describe, and as they do not relate to errors which 
are commonly prevalent, it will suffice to give examples of them in the following list 
of words. When a syllable in any word in this list is printed in italics, accent oi 
stress of voice should be laid on that syllable. 


WORDS OFTEN MISPRONOUNCED. 


Again, usually pronounced a -gen, not as 
spelled. 

Alien, ale-yen, nota-li-en. 

Antipodes, an-/#-o-dees. 

Apostle, as a-pos'l, without the t. 

Arch, artch in compounds of our own 
language, as in archbishop, archduke; 
but ark in words derived from the 
Greek, as archaic, ar-ka-\k ; archseolo- 
gy. ar-ke-<?/-o-gy; archangel, ark -ain- 
gel; archetype, ar-ke-type; archiepis- 


copal, ar-ke-e-/rV-co-pal; archipelago, 
ar-ke-Z^-a-go; ar-chives, ar- kivz, etc 
Asia, a-shia. 

Asparagus as spe’led,jiot asparagrass. 
Aunt, ant, not arant. 

Awkward, awk -ward, not awk -urd. 
Bade, bad. 

Because, b e-caws, not b e-cos. 

Been, bin. 

Beloved, as a verb, be-luvd •, as an ad¬ 
jective, be-luv-ed. Blessed, cursed, 

32 




GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


etc., are subject to the same rule. 
Beneath, with the th in breath, not with 
the th in breathe. 

Biog'raphy, as spelled, not beography. 
Caprice, capreece. 

Catch, as spelled, not ketch. 

Chaos, £a-oss. 

Charlatan, shar- latan. 

Chasm, kazm. 

Chasten, chasn. 

Chivalry, shiv- airy. 

Chemistry, kem'-is-try. 

Choir, kwire. 

Combat, £z?z/z-bat. 

Conduit, kun- dit. 

Corps, kor: the plural corps is pro¬ 
nounced korz. 

Covetous, cuv-e-tns, not cuv-e-chus. 
Courteous curt- yus. 

Courtesy (politeness), z-ar-te-sey. 

Courtesy (a lowering of the body), curt¬ 
sey. 

Cresses, as spelled, not cr^-ses. 

Cu'riosity, cu-re-z?s-e-ty, not curzwity. 
Cushion, coosh- un, not coosh-zw. 

Daunt, daztmt, not dant or darnt. 

Design and desist have the sound of s, not 
of z. 

Desire should have the sound of z. 

Dew, due, not doo. 

Diamond, as spelled, not z//-mond. 
Diploma, de-//<?-ma, not dip- lo-ma. 
Diplomacy, de-//<?-ma-cy, not dip- lo-ma- 
cy. 

Divers (several), di-ve rz; but diverse 
(different), di-verse. 

Drought, drowt, not drawt. 

Duke, as spelled, not dook. 

Dynasty, dy- nas-ty, not dyn- as-te. 

Edict, £-dickt, not ^f-ickt. 

E’en, and e’er, een and air. 

Egotism, z’-go-tism, not z-^-o-tism. 

Either, ^-ther. 

Engine, zr*-jin, not in- jin. 

Epistle, without the t. 

Epitome, e-///-o-me. 

Epoch, zr/-ock, not z--pock. 

Equinox, <?-qui-nox, not zy-kwe-nox. 
Europe, U- rup, not U- rope. 

Euro-/£-an, not Eu-r<?-pean. 

Every, ev-er-y, not ev-ry. 

Executor, egz-zz-utor, not with the sound 
of x. 

Extraordinary, ex-/rz>r-di-ner-i, not ex- 
traordinary, nor extrornary. 

February, as spelled, not Febuary. 
Finance, f e-nance, not/fnance. 
Foundling, as spelled, not/ond-Y\n%. 
Garden, gar- dn, not gar-den, nor gard- 
ing. 

Gauntlet, gawnt-let, not gant-let. 


Geography, as spelled, not jcgraphy, or 
gehography. 

Geometry, as spelled, not jom-etry. 

Haunt, hawnt, not hant. 

Height, hite, not highth. 

Heinous, hay- nus, not hee- nus. 

Horizon, ho-r/-z«, not hor- i-zon. 

Hymeneal, hy-men-z-al, not hy-menal. 

Instead, in -stcd, not instid. 

Isolate, z-so-late, not “zz-olate, nor is¬ 
olate. 

Jalap, jal-ap, not jolup. 

January, as spelled, notjenuary norjane- 
wary. 

Leave, as spelled, not leaf. 

Legend, Icj-e nd, or /<?-gend. 

Many, men- ney, not man-ny. 

Marchioness, zwar-shun-ess, not as spelled. 

Massacre, wmr-sa-ker. 

Mattress, as spelled, not mat- trass. 

Matron, ma- trun, not mat-ron. 

Medicine, med-e- cin, not med-cln. 

Minute (sixty seconds), min- it. 

Minute (small), mi -nute. 

Mischievous, mis-cb.\v- us, not mis -chcev- 
us. 

Ne’er, for never, nare. 

New, nu, not noo. 

Oblige, as spelled, not obleege. 

Oblique, ob -leek, or o-blike. 

Odorous, <?-der-us, not z?z/-ur-us. 

Of, ov, except when compounded with 
there, here and where, which should 
be pronounced her e-cf, there-z/j and 
where-z/I 

Off, as spelt, not awf. 

Organization, z>r-gan-i-za-shun. 

Ostrich, zw-trich, not ztt-tridge. 

Pageant, paj-e nt, not pa- jant. 

Parent, pare-e nt, not par-e nt. 

Partisan, par- te-zan, not par-te-za», nor 
par-t\-zar\. 

Physiognomy, as fiz-t-og-nomy, not physi- 
onnomy. 

Pincers, pin- cerz. not pinch-erz. 

Plaintiff, as spelled, not plantiff. 

Precedent (an example), pres-e-Aent ; pre- 
ce -dent (going before in point of time, 
previous, former) is the pronunciation 
of the adjective. 

Prologue, pro-log, not prol- og. 

Radish, as spelled, not red-ish. 

Raillery, rail'-er-y, or ral-e r-y, not as 
spelled. 

Rather, ra- ther, not ray-ther. 

Resort, r e-zort. 

Resound, r e-zound. 

Respite, res- pit, not as spelled. 

Rout (a party; and to rout) should be pro¬ 
nounced rowt. Route (a road), root o t 
rowt. 

33 



GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


Saunter, sawn- ter, not sarn-ter or jaw-ter. 

Sausage, jaw-sage, not jor-sidge, sas¬ 
sage. 

Schedule, sfied-ule, not shed-ule. 

Seamstress is pronounced jccwz-stress, but 
semp-stress, as the word is sometimes 
spelt, in pronounced jcwz-stress. 

Shire, as spelled, when uttered as a single 
word, but shortened into shir in compo¬ 
sition. « 

Shone, shon, not shun, nor as spelled. 

Soldier, sol f-jer. 

Solecism, jc/-e-cizm, not jz>-le-cizm. 

Soot, as spelled, not sut. 

Sovereign, jcz>-er-in, or suv-er-in. 

Specious, j/c-shus, not spesh-us. 

Stomacher, j/aw-a-cher. 

Stone (weight), as spelled, not stun. 

Synod, sin- od, not jy-nod. 

Tenure, ten- ure, not te-nure. 

Tenet, ten-e t, not te-net. 


Than, as spelled, not thun. 

Tremor, trem- ur, not tre-mox. 

Twelfth should have the th sounded. 
Umbrella, as spelled, not um-ber-el-la. 
Vase, vaiz or vahz, not vawze. 

Was, woz, not wuz. 

Weary, weer-i, not wary. 

Were, wer, not ware. 

Wrath, rawth, not rath: as an adjective 
it is spelled wrath, and pronounced with 
the vowel sound shorter, as in wrath¬ 
ful, etc. 

Yacht, yot, not yat. 

Zenith, zen-ith, not ze- nith. 

Zodiac, zo-de-ak. 

Zoology should have both o’s sounded, aa 
zo-ol- o-gy, not zoo- lo-gy. 

Note .—The tendency of all good elocu¬ 
tionists is to pronounce as nearly in ac* 
cordance with the spelling as possible. 


Pronounce— 

—ace, not iss, as furnace, not furnz'jx. 

—age, not idge, as cabbage, courage, postage, village. 

—ain, ane, not in, as certain, certane, not cert in. 

— ate, not it, as moderat‘d, not moderz/. 

—ect, not ec, as asp ect, not asprc ; subjcc/, not subjcc. 

— ed, not id, or ud, as wicked, not wick/d, or wickad. 

—el, not 1, mode 1, not mod\ ; novel, not nov 1. 

—en, not n, as suddc«, not suddzz.—Burden, burthen, garden, lengthen, seven, 
strengthen, often, and a few others, have the e silent. 

— ence, not unce, as influence, not inllu -unce. 

—es, not is, as please, not pleas/s. 

— ile should be pronounced il, as fertil, not fertz'/e, in all words except chamomtle 
(cam), exile, gentile, infantile, reconcile, and senile, which should be pronounced 
ile. 

—in, not n, as Lat/«, not Lat«. 

—nd, not n, as husbawz/, not husba« ; thcusawz/, not thousa«. 

—ness, not nz'ss, as carefulwcjj, not carefulness. 

—ng, not n, as singi«£", not singiw ; speaki«,g, not speaki«. 

— ngth, not nth, as strewgth not strewth. 

—son, the o should be silent; as in treason, tre-zn, not tre-son. 

—tal, not tie, as capita/, not capi tie ; metal, not mettle ; mortal, not mor/,e ; periodi¬ 
ca/, not periodi cle. 

—xt, not x, as near/, not near. 


WHAT’S IN A NAME? 

An Englishman whose name was Wemyss 
Went crazy at last, so it semyss. 

Because the people would not 
Understand that they ought 
To call him not Weemis, but Weems. 

Another whose last name was Knollys 
Tried vainly to vote at the pollys : 

But no ballot he cast 
Because to the last 

The clerk couldn’t call Knolliss Noles. 

34 




GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION ’ 

And then a young butcher named Belvoir 
Went and murdered a man with a devoir 
Because the man couldn’t. 

Or possibly wouldn’t, 

Pronounce his name properly Beever. 

There was an athlete named Strachan 
Who had plenty of sinew and brachan. 

And he’d knock a man down 
With an indignant frown 
If he failed to pronounce his name Strawn. 


SHORT RULES FOR SPELLING. 

Words ending in e drop that letter on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel. 
Exceptions—words ending in ge, ce, or oe. 

Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a conso¬ 
nant. Exceptions—wordsending in dge, and truly, duly, etc. 

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed 
Into i on the addition of *a suffix. Exceptions—retained before ing and ish, as 
pitying. Words ending in ie and dropping the e by Rule i, change the i to y, as 
lying. Final y is sometimes changed to e, as duteous. 

Nounsending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; as 
money, moneys. Y preceded by a consonant is changed to ies in the plural; as 
bounty, bounties. 

Final y of a primitive word, preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into i 
before a suffix; as, joyless. 

In words containing el or io, ci Is used after the sound of s; as ceiling, seize, ex¬ 
cept in siege and a few words ending in cier. Inveigle, neither, leisure and weird 
also have ei. In other cases it is used, as in believe, achieve. 

Words ending in ceous or cious, when relating to matter, end In ceous; all 
othersin cious. 

Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, -with a single vowel before it, double 
the consonants in’derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a consonant 
with a double vowel before it, they do not double ihe consonant in derivatives; as 
troop, trooper, etc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by a single 
vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as 
commit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined. 

All words of one syllable ending in I, with a single vowel before it, have It at the 
close; as mill, sell. 

AH words of one syllable ending in t, with a double vowel before it, have only one 
I at the close; as mail, sail. 

The words foretell, distill. Instill and fulfill, retain the double II of their primi¬ 
tives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also retain the double II when the 
accent falls on these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullness. 


PUNCTUATION. 

A period (.) after every declarative and every imperative sentence; as. It is true 
Do right. 

A period after every abbreviation; as, Dr., Mr., Capt. 

An interrogation point (?) after every question. 

The exclamation point (!) after exclamations; as, Alas! Oh, how lovely! 
Quotation marks (“ ”) enclose quoted expressions; as, Socrates said: “ I be¬ 
lieve the soul is immortal.’* 

A colon (:) is used between parts of a sentence that are subdivided by semi¬ 
colons. 

A colon is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation, that Is Intro- 

35 




PUNCTUA TION . 


(duced by as fellows , thl following, or any similar expression; as, Send me the 
following: io doz. “Armstrong’s Treasury,” 25 Schulte’s Manual, etc. 

A semicolon (;) between parts that are subdivided by commas. 

The semicolon is used also between clauses or members that are disconnected 
in sense; as, Man grows old; he passes away; all is uncertain. When as, namely, 
that is, is used to introduce an example or enumeration, a semicolon is put before 
it; and a comma after it; as. The night was cold; that is, for the time of year. 

A comma (,) is used to set off co-ordinate clauses, and subordinate clauses not 
restrictive; as, Good deeds are never lost, though sometimes forgotten. 

A comma is used to set off transposed phrases and clauses; as, “When the 
wicked entice thee, consent thou not.” 

A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and clauses; as. Let us, it 
we can, make others happy. 

A comma is used between similar or repeated words or phrases; as. The sky, 
the water, the trees, were illumined with sunlight. 

A comma is used to mark an ellipsis, or the omission of a verb orother important 
word. 

A comma is used to set off a short quotation informally introduced; as. Who 
said, “The good die young” ? 

A comma is used whenever necessary to prevent ambiguity. 

The marks of parenthesis () are used to enclose an interpolation where such 
Interpolation is by the writer or speaker of the sentence in which it occurs. Interpo¬ 
lations by an editor orhy anyone other than the author of the sentence should be 
inclosed in brackets, []. 

Dashes (—) may be used to set off a parenthetical expression, also to denote an 
interruption or a sudden change of thought or a significant pause. 


THE USE OF CAPITALS. 

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital. 

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin with a capital. 

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital. 

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital. 

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are printed in 
capitals. 

7. The pronoun I, and the exclamation, O, are always capitals. 

8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin with capitals. 

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 

10. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals. 

xi. In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital. 

12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital. 


HOW TO WRITE A LETTER. 

A business letter should be written clearly, explicitly, and concisely. 

Figures should be written out, except dates; sums of money should be both i a 
writing and figures. 

Copies should be kept of all business letters. 

When you receive a letter containing money it should be immediately counted 
and the amount marked on the top margin. 

Letters to a stranger about one’s own personal affairs, requesting answer, should 
always inclose a stamp. 

Short sentences are preferable to long ones. 

Letters requiring an answer should have prompt attention. 

Never write a letter while under excitement or when in an unpleasant humor. 

Never write an anonymous letter. 

Do not fill your letter with repetitions and apologies. 

V 36 




HOW TO WHITE A LETTER. 

Avoid writing with a pencil. Use black ink. Blue or violet may be used, btit 
black is better. 

In acknowledging receipt of a letter always mention date. 

Paper. Note, packet or letter size* should be used. It is unbusi.iess-likc and 
very poor taste to use foolscap or mere scraps. 

Paging. If single sheets are used they should be carefully paged. Business 
letters should be written on but one side of the sheet. 

Folding. A letter sheet should be folded from bottom upward. Bring lower 
edge near the top so as to make the length a trifle shorter than the envelope, then 
fold twice the other way. The folded sheet should be just slightly smaller than the 
envelope. 

If note sheet, fold twice from bottom upward. If envelope is nearly square, single 
fold of note sheet is sufficient. 

Envelopes, like the paper, should be white, and of corresponding size and 
quality. It is poor taste to use colored paper, or anything but black ink. 

The postage stamp should be placed at the upper right hand corner. 

Address. This should be so plainly written that no possible mistake could be 
made either in name or address. It is unnecessary to add the letters P. O. after the 
name of the place. When the letter reaches the town it is not likely to go to the 
court-house or jail. Letters of introduction should bear upon envelope the name 
and address of the person to whom sent, also the words in the lower left hand corner, 
“Introducing Mr.-.” 


Luminous Paint. —This useful paint may, it is said, be made 
by the following simple method : Take oyster shells and clean 
them with warm water; put them into the fire for half an hour; 
it the end of that time take them out and let them cool. When 
|uite cool pound them fine and take away any gray parts, as they 
ire of no use. Put the powder in a crucible in alternate layers 
vith flour and sulphur. Put on the lid and cement with sand 
nade into a stiff paste with beer. When dry, put over the fire 
md bake for an hour. Wait until quite cold before opening the 
id. The product ought to be white. You must separate all 
t <ray parts, as they are not luminous. Make a sifter in the follow- 
c’.g manner : Take a pot, put a piece of very fine muslin very 
loosely across it, tie around with a string, put the powder into 
♦he top, and rake about until only the coarse powder remains; 
open the pot and you will find a very small powder ; mix it into 
a thin paint with gum water, as two thin applications are better 
than one thick one. This will give a paint that will remain 
luminous far into the night, provided it is exposed to light during 
the day. 

Transferring Engravings. —It is said that engravings may 
be transferred on white paper as follows : Place the engraving 
a few seconds over the vapor of iodine. Dip a slip of white paper 
in a weak solution of starch, and when dry, in a weak solution of 
oil of vitriol. When again dry, lay a slip upon the engraving and 
place both for a few minutes under a press. The engraving will 
be reproduced in all its delicacy and finish. Lithographs and 
printed matter cannot be so transferred with equal success. 

37 




SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 


A Dictionary of 12,000 Words of Similar and Contrary 

Meaning. 

N O TWO words in the English language have exactly the 
same significance, but to express the precise meaning which 
one intends to convey, and also to avoid repetitions, it is 
often desirable to have at hand a Dictionary of Synonyms. Take 
President Cleveland’s famous phrase, “innocuous desuetude.” 
If he had said simply, “harmless disuse,” it would have sounded 
clumsy, whereas the words he used expressed the exact shade of 
meaning, besides giving the world a new phrase and the news¬ 
papers something to talk about. 

The following list of Synonyms, while not exhaustive^ is 
quite comprehensive, and by cross-reference will answer most 
requirements. The appended Antonyms, or words of opposite 
meaning, enclosed in parentheses, will also be found extremely 
valuable, for one of the strongest figures of speech is antithesis, or 
contrast : 

ABANDON, leave, forsake, desert, renounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let go, 
waive. (Keep, cherish.) Abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wicked, reprobate, 
dissolute, profligate, flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. (Cared for, virtuous.) 
Abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction, renunciation, defection. 
Abasement, degradation, fall, degeneracy, humiliation, abjection, debase¬ 
ment, servility. (Honor.) Abash, bewilder, disconcert, discompose, con¬ 
found, confuse, shame. (Embolden.) Abbreviate, shorten, abridge, condense, 
contract, curtail, reduce. (Extend.) Abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, aban¬ 
don, forsake, relinquish, quit, forego. Abet, help, encourage, instigate, incite, 
stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist.) Abettor, assistant, accessory, accomplice, pro¬ 
moter, instigator, particeps criminis, coadjutor, associate, companion, co-operator. 
(Opponent.) Abhor, dislike intensely, view with horror, hate, detest, abominate, 
loathe, nauseate. (Love.) Ability, capability, talent, faculty, capacity, qualifi¬ 
cation, aptitude, aptness, expertness, skill, efficiency, accomplishment, attain¬ 
ment. (Incompetency.) Abject, grovelling, low, mean, base, ignoble, worthless, 
d/“Gpicable, vile, servile, contemptible. (Noble.) Abjure, recant, forswear, dis¬ 
claim, recall, revoke, retract, renounce. (Maintain.) Able, strong, powerful, 
muscular, stalwart, vigorous, athletic, robust, brawny, skillful, adroit, competent, 
efficient, capable, clever, self-qualified, telling, fitted. (Weak.) Abode, residence, 
habitation, dwelling, domicile, home, quarters, lodging. Abolish, quash, destroy, 
revoke, abrogate, annul, cancel, annihilate, extinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. 
(Establish, enforce.) Abominable, hateful, detestable, odious, vile, execrable. 
(Lovable.) Abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, inoperative, vain, futile. (Effec¬ 
tual.,) About, concerning, regarding, relative to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 
with respect to, referring to, around, nearly, approximately. Abscond, run off, 
steal away, decamp, bolt. Absent, «., inattentive, abstracted, not attending to, 
listless, dreamy. (Present.) Absolute, entire, complete, unconditional unquali¬ 
fied, unrestricted, despotic, arbitrary, tyrannous, imperative, authoritative, imper¬ 
ious. (Limited.) Absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, imbibe, consume, merge, 
fuse. Absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, 
nonsensical, inconsistent. (Wise, solemn.) Abuse, v , asperse, revile, vilify, re¬ 
proach, calumniate, defame, slander, scandalize, malign, traduce, disparage, de* 

38 



SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. 


predate, ill-use. (Praise, protect.) Abuse, «., scurrility, ribaldry, contumely, 
obloquy, opprobrium, foul, invective, vituperation, ill-usage. (Praise, protection.) 
Accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, comply with, agree, coincide, concur, ap¬ 
prove. (Protest.) Accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, forward, quicken, des¬ 
patch. (Retard.) Accept, receive, take, admit. (Refuse.) Acceptable, agree¬ 
able, pleasing, pleasurable, gratifying, welcome. (Displeasing.) Accident, 
casualty, incident, contingency, adventure, chance. Accommodate, serve, 
oblige, adapt, adjust, lit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) Accomplice, confederate, 
accessory, abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, associate, particeps criminis. (Ad¬ 
versary.) Accomplish, do, effect, finish, execute, achieve, complete, perfect, con¬ 
summate. (Fail.) Accomplishment, attainment, qualification, acquirement. 
(Defect.) Accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. (Deny.) Accost, salute, ad¬ 
dress, speak to, stop, greet. Account, narrative, description, narration, relation, 
detail, recital, moneys, reckoning, bill, charge. Accountable, punishable, 
answerable, amenable, responsible, liable. Accumulate, bring together, amass, 
collect, gather. (Scatter, dissipate.) Accumulation, collection, store, mass, 
congeries, concentration. Accurate, correct, exact, precise, nice, truthful. 
(Erroneous, careless.) Achieve, do, accomplish, effect, fulfill, execute, gain, win. 
Achievement, feat, exploit, accomplishment, attainment, performance, acquire¬ 
ment, gain. (Failure.) Acknowledge, admit, confess, own, avow, grant, recog¬ 
nize, allow, concede. (Deny.) Acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, make 
aware, make known, notify, communicate. (Deceive.) Acquaintance, famil¬ 
iarity, intimacy, cognizance, fellowship, companionship, knowledge. (Unfamil¬ 
iarity.) Acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, comply, consent, give way, coincide 
with. (Protest.) Acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set free, clear, absolve. 
(Condemn, convict.) Act, do, operate, make, perform, play, enact. Action, 
deed, achievement, feat, exploit, accomplishment, battle, engagement, agency, 
instrumentality. Active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, nimble, brisk, quick, sup¬ 
ple, prompt, vigilant, laborious, industrious. (Lazy, passive.) Actual, real, posi¬ 
tive, genuine, certain. (Fictitious.) Acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrating, 
piercing, keen. (Dull.) Adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, conform. Addicted, 
devoted, wedded, attached, given up to, dedicated. Addition, increase, accession, 
augmentation, reinforcement. (Subtraction, separation.) Address, speech, dis¬ 
course, appeal, oration, tact, skill, ability, dexterity, deportment, demeanor. Ad¬ 
hesion, adherence, attachment, fidelity, devotion. (Aloofness.) Adjacent, 
near to, adjoining, contiguous, conterminous, bordering, neighboring. (Distant.) 
Adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone, delay. Adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, 
appendency, dependency. Adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, adapt, arrange, 
settle, regulate, organize. (Confuse.) Admirable, striking surprising, wonderful, 
astonishing. (Detestable.) Admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. (Deny.) Ad¬ 
vantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful.) Affection, love. (Aversion.) Affection¬ 
ate, fond, kind. (Harsh.) Agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charming. (Disa¬ 
greeable.) Alternating, intermittent. (Cdntinual.) Ambassador, envoy, 
plenipotentiary, minister. Amend, improve, correct, oetter, mend : (Impair.) 
Anger, ire, wrath, indignation, resentment. (Good nature.) Appropriate, 
assume, ascribe, arrogate, usurp. Argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. Arise, 
flow, emanate, spring, proceed, rise, issue. Artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in¬ 
sincere. (Candid.) Artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. Association, combina¬ 
tion, company, partnership, society. Attack, assail, assault, encounter. (Defend.) 
Audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardihood. (Meekness.) Austere, rigid, rigor¬ 
ous, severe, stern. (Dissolute.) Avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsimonious. 
[Generous.) Aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance. (Affection.) 
Awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Familiarity.) Awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) 
Axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, by-word, maxim, proverb, saying, saw. 

BABBLE, chatter, prattle, prate. Bad, wicked, evil. (Good.) Baffle, confound, 
defeat, disconcert. (Aid, abet.) Base, vile, mean. (Noble.) Battle, action, 
:ombat, engagement. Bear, carry, convey, transport. Bear, endure, suffer, sup¬ 
port. Beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. Beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, 
rout. Beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty. (Homely, ugly.) Becoming, decent, 
it, seemly, suitable. (Unbecoming.) Beg, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, solicit, 

39 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS, 


supplicate. (Give.) Behavior, carriage, conduct, deportment, demeanor. Be¬ 
lief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) Beneficient, bountiful, generous, liberal, 
munificent. (Covetous, miserly.) Benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, civility. 
(Injury.) Benevolence, beneficence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tender¬ 
ness. (Malevolence.) Blame, censure, condemn, reprove, reproach, upbraid. 
(Praise.) Blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. (Ornament.) Blind, sightless, heed¬ 
less. (Far-sighted.) Blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, obliterate. Bold, 
brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, undaunted. (Timid.) Border, brim, brink, edge, 
margin, rim, verge, boundary, confine, frontier. Bound, circumscribe, confine, 
limit, restrict. Brave, dare, defy. Bravery, courage, valor. (Cowardice.) 
Break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze. Breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, 
storm, tempest. Bright, clear, radiant, shining. (Dull.) Brittle. Burial, in¬ 
terment, sepulture. (Resurrection.) Business, avocation, employment, engage¬ 
ment, occupation, art, profession, trade. Bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet.) 

CALAMITY, disaster, misfortune, mischance, mishap. (Good fortune.) 
Calm, collected, composed, placid, serene. (Stormy, unsettled.) Capa¬ 
ble, able, competent. (Incompetent.) Captious, fretful, cross, peevish, 
petulant (Good-natured.) Care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, heed, at¬ 
tention. (Heedlessness, negligence.) Caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buf¬ 
fet.) Carnage, butchery massacre, slaughter. Cause, motive, reason. (Ef¬ 
fect, consequence.) Cease, discontinue, leave off, end. (Continue.) Cen¬ 
sure, animadvert, criticise. (Praise.) Certain, secure, sure. (Doubt¬ 
ful.) Cessation, Intermission, rest, stop. (Continuance.) Chance, fate, 
fortune. (Design.) Change, barter, exchange, substitute. Changeable, fickle, 
inconstant, mutable, variable. (Unchangeable.) Character, reputation, repute, 
standing. Charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture, fascinate. Chastity, purity, 
continence, virtue. (Lewdness.) Cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. (Dear.) 
Cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. (Mournful.) Chief, chieftain, head, leader 
(Subordinate.) Circumstance, fact, incident. Class, degree, order, rank. 
Clear, bright, lucid, vivid. (Opaque.) Clever, adroit, dexterous, expert, skillful. 
(Stupid.) Clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) Coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. 
(Fine.) Coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. Cold, cool, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoic¬ 
al. (Warm.) Color, dye, stain, tinge. Colorable, ostensible, plausible, 
specious. Combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. Command, injunction, order, 
precept. Commodity, goods, merchandise, ware. Common, mean, ordinary, 
vulgar. (Uncommon, extraordinary.) Compassion, sympathy, pity, clemency. 
(Cruelty, severity.) Compel, force, oblige, necessitate. (Coax, lead.) Compen¬ 
sation, amends, recompense, remuneration, requital, reward. Compendium, 
compend, abridgment. (Enlargement.) Complain, lament, murmur, regret, re¬ 
pine. (Rejoice.) Comply, accede, .conform, submit, yield. (Refuse.) Com¬ 
pound, complex. (Simple.) Comprehend, comprise, include, embrace, grasp, 
understand, perceive. (Exclude, mistake.) Comprise, comprehend, contain, em¬ 
brace, include. Conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover.) Conceive, comprehend, 
understand.. Conclusion, inference, deduction. Condemn, censure, blame, 
disapprove. (Justify, exonerate.) Conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, regulate, 
manage. Confirm, corroborate, approve, attest. (Contradict.) Conflict, com¬ 
bat, contest, contention, struggle. (Peace, quiet.) Confute, disprove, refute, op¬ 
pugn. (Approve.) Conquer, overcome, subdue, surmount, vanquish. (Defeat.) 
Consequence, effect, event, issue, result. (Cause.) Consider, reflect, ponder, 
weigh. Consistent, constant, compatible. (Inconsistent.) Console, comfort, 
solace. (Harrow, worry.) Constancy, firmness, stability, steadiness. (Fickle¬ 
ness.) Contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, taint. Contemn, despise, dis¬ 
dain, scorn. (Esteem.) Contemplate, meditate, muse. Contemptible, de¬ 
spicable, paltry, pitiful, vile, mean. (Noble.) Contend, contest, dispute, strive, 
struggle, combat. Continual, constant, continuous, perpetual, incessant. (Inter¬ 
mittent. Continuance, continuation, duration. (Cessation.) Continue, persist, 
persevere, pursue, prosecute. (Cease.) Contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. 
(Confirm.) Cool, cold, frigid. (Hot.) Correct, rectify, reform. Cost, charge, 
expense, price. Covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Beneficence.) Cowardice, 
fear, timidity, pusillanimity. (Courage.) Crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir* 

40 




STNONTMS AND AN TON VMS. 

tue.) Criminal, convict, culprit, felon, malefactor. Crooked, bent, curved, 
oblique. (Straight.) Cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, savage, (Kind.) Cul- 
tivation, culture, refinement. Cursory, desultory, hasty, slight. (Thorough.) 
Custom, fashion, manner, practice. 

DANGER, hazard, peril. (Safety.) Dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. 
(*->ight.) Deadly, fatal, destructive, mortal. Dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex¬ 
pensive. (Despised, cheap.) Death, departure, decease, demise. (Life.) Decay, 
decline, consumption. (Growth.) Deceive, delude, impose upon, over-reach, gull, 
dupe, cheat. Deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delusion, guile, beguilement, treach¬ 
ery, sham. (Truthfulness.) Decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, terminate, re« 
solve. Decipher, read, spell, interpret, solve. Decision, determination, con¬ 
clusion, resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) Declamation, oratory, elocution, 
harangue, effusion, debate. Declaration, avowal, manifestation, statement, pro¬ 
fession. Decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, decline, retrench, curtail, reduce. 
(Growth.) Dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, set, apportion. Deed, act, action, 
commission, achievement, instrument, document, muniment. Deem, judge, esti¬ 
mate, consider, think, suppose, conceive. Deep, profound, subterranean, sub¬ 
merged, designing, abstruse, learned. (Shallow.) Deface, mar, spoil, injure, dis¬ 
figure. ^Beautify.) Default, lapse, forfeit, omission, absence, want, failure. De¬ 
fect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blemish. (Beauty, improvement) Defend, guard, 
protect, justify. Defense, excuse, plea, vindication, bulwark, rampart. Defer, 
delay, postpone, put off, prorogue, adjourn. (Force, expedite.) Deficient, short, 
wanting, inadequate, scanty, incomplete. (Complete, perfect) Defile, v., pollute, 
corrupt, sully. (Beautify.) Define, fix, settle, determine, limit. Defray, meet, 
liquidate, pay, discharge. Degree, grade, extent, measure. Deliberate, v., con¬ 
sider, meditate, consult, ponder, debate. Deliberate, a., purposed, intentional, 
designed, determined. (Hasty.) Delicacy, nicety, dainty, refinement, tact, soft¬ 
ness, modesty. (Boorishness, indelicacy.) Delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re¬ 
fined. (Coarse.) Delicious, sweet, palatable. (Nauseous.) Delight, enjoy¬ 
ment, pleasure, happiness, transport, ecstacy, gladness, rapture, bliss. (Annoy¬ 
ance.) Deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pronounce, give, hand over. (Retain.) 
Demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, illustrate. Depart, leave, quit, decamp, re¬ 
tire, withdraw, vanish. (Remain.) Deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, divest. 
Depute, appoint, commission, charge, intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. De¬ 
rision, scorn, contempt, contumely, disrespect. Derivation, origin, source, be¬ 
ginning, cause, etymology, root. Describe, delineate, portray, explain, illustrate, 
define, picture. Desecrate, profane, secularize, misuse, abuse, pollute. (Keep 
holy.) Deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. Design, n., delineation, sketch, 
drawing, cunning, artfulness, contrivance. Desirable, expedient, advisable, val¬ 
uable, acceptable, proper, judicious, beneficial, profitable, good. Desire, «., 
longing, affection, craving. Desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, abstain, for- 
bare. (Continue, persevere.) Desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, deserted, 
wild, waste, bare, bleak, lonely. (Pleasant, happy.) Desperate, wild, daring, 
audacious, determined, reckless. Despised. Destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. 
Destructive, detrimental, hurtful, noxious, injurious, deleterious, baleful, bane¬ 
ful, subversive. (Creative, constructive.) Desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. 
(Maintenance.) Desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, unmethodical, superficial, 
unsettled, erratic, fitful. (Thorough.) Detail, n., particular, specification, minu¬ 
tiae. Detail, v., particularize, enumerate, specify. (Generalize.) Deter, warn, 
stop, dissuade, terrify, scare. (Encourage.) Detriment, loss, harm, injury, deter¬ 
ioration. (Benefit.) Develop, unfold, amplify, expand, enlarge. Device, artifice, 
expedient, contrivance. Devoid, void, wanting, destitute, unendowed, unprovided. 
(Full, complete.) Devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, dedicated. Dictate, 
prompt, suggest, enjoin, order, command. Dictatorial, imperative, imperious, 
domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, overbearing. (Submissive.) Die, expire, de¬ 
part, perish, decline, languish, wane, sick, fade, decay. Diet, food, victuals, 
nourishment, nutriment, sustenance, fare. Difference, separation, disagreement, 
discord, dissent, estrangement, variety. Different, various, manifold, diverse, 
unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar, homogeneous.) Difficult, hard, intricate, in¬ 
volved, perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. (Easy.) Diffuse, discursive, prolix, 

41 


STNONTMS AND ANT ON TMS. 

diluted, copious. Dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, exalt, advance, promote, 
honor. (Degrade.) Dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, distend, enlarge, descant, 
expatiate. Dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, behindhand, lagging, dawdling. 
(Prompt.) Diligence, care, assiduity, attention, heed, industry. (Negligence.) 
Diminish, lessen,reduce, contract, curtail, retrench. (Increase.) Disability, un¬ 
fitness, incapacity. Discern, descry, observe, recognize, see, discriminate, separ¬ 
ate, perceive. Discipline, order, strictness, training, coercion, punishment, 
organization. (Confusion, demoralization. Discover, make known, find, invent, 
contrive, expose, reveal. Discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, scandalous* dis¬ 
reputable. (Creditable.) Discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, judicious. (Indiscreet.) 
Discrepancy, disagreement, difference- variance. (Agreement.) Discrimina¬ 
tion, acuteness, discernment, judgment, caution. Disease, complaint, malady, dis¬ 
order, ailment, sickness. Disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dishonor, shame, 
odium. (Honor.) Disgrace, z»., debase, degrade, defame, discredit. (Exalt.) 
Disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, abomination, abhorrence. (Admiration.) Dis¬ 
honest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrongful. 
(Honest.) Dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, daunt, appall, dishearten. (En¬ 
courage.) Dismay, «., terror, dread, fear, fright. (Assurance.) Dismiss, send 
off, discharge, discard, banish. (Retain.) Dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, 
dissipate. (Collect.) Display, snow, spread out, exhibit, expose. (Hide.) Dis¬ 
pose, arrange, place, order, give, bestow. Dispute, v., argue, contest, contend, 
question, impugn. (Assent.) Dispute, n., argument, debate, controversy, quarrel, 
disagreement. (Harmony.) Dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (Assent.) Distinct, 
clear, plain, obvious, different,, separate. (Obscure, indistinct.) Distinguish, 
perceive, discern, mark out, divide, discriminate. Distinguished, famous, glor¬ 
ious, far-famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, ordin¬ 
ary.) Distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, concentrate.) Distribute, allot, 
shar_, dispense, apportion, deal. (Collect.) Disturb, derange, discompose, agi¬ 
tate, rouse, interrupt, confuse, annoy, trouble, vex, worry. (Pacify, quiet.) Dis¬ 
use, discontinuance, abolition, desuetude. (Use.) Divide, part, separate, dis¬ 
tribute, deal out, sever, sunder. Divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred, a par¬ 
son, clergyman, minister. Do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, finished, trans¬ 
act. DociI, tractable, teachable, compliant, tame. (Stubborn.) Doctrine, tenet, 
articles of belief, creed, dogma, teaching.. Doleful, dolorous, woe-begune, .ueful, 
dismal, piteous. (Joyous.) Doom, «., sentence, verdict, judgment, fate, lot, des¬ 
tiny. Doubt, n., uncertainty, suspense, hesitation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer¬ 
tainty.) Draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, Inhale, sketch, describe. Dread, n., 
fear, horror, terror, alarm, dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance.) Dreadiul, fear¬ 
ful, frightful, shocking, awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. Dress, n., clodr ng, at¬ 
tire, apparel, garments, costume, garb, livery. Drift, purpose, meaning, scope, 
aim, tendency, direction. Droll, funny, laughable, comic, whimsical, queer, 
amusing. (Solemn.) Drown, inundate, swamp, submerge, overwhelm, engulf. 
Dry, a., and, parched, lifeless, dull, tedious, uninteresting, meagre. (Moist in¬ 
teresting, succulent.) Due, owing to, attributable to, just, fair, proper, debt, ignt. 
Dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, commonplace. (Bright.) Dunce, simpleton, 
fool, ninny, idiot. (Sage.) Durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, continuing. 
(Ephemeral, perishable.) Dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, linger, tarry. Dwin¬ 
dle, pine, waste, diminish, decrease, fall off. (Grow.) 

EAGER, hot, ardent, impassioned, forward, impatient. (Diffident.) Earn, ac¬ 
quire, obtain, win, gain, achieve. Earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, solemn, 
warm. (Trifling.) Earnest, n., pledge, pawn. Ease, n., comfort, rest. (Worry.) 
Ease, v., calm, alleviate, allay, mitigate, appease, assuage, pacify, disburden, rid, 
(Annoy, worry.) Easy, light, comfortable, unconstrained. (Difficult, hard.) 
Eccentric, irregular, anomalous, singular, odd, abnormal, wayward, particular, 
strange. (Regular, ordinary.) Economical, sparing, saving, provident, thrifty, 
frugal, careful, niggardly. (Wasteful.) Edge, _ border, brink, rim, brim, margin, 
verge. Efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, wipeout, cancel, erase. Effect, n., 
consequence, result, issue, event, execution, operation. Effect, v. f accomplish, 
fulfill, realize, achieve, execute, operate, complete. Effective, efficient, operative,, 
serviceable. (Vain, ineffectual.) Efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, instrument 

42 


STNONTMS AND A NT ON VMS. 


tality. Efficient, effectual, effective, competent, capable, able, fitted. Elimi¬ 
nate, drive out, expel, thrust out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, banish, proscribe. 
Eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declamation. Elucidate, make plain, explain, 
clear up, illustrate. Elude, evade, escape, avoid, shun. Embarrass, perplex, 
entangle, distress, trouble. (Assist.) Embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, 
beautify, deck. (Disfigure.) Embolden, inspirit, animate, encourage, cheer, 
urge, impel, stimulate. (Discourage.) Eminent, distinguished, signal, conspicuous, 
noted, prominent, elevated, renowned, famous, glorious, illustrious. (Obscure, un¬ 
known.) Emit, give out, throw out, exhale, discharge, vent. Emotion, perturba¬ 
tion, agitation, trepidation, tremor, mental conflict. Employ, occupy, busy, take 
f.p with, engross. Employment, business, avocation, engagement, office, function, 
trade, profession, occupation, calling, vocation. Encompass, v., encircle, sur¬ 
round, gird, beset. Encounter, attack, conflict, combat, assault, onset, engage¬ 
ment, battle, action. Encourage, countenance, sanction, support, foster, cherish, 
inspirit, embolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, impel, stimulate. (Deter.) End, 
n. y aim, object, purpose, result, conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, termination, 
extremity, sequel. Endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, aim. Endurance, 
continuation, duration, fortitude, patience, resignation. Endure, v., last, con¬ 
tinue, support, bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit to, undergo. (Perish.) Enemy, 
foe, antagonist, adversary, opponent. (Friend.) Energetic, industrious, effec¬ 
tual, efficacious, powerful, binding, stringent, forcible, nervous. (Lazy.) Engage, 
employ, busy, occupy, attract, invite, allure, entertain, engross, take up, enlist. 
Engross, absorb, take up, busy, occupy, engage, monopolize. Engulf, swallow 
up, absorb, imbibe, drotvn, submerge, bury, entomb, overwhelm. Enjoin, order, 
ordain, appoint, prescribe. Enjoyment, pleasure, gratification. (Grief, sorrow, 
sadness.) Enlarge, increase, extend, augment, broaden, swell. (Diminish.) 
Enlighten, illumine, illuminate, instruct, inform. (Befog, becloud.) Enliven, 
cheer, vivify, stir up, animate, inspire, exhilarate. (Sadden, quiet.) Enmity, ani¬ 
mosity, hostility, ill-will, maliciousness. (Friendship.) Enormous, gigantic, co¬ 
lossal, huge, vast, immense, prodigious. (Insignificant.) Enough, sufficient, 
plenty, abundance. (Want.) Enraged, infuriated, raging, wrathful. (Pacified.) 
Enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, captivate, bewitch. (Repel.) Enroll, en¬ 
list, list, register, record. Enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, venture, energy. 
Enthusiasm, earnest, devotion, zeal, ardor. (Ennui, lukewarmness.) Enthu¬ 
siast, fanatic, visionary. Equal, equable, even, like, alike, uniform. (Un¬ 
equal.) Eradicate, root out, extirpate, exterminate. Erroneous, incorrect, 
inaccurate, inexact. (Exact.) Error, blunder, mistake. (Truth.) Especially, 
chiefly, particularly, principally. (Generally.) Essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. 
Establish, build up, confirm. (Overthrow.) Esteem, regard, respect. (Con¬ 
tempt.) Estimate, appraise, appreciate, esteem, compute, rate. Estrangement, 
abstraction, alienation. Eternal, endless, everlasting. (Finite.) Evade, equivo¬ 
cate, prevaricate. Even, level, plain, smooth. (Uneven.) Event, accident, ad¬ 
venture, incident, occurrence. Evil, ill, harm,- mischief, misfortune. (Good.) 
Exact, nice, particular, punctual. (Inexact) Exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. 
(Humble.) Examination, investigation, inquiry, research, search, scrutiny. Ex¬ 
ceed, excel, outdo, surpass, transcend. (Fall Short.) Exceptional, uncommon, 
rare, extraordinary. (Common.) Excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir up. (Lull.) 
Excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. Execute, fulfill, perform. Exempt, free, 
cleared. (Subject.) Exercise, practice. Exhaustive, thorough, complete. 
(Cursory.) Exigency, emergency. Experiment, proof, trial, test. Explain, 
expound, interpret, illustrate, elucidate. Express, declare, signify, utter, tell. 
Extend, reach, stretch. (Abridge.) Extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodigal. 
(Parsimonious.) 

FABLE, apologue, novel, romance, tale. Face, visage, countenance. Face¬ 
tious, pleasant, jocular, jocose. (Serious.) Factor, agent. Fail, to fall short, be 
deficient. (Accomplish.) Faint, languid. (Forcible.) Fair, clear. (Stormy.) 
Fair, equitable, honest, reasonable. (Unfair ) Faith, creed. (Unbelief, infidelity.) 
Faithful, true,. loyal, constant. (Faithless.) Faithless, perfidious, treacherous, 
(Faithful.) Fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) Fame, renown, reputation. 
Famous, celebrated, renowned, illustrious. (Obscure.) Fanciful, capricious, 
fantastical, whimsical. Fancy, imagination. Fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expedi- 

43 


SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. 

tlous. (Slow.) Fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vigor.) Fear, timidity, timor¬ 
ousness. (Bravery.) Feeling, sensation, sense. Feeling, sensibility, suscepti¬ 
bility. (Insensibility.) Ferocious, fierce, savage, wild, barbarous. (Mild.) 
Fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, productive. (Sterile.) Fiction, falsehood, 
fabrication. (Fact.) Figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, symbol, type Find, 
find out, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, overlook.) Fine, a., delicate, nice. 
(Coarse.) Fine, forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, penalty. Fire, glow, heat, warmth. Firm, 
constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, stable. (Weak.) First, foremost, earliest. (Last.) 
Fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. Fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. 
,Flame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. Flat, level, even. Flexible, pliant, pliable, 
ductile, supple. (Inflexible.) Flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay.) Fluctuating, 
wavering, hesitating, oscillating, vacillating, change. (Firm, steadfast, decided.) 
Fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unembarrassed, ready. (Hesitating.) Folks, per¬ 
sons, people, individuals. Follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, pursue. Fol¬ 
lower, partisan, disciple, adherent, retainer, pursurer, successor. Folly, silliness, 
foolishness, imbecility, weakness. (Wisdom.) Fond, enamored, attached, affec-* 
tionate. (Distant.) Fondness, affection, attachment, kindness, love. (Aversion.) 
Foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cautious.) Fool¬ 
ish, simple, silly, irrational, brainless, imbecile, crazy, absurd, preposterous, ridicu¬ 
lous, nonsensical. (Wise, discreet.) Fop, dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, puppy, 
jackanapes. (Gentlemen.) Forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. Force, «., 
strength, vigor, dint, might, energy, power, violence, army, host. Force, v., com¬ 
pel. (Persuade.) Forecast, forethought, foresight, premeditation, prognostica¬ 
tion. Forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. Foregoing, antecedent, anterior, 
preceding, previous, prior, former. Forerunner, herald, harbinger, precursor, 
omen. Foresight, forethought, forecast, premeditation. Forge, coin, invent, 
frame, feign, fabricate, counterfeit. Forgive, pardon, remit, absolve, acquit, ex¬ 
cuse, except. Forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, deserted, desolate, lone, lonesome. 
Form, n ., ceremony, solemnity, observance, rite, figure, shape, conformation, 
fashion, appearance, representation, semblance. Form, v., make, create, produce, 
constitute, arrange, fashion, mould, shape. Formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, 
stiff, methodical, affected. (Informal, natural.) Former, antecedent, anterior, 
previous, prior, preceding, foregoing. Forsaken, abandoned, forlorn, deserted, 
desolate, lone, lonesome. Forthwith, immediately, directly, instantly, instantane¬ 
ously. (Anon.) Fortitude, endurance, resolution, fearlessness, dauntlessness. 
(Weakness.) Fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, prosperous, successful. (Un¬ 
fortunate.) Fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, destiny, property, possession, 
riches Foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, nurture. (Neglect.) Foul, im¬ 
pure, nasty, filthy, dirty, unclean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) Fractious, cross, 
captious, petulant, touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splenetic. (Tractable.) Fragile, 
brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. (Strong.) Fragments, pieces, scraps, chips, leav¬ 
ings, remains, remnants. Frailty, weakness, failing, foible, imperfection, fault, 
blemish. (Strength.) Frame, v. t construct, invent, coin, fabricate, forge, mold, 
feign, make, compose. Franchise, right, exemption, immunity, privilege, free¬ 
dom, suffrage. Frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, easy, familiar, open, ingenu¬ 
ous, plain. (Tricky, insincere.) Frantic, distracted, mad, furious, raving, frenzied. 
^Quiet, subdued.) Fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, guile, cheat, imposition. 
|(Honesty.) Freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, 
resolution.) Free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, bounteous, munificent, frank, 
artless, candid, familiar, open, independent, unconfined, unreserved, unrestricted, 
exempt, clear, loose, easy, careless. (Slavish, stingy, artful, costly.) Free, v., 
release, set free, deliver, rescue, liberate, enfranchise, affranchise, emancipate, 
exempt. (Enslave, bind.) Freedom, liberty, independence, unrestraint, famili¬ 
arity, license, franchise, exemption, privilege. (Slavery.) Frequent, often, com¬ 
mon, usual, general. (Rare.) Fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. Friendly, 
amicable, social, sociable. (Distant, reserved, cool.) Frightful, fearful, dreadful, 
dire, direful, terrific, awful, horrible, horrid. Frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. 
(Serious, earnest.) Frugal, provident, economical, saving (Wasteful, extrava¬ 
gant.) Fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar¬ 
ren, sterile.) Fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, bootless, unavailing, without 
avail. Frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disappoint. Fulfill, accomplish, effect, 

44 



STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


complete. Fully, completely, abundantly, perfectly. Fulsome, coarse, gross, 
sickening, offensive, rank. (Moderate.) Furious, violent, boisterous, vehement, 
dashing, sweeping, rolling, impetuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, angry, raging, 
fierce. (Calm.) Futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, useless. (Effective.) 

GAIN, n., profit, emolument, advantage, benefit, winnings, earnings. (Loss.) 
Gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, realize, 
reach. (Lose.) Gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, fine, showy, intrepid, fear¬ 
less, heroic. Galling, chafing, irritating, vexing. (Soothing.) Game, play, 
pastime, diversion, sport, amusement. Gang, band, horde, company, troop, crew. 
Gap, breach, charm, hollow, cavity cleft, crevice, rift, chink. Garnish, embel¬ 
lish, adorn, beautify, deck, decorate. Gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, infer, 
collect. (Scatter.) Gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glittering, bespangled. 
(Sombre.) Gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, 
lean, thin. (Well-fed.) Gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, sprightly, blithe. 
(Solemn.) Generate, form, make, beget, produce. Generation, formation, race, 
breed, stock, kind, age, era. Generous, beneficent, noble, honorable, bountiful. 
Liberal, free. (Niggardly.) Genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joyous. (Distant, 
cold.) Genius, intellect, invention, talent, taste, nature, character, adept. Gen- 
ijeel, refined, polished, fashionable, polite, well-bred. (Boorish.) Gentle, placid, 
mild, bland, meek, tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth.) Genuine, real, true, un¬ 
affected, sincere. (False.) Gesture, attitude, action, posture. Get, obtain, earn, 
gain, attain, procure, achieve. Ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, shocking. 
Ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, shade, phantom. Gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, 
mock, taunt, deride. Giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. (Steady.) Gift, 
donation, benefaction, grant, alms, gratuity, boon, present, faculty, talent. (Pur¬ 
chase.) Gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, vast, prodigious, immense. (Diminu¬ 
tive.) Give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, impart. Glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, 
gladsome, gratified, cheering. (Sad.) Gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, 
flash. Glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovialty, jovialness, catch. (Sorrow.) 
Glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. Glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. Glimpse, 
glance, look, glint. Glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, radiate. Gloom, cloud, 
darkness, dimness, blackness, dulness, sadness. (Light, brightness, joy.) Gloomy, 
lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, sad, glum. (Bright, clear.) Glorify, magnify, cele¬ 
brate, adore, exalt. Glorious, famous, renowned, distinguished, noble, exalted. 
(Infamous.) Glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, grandeur. (Infamy.) Glut; 
gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, block up. Go, depart, proceed, move, budge, stir. 
God, creator, lord, almighty, jehovah, omnipotence, providence. Godly, right¬ 
eous, devout, holy, pious, religious. Good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit, boon. 
(Evil.) Good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, just, true. (Wicked, bad.) Gorge, 
glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate. Gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, splendid 
(Plain, simple.) Govern, rule, direct, manage, command. Government, rule, 
state, control, sway. Graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, beautiful. (Awk¬ 
ward.) Gracious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. Gradual, slow, progressive 
(Sudden.) Grand, majestic, stately, dignified, lofty, elevated, exalted, splendid, 
gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sublime, pompous. (Shabby.) Grant, bestow, im 
part, give, yield, cede, allow, confer, invest. Grant, gift, boon, donation. Graph¬ 
ic, forcible, telling, picturesque, vivid, pictorial. Grasp, catch, seize, gripe, 
clasp, grapple. Grateful, agreeable, pleasing, welcome, thankful. (Harsh. ( 
Gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, delight, reward. (Disappointment.) Grave 
a., serious, sedate, solemn, sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy.) Grave, s., tomb 
sepulchre, vault. Great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, grand, noble, august 
(Small.) Greediness, avidity, eagerness, voracity. (Generosity.) Grief, afflic 
tion, sorrow, trial, woe, tribulation. (Joy.) Grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain 
hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) Grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, baleful 
unhappy. Grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, afflict. Grisly, terrible, hideous 
grim,* ghastly, dreadful. (Pleasing.) Gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly 
shameful, indelicate. (Delicate.) Group, assembly, cluster, collection, clump 
order, class. Grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. Grow, increase, vegetate, ex 
pand, advance. (Decay, diminution.) Growl, grumble, snarl, murmur, complain 
Grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred, aversion. Gruff, rough, rugged 

45 


SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. 


blunt, rude, harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant.) Guile, deceit, fraud. (Candor.) 
Guiltless, harmless, innocent. Guilty, culpable, sinful, criminal. 

HABIT, custom, practice. Hail, accost, address, greet, salute, welcome. Hap¬ 
piness, beatitude, blessedness, bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness.) Harbor, haven, 
port. Hard, firm, solid. (Soft.) Hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) Harm, in¬ 
jury, hurt, wrong, infliction. (Benefit.) Harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent. 
(Hurtful.) Harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, morose. (Gentle.) Hasten, 
accelerate, despatch, expedite, speed. (Delay.) Hasty, hurried, ill-advised. 
(Deliberate.) Hateful, odious, detestable. (Lovable.) Hatred, enmity, ill-will, 
rancor. (Friendship.) Haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Modesty.) Haughty, 
arrogant, disdainful, supercilious, proud. Hazard, risk, venture. Healthy, 
salubrious, salutary, wholesome. (Unhealthy.) Heap, accumulate, amass, pile. 
Hearty, a ., cordial, sincere, warm. (Insincere.) Heavy, burdensome, ponderous, 
weighty. (Light.) Heed, care, attention. Heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, 
raise. Heinous, atrocious, flagitious, flagrant. (Venial.) Help, aid, assist, re¬ 
lieve, succor. (Hinder.) Heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismatic, dissenter, non¬ 
conformist. Hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. Hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly. 
(Beautiful.) High, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) Hinder, impede, obstruct, pre¬ 
vent. (Help.) Hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, insinuate. Hold, detain, 
keep, retain. Holiness, sanctity, piety, sacredness. Holy, devout, pious, religious. 
Homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beautiful.) Honesty, integrity, probity, upright¬ 
ness. (Dishonesty.) Honor, v. t respect, reverence, esteem. (Dishonor.) Hope, 
confidence, expectation, trust. Hopeless, desperate. Hot, ardent, burning, fiery. 
(Cold.) However, nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet. Humble, modest, sub¬ 
missive, plain, unostentatious, simple. (Haughty.) Humble, degrade, humiliate, 
mortify, abase. (Exalt.) Humor, mood, temper. Hunt, seek, chase. Hurtful, 
noxious, pernicious. (Beneficial.) Husbandry, cultivation, tillage. Hypocrite, 
dissembler, impostor, canter. Hypothesis, theory, supposition. 

IDEA, thought, imagination. Ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual.) Idle, in¬ 
dolent, lazy. (Industrious.) Ignominious, shameful, scandalous, infamous. 
^Honorable.) Ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, infamy, reproach. Ignorant, 
unlearned, illiterate, uninformed, uneducated. (Knowing.) Ill, n., evil, wicked¬ 
ness, misfortune, mischief, harm. (Good.) Ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis¬ 
eased. (Well.) Ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, acrimonious. (Good- 
natured.) Ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. (Good-will.) Illegal, unlawful, 
illicit, contraband, illegitimate. (Legal.) Illimitable, boundless, immeasurable, 
unlimited, infinite. Illiterate, unlettered, unlearned, untaught, uninstructed. 
(Learned, educated.) Illusion, fallacy, deception, phantasm, illusory, imagin¬ 
ary, chimerical, visionary. (Real.) Illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. Illus¬ 
trious, celebrated, noble, eminent, famous, renowned. (Obscure.) Image, 
likeness, picture, representation, effigy. Imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. 
(Real.) Imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, think, presume. Imbecility, silli¬ 
ness, senility, dotage. Imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock, counterfeit. Im¬ 
maculate, unspotted, spotless, unsullied, stainless. (Soiled.) Immediate, 
pressing, instant, next, proximate. Immediately, instantly, forthwith, directly, 
presently. Immense, vast, enormous, huge, prodigious, monstrous. Immunity, 
privilege, prerogative, exemption. Impair, injure, diminish, decrease. Impart, 
reveal, divulge, disclose, discover, bestow, afford. Impartial, just, equitable, un¬ 
biased. (Partial.) Impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, vehement, intense. 
Impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, censure. Impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, 
prevent. (Help.) Impediment, obstruction, hindrance, obstacle, barrier. (Aid.) 
Impel, animate, induce, incite, instigate, embolden. (Retard.) Impending, 
imminent, threatening. Imperative, commanding, authoritative, despotic. Im¬ 
perfection, fault, blemish, defect, vice. Imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize. 
Imperious, commanding, dictatorial, authoritative, imperative, lordly, overbear¬ 
ing, domineering. Impertinent, intrusive, meddling, officious, rude, saucy, im¬ 
pudent, insolent. Impetuous, violent, boisterous, furious, vehement. (Calm.) 
Impious, profane, irreligious, godless. (Reverent.) Implicate, involve, en¬ 
tangle, embarrass, compromise. Imply, involve, comprise, infold, import, denote, 
Signify. Importance, signification, significance, avail, consequence, weight, 

4G 


SYNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 

gravity, moment. Imposing, impressive, striking, majestic, august, noble, grand. 
(Insignificant.) Impotence, weakness, incapacity, infirmity, frailty, feebleness. 
(Power.) Impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, enfeebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong.) 
Impressive, stirring, forcible, exciting, affecting, moving. Imprison, incarcer¬ 
ate, shut up, immure, confine. (Liberate.) Imprisonment, captivity, durance. 
Improve, amend, better, mend, reform, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, employ. 
(Deteriorate.) Improvident, careless, incautious, imprudent, prodigal, wasteful, 
reckless, rash. (Thrifty.) Impudence, assurance, impertinence, confidence, in¬ 
solence, rudeness. Impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, impertinent, forward, rude, 
insolent, immodest, shameless. Impulse, incentive, incitement, motive, instiga¬ 
tion. Impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, violent. (Deliberate.) Imputation, 
blame, censure, reproach, charge, accusation. Inadvertency, error, oversight, 
blunder, inattention, carelessness, negligence. Incentive, motive, inducement, 
impulse. Incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stimulate, encourage, urge, impel. 
Inclination, leaning, slope, disposition, tendency, bent, bias, affection, attachment, 
wish, liking, desire. (Aversion.) Incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, bend, turn, 
bias, dispose. Inclose, surround, shut in, fence in, cover, wrap. Include, com¬ 
prehend, comprise, contain, embrace, take in. Incommode, annoy, plague, 
molest, disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Accomodate.) Incompetent, incapa¬ 
ble, unable, inadequate, insufficient, (Competent.) Increase, v., extend, en¬ 
large, augment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. 
(Diminish.) Increase, n., augmentation, accession, addition, enlargement, exten¬ 
sion. (Decrease.) Incumbent, obligatory. Indefinite, vague, uncertain, un¬ 
settled, loose, lax. (Definite.; Indicate, point out, show, mark. Indifference, 
apathy, carelessness, listlessness, insensibility. (Application, assiduity.) Indi¬ 
gence, want, neediness, penury, poverty, destitution, privation. (Affluence.) In¬ 
dignation, anger, wrath, ire, resentment. Indignity, insult, affront, outrage, 
obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ignominy. (Honor.) Indiscriminate, promis¬ 
cuous, chance, indistinct, confused. (Select, chosen.) Indispensable, essential, 
necessary, requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, supernumerary.) Indisputable, 
undeniable, undoubted, incontestable, indubitable, unquestionable, sure, infallible. 
Indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. Indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. (Deny.) 
Ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Effective.) 
Inequality, disparity, disproportion, dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equality.) In¬ 
evitable, unavoidable, not to be avoided, certain. Infamous, scandalous, shame¬ 
ful, ignominious, opprobrius, disgraceful. (Honorable.) Inference, deduction, 
corollary, conclusion, consequence.' Infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devilish, hellish. 
Infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb. Infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Robust.) 
Inflame, anger, irritate, enrage, chafe, incense, nettle, aggravate, imbitter, exas¬ 
perate. (Allay, soothe.) Influence, v., bias, sway, prejudice, prepossess. Influ¬ 
ence, n., credit, favor, reputation, character, weight, authority, sway, ascendency. 
Infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, break, transgress, violate. Ingenuous, 
artless, candid, generous, open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty.) Inhuman, cruel, 
brutal, savage, barbarous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious. (Humane.) Iniquity, 
injustice, wrong, grievance. Injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, wrong, aggrieve, 
harm, spoil, mar, sully. (Benefit.) Injurious, hurtful, baneful, pernicious, dele¬ 
terious, noxious, prejudicial, wrongful, damaging. (Beneficial.) Injustice, wrong, 
iniquity, grievance. (Right.) Innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, inoffensive, 
innoxious. (Guilty.) Innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent. (Hurtful.) Inordi¬ 
nate, intemperate, irregular,'disorderly, excessive, immoderate. (Moderate.) In¬ 
quiry, investigation, examination, research, scrutiny, disquisition, question, query, 
interrogation. Inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, peering. Insane, mad, 
deranged, delirious, demented. (Sane.) Insanity, madness, mental aberration, 
lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) Insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, infuse, introduce, 
ingratiate. Insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, vapid, inanimate, lifeless. 
(Bright, sparkling.) Insolent, rude, saucy, pert, impertinent, abusive, scurrilous, 
opprobrious, insulting, offensive. Inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer, 
breathe, inhale. Instability, mutability, fickleness, mutablene'ss, wavering. 
(Stability, firmness.) Instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, incite, urge,stimulate, 
encourage. Instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, insinuate. Instruct, inform, 
teach, educate, enlighten, initiate. Instrumental, conducive, assistant, helping^ 

47 


STNONTMS AND ANT ON TMS. 


ministerial. Insufficiency, inadequacy, incompetency, incapability, deficiency, 
lack. Insult, affront, outrage, indignity, blasphemy. (Honor.) Insulting, in¬ 
solent, rude, saucy, impertinent, impudent, abusive. Integrity, uprightness, hon¬ 
esty, probity, entirety, entireness, completeness, rectitude, purity. (Dishonesty.) 
Intellect, understanding, sense, brains, mind, intelligence, ability, talent, genius. 
(Body.) Intellectual, mental, ideal, metaphysical. (Brutal.) Intelligible, 
clear, obvious, plain, distinct. (Abstruse.) Intemperate, immoderate, excessive, 
drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Temperate.) Intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, 
fervid, burning, vehement. Intent, design, purpose, intention, drift, view, aim, 
purport, meaning. Intercourse, commerce, connection, intimacy, acquaintance. 
Interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, proscribe, debar, restrain from. (Allow.) In¬ 
terfere, meddle, intermeddle, interpose. Interminable, endless, interminate, 
infinite, unlimited, illimitable, boundless, limitless. (Brief, concise.) Interpose, 
intercede, arbitrate, mediate, interfere, meddle. Interpret, explain, expound, 
elucidate, unfold, decipher. Intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, express, signify, 
impart, tell. Intimidate, dishearten, alarm, frighten, scare, appal, daunt, cow, 
browbeat. (Encourage.) Intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, insupportable^ 
unendurable. Intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fearless, dauntless, undaunted, 
courageous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gallant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cowardly, 
faint-hearted.) Intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy, combination, artifice, ruse, 
amour. Intrinsic, real, true, genuine, sterling, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) In¬ 
validate, quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate, nullify, annul. Invasion, incursion, 
irruption, inroad, aggression, raid, fray. Invective, abuse, reproach, railing, cen¬ 
sure, sarcasm, satire. Invent, devise, contrive, frame, find out, discover, design. 
Investigation, examination, search, inquiry, research, scrutiny. Inveterate, 
confirmed, chronic, malignant. (Inchoate.) invidious, envious, hateful, odious, 
malignant. Invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, strengthen, fortify. (Enervate.) 
Invincible, unconquerable, impregnable, insurmountable. Invisible, unseen, 
imperceptible, impalpable, unperceivable. Invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, 
attract, solicit. Invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, refer, implore, beseech. In¬ 
volve, implicate, entangle, compromise, envelop, irksome, wearisome, tiresome, 
tedious, annoying. (Pleasant.) Irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, raillery. Irra¬ 
tional, foolish, silly, imbecile, brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Rational.) Irregu¬ 
lar, eccentric, anomalous, inordinate, intemperate. (Regular.) Irreligious, 
profane, godless, impious, sacrilegious, desecrating. Irreproachable, blameless, 
spotless, irreprovable. Irresistible, resistless, .irrepressible. Irresolute, waver¬ 
ing, undetermined, undecided, vacillating. (Determined.) Irritable, excitable, 
irascible, susceptible, sensitive. (Calm.) Irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, 
madden, exasperate. Issue, v. y emerge, rise, proceed, flow, spring, emanate. 
Issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, offspring, progeny. 

JADE, harass, weary, tire, worry. Jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree. Jar¬ 
ring, conflicting, discordant, inconsonant, inconsistent. Jaunt, ramble, excur¬ 
sion, trip. Jealousy, suspicion, envy. Jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. 
Jest, joke, sport, divert, make game of. Journey, travel, tour, passage. Joy, 
gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief.) Judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. Joyful, 
glad, rejoicing, exultant. (Mournful.) Judgment, discernment, discrimination, 
understanding. Justice, equity, right. Justice is right as established bylaw; 
equity according to the circumstances of each particular case. (Injustice.) Just¬ 
ness, accuracy, correctness, precision. 

KEEP, preserve, save. (Abandon.) Kill, assassinate, murder, slay. Kindred, 
affinity, consanguinity, relationship. Knowledge, erudition, learning, science. 
(Ignorance.) 

LABOR, toil, work, effort, drudgery. (Idleness.) Lack, need, deficiency, 
scarcity, insufficiency._ (Plenty.) Lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Rejoice.) 
Language, dialect, idiom, speech, tongue. Lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, 
lewd, lecherous. (Chaste.) Last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) Laudable, 
commendable, praiseworthy. (Elamable.) Laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous. 
(Serious.) Lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (Illegal.) Lead, conduct, guide. 
(Follow.) Lean, meagre. (Fat.) Learned, erudite, scholarly. (Ignorant.) 
Leave, v., quit, relinquish. Leave, n., liberty, permission, licence. (Prohibition.) 

48 


STNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 


Life, existence, animation, spirit, vivacity. (Death.) Lifeless, dead, inanimate. 
Lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. (Lower.) Light, clear, bright. (Dark.) Light¬ 
ness, flightiness, giddiness, levity, volatility. (Seriousness.) Likeness, resem¬ 
blance, similarity. (Unlikeness.) Linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. (Hasten.) 
Little, diminutive, small. (Great.) Livelihood, living, maintenance, subsistence, 
support. Lively, jocund, merry, sportive, sprightly, vivacious. (Slow, languid, 
sluggish ) Long, extended, extenshe. (Short.) Look, appear, seem. Lose, 
miss, forfeit. (Gain.) Loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. (Gain.) Loud, 
clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. (Low, quiet.) Love, affection, (Hatred.) Low, 
abject, mean. (Noble.) Lunacy, derangement, insanity, mania, madness. 
(Sanity.) Lustre, brightness, brilliancy, splendor. Luxuriant, exuberant. 
(Sparse.) 

MACHINATION, plot, intrigue, cabal, conspiracy. (Artlessness.) Mad, 
crazy, delirious, insane, rabid, violent, frantic. (Sane, rational, quiet.) Madness, 
insanity, fury, rage, frenzy. Magisterial, august, dignified, majestic, pompous, 
stately. Make, form, create, produce. (Destroy.) Malediction, anathema, 
curse, imprecation, execration. Malevolent, malicious, virulent, malignant. 
(Benevolent.) Malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, grudge, animosity, ill-will. 
(Benignity.) Malicious, see malevolent. Manacle, v., shackle, fetter, chain. 
(Free.) Manage, contrive, concert, direct. Management, direction, superin¬ 
tendence, care, economy. Mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, cripple, maim. 
Mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. Manifest, v., reveal, prove, evince, exhibit, 
display, show. Manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, open, apparent, visible. 
(Hidden, occult.) Manifold, several, sundry, various, divers, numerous. Manly, 
masculine, vigorous, courageous, brave, heroic. (Effeminate.) Manner, habit, 
custom, way, air, look, appearance. Manners, morals, habits, behavior, carriage. 
Mar, spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Improve.) March, tramp, tread, walk, step, space. 
Margin, edge, rim, border, brink, verge. Mark, n., sign, note, symptom, token, 
indication, trace, vestige, track, badge, brand. Mark, v., impress, print, stamp, 
engrave, note, designate. Marriage, wedding, nuptials, matrimony, wedlock. 
Martial, military, warlike, soldier-like. Marvel, wonder, miracle, prodigy. 
Marvelous, w'ondrous, wonderful, amazing, miraculous. Massive, bulky, heavy, 
weighty, ponderous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy.) Mastery, dominion, rule, sway, 
ascendancy, supremacy. Matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled, peer- 
less, incomparable, inimitable, surpassing. (Common, ordinary.) Material, a., 
corporeal, bodily, physical, temporal, momentous, important. (Spiritual, imma- 
terial.) Maxim, adage, apophthegm, proverb, saying, by-word, saw. Meager, 
poor, lank, emaciated, barren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich.) Mean, a., stingy, 
niggardly, low, abject, vile, ignoble, degraded, contemptible, vulgar, despicable. 
(Generous.) Mean, v., design, purpose, intent, contemplate, signify, denote, in- 
dicate. Meaning, signification, import, acceptation, sense, purport. Medium, 
organ, channel, instrument, means. Medley, mixture, variety, diversity, miscel¬ 
lany. Meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. (Proud.) Melancholy, low-spirited, 
dispirited, dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) Mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma¬ 
ture.) Melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant.) Mem¬ 
orable, signal, distinguished, marked. Memorial, monument, memento, com¬ 
memoration. Memory, remembrance, recollection. Menace, n., threat. Mend, 
repair, amend, correct, better, ameliorate, improve, rectify. Mention, tell, name, 
communicate, impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, inform, acquaint. Merciful, com¬ 
passionate, lenient, clement, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel.) Merciless, hard¬ 
hearted, cruel, unmerciful, pitiless, remorseless, unrelenting. (Kind.) Merri¬ 
ment, mirth, joviality, jollity, hilarity. (Sorrow.) Merry, cheerful, mirthful, joy¬ 
ous, gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, blithe, blithesome, jovial, sportive, jolly. 
(Sad.) Metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, symbolical. Method, way, man¬ 
ner, mode, process, order, rule, regularity, system. Mien, air, look, manner, as¬ 
pect, appearance. Migratory, roving, strolling, wandering, vagrant. (Settled, 
sedate, permanent.) Mimic, imitate, ape, mock. Mindful, observant, attentive, 
heedful, thoughtful. (Heedless.) Miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate, 
mixed. Mischief, injury, harm, damage, hurt, evil, ill. (Benefit.) Miscreant, 
caitiff, villain, ruffian. Miserable, unhappy, wretched, distressed, afflicted. 
(Happy.) Miserly, stingy, niggardly, avaricious, griping. Misery, wretched* 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


ness, woe, destitution, penury, privation, beggary. (Happiness.) Misfortune, 
calamity, disaster, mishap, catastrophe. (Good luck.) Miss, omit, lose, fail, mis¬ 
carry. Mitigate, alleviate, relieve, abate, diminish. (Aggravate.) Moderate, 
temperate, abstemious, sober, abstinent. (Immoderate.) Modest, chaste, virtu¬ 
ous, bashful, reserved. (Immodest.) Moist, wet, damp, dank, humid. (Dry.) 
Monotonous, unvaried, dull, tiresome, undiversified. (Varied.) Monstrous, 
shocking, dreadful, horrible, huge, immense. Monument, memorial, record, re¬ 
membrancer, cenotaph. Mood, humor, disposition, vein, temper. Morbid, sick, 
ailing, sickly, diseased, corrupted. (Normal, sound.) Morose, gloomy,- sullen, 
surly, fretful, crabbed, crusty. (Joyous.) Mortal, deadly, fatal, human. Mo¬ 
tion, proposition, proposal, movement. Motionless, still, stationary, torpid, stag¬ 
nant. (Active, moving.) Mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, climb, scale. 
Mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy.) Move, 
actuate, impel, induce, prompt, instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, propel, push. 
Multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, swarin. Murder, v., kill, assassinate, slay, 
massacre, despatch. Muse, v., meditate, contemplate, think, reflect, cogitate, 
ponder. Music, harmony, melody, symphony. Musical, tuneful, melodious, 
harmonious, dulcet, sweet. Musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, sweet.) Mute, 
dumb, silent, speechless. Mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, disfigure. Muti¬ 
nous, insurgent, seditious, tumultuous, turbulent, riotous. (Obedient, orderly.) 
Mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, correlative. (Sole, solitary.) Mysterious, 
dark, obscure, hidden, secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical, unaccountable. (Open, 
clear.) Mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle. (Clear, explain.) 

NAKED, nude, bare, uncovered, unclothed, rough, rude, simple. (Covered, 
clad.) Name, v., denominate, entitle, style, designate, term, call, christen. 
Name, appellation, designation, denomination, title, cognomen, reputation, 
character, fame, credit, repute. Narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, describe, 
enumerate, rehearse, recite. Nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, impure, indecent, 
gross, vile. Nation, people, commufiity, realm, state. Native, indigenous, in¬ 
born, vernacular. Natural, original, regular, normal, bastard. (Unnatural, forced.) 
Near, nigh, neighboring, close, adjacent, contiguous, intimate. (Distant.) Neces¬ 
sary, needful, expedient, essential, requisite, indispensable. (Useless.) Ne¬ 
cessitate, v., compel, force, oblige. Necessity, need, occasion, exigency, emer¬ 
gency, urgency, requisite. Need, «., necessity, distress, poverty, indigence, want, 
penury. Need, v., require, want, lack. Neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, over¬ 
look. Neglect, n., omission, failure, default, negligence, remissness, carelessness, 
slight. Neighborhood, environs, vicinity, nearness, adjacency, proximity. 
Nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. New, fresh, recent, novel. (Old.) News, 
tidings, intelligence, information. Nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, precise, 
fine, delicate. (Careless, coarse, unpleasant.) Nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, 
quick, agile, prompt. (Awkward.) Nobility, aristocracy, greatness, grandeur, 
peerage. Noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, great, grand, lofty. (Low.) Noise, 
cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, uproar, tumult. (Silence.) Nonsensical, irrational, 
absurd, silly, foolish. (Sensible.) Notable, plain, evident, remarkable, signal, 
striking, rare. (Obscure.) Note, s., token, symbol, mark, sign, indication, re¬ 
mark, comment. Noted, distinguished, remarkable, eminent, renowned. (Ob¬ 
scure.) Notice, s., advice, notification,^ intelligence, information. Notice, v., 
mark, note, observe, attend to, regard, heed. Notify, v., publish, acquaint, ap¬ 
prise, inform, declare. Notion, conception, idea, belief, opinion, sentiment. No¬ 
torious, conspicuous, open, obvious, ill-famed. (Unknown.) Nourish, nurture, 
cherish, foster, supply. (Starve, famish.) Nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, 
nutrition. Novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, unused, strange, rare. (Old.) 
Noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial.) Nullify, 
annul, vacate, invalidate, quash, cancel, repeal. (Affirm.) Nutrition, food, diet, 
nutriment, nourishment. 

OBDURATE, hard, callous, hardened, unfeeling, insensible. (Yielding, tract¬ 
able.) Obedient, compliant, submissive, dutiful, respectful. (Obstinate.) Obese, 
corpulent, fat, adipose, fleshy. (Attenuated.) Obey, v., conform, comply, submit. 
(Rebel, disobey.) Object, j., aim, end, purpose, design, mark, butt. Object, v., 
oppose, except to, contravene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent.) Obnoxious, offen¬ 
sive. (Agreeable.) Obscure, undistinguished, unknown. (Distinguished.) 


SrNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 


Obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) Occa¬ 
sion, opportunity. Offense, affront? misdeed, misdemeanor, transgression, tres¬ 
pass. Offensive, insolent, abusive, obnoxious. (Inoffensive.) Office, 
charge, function, place. Offspring, issue, progeny. Old, aged, superannuated, 
ancient, antique, antiquated, obsolete, old-fashioned. (Young, new.) Omen, pre¬ 
sage, prognostic. Opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) Open, candid, unre¬ 
served, clear, fair. (Hidden, dark.) Opinion, notion, view, judgment, belief, 
sentiment. Opinionated, conceited, egoistical. (Modest.) Oppose, resist, 
withstand, thwart. (Give way.) Option, choice. Order, method, rule, system, 
regularity. (Disorder.) Origin, cause, occasion, beginning, source. (End.) 
Outlive, survive. Outward, external, outside, exterior. (Inner.) Over, above. 
(Under.) Overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. Overbear, bear down, over¬ 
whelm, overpower, subdue. Overbearing, haughty, arrogant, proud. (Gentle.) 
Overflow, inundation, deluge. Overrule, supersede, suppress. Overspread, 
overrun, ravage. Overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, subvert. (Establish, 
fortify.) Overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. 

PAIN, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, anguish. (Pleasure.) Pallid, pal*, w'an. 
(Florid.) Part, division, portion, share, fraction. (Whole.) Particular, exact, 
distinct, odd, singular, strange. (General.) Patient, passive, submissive, meek. 
(Obdurate.) Peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, riot, trouble, turbulence.) 
Peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. (Troublesome, riotous.) Penetrate, bore, 
pierce, perforate. Penetration, acuteness, sagacity. (Dullness.) People, 
nation, persons, folks. Perceive, note, observe, discern, distinguish. Percep¬ 
tion, coiueption, notion, idea. Peril* danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) Permit, 
allow, tolerate. (Forbid.) Persuade, allure, entice, prevail upon. Physical, 
corporeal, bodily, material. (Mental.) Picture, engraving, print, representation, 
illustration, image. Piteous, doleful, woful, rueful. (Joyful.) Pitiless, see 
merciless. Pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruelty.) Place, «., spot, site, position, 
post, situation, station. Place, v., order, dispose. Plain, open, manifest, evi¬ 
dent. (Secret.) Play, game, sport, amusement. (Work.) Please, gratify, paci¬ 
fy. (Displease.) Pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) Plentiful, abundant, 
ample, copious, plenteous. (Scarce.) Poise, balance. Positive, absolute, per¬ 
emptory, decided, certain. (Negative.) Possessor, owner, master, proprietor. 
Possible, practical, practicable. (Impossible.) Poverty, penury, indigence, 
need, want. (Wealth.) Power, authority, foice, strength, dominion. Powerful, 
mighty, potent. (Weak.) Praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) Prayer, 
entreaty, petition, request, suit. Pretense, «., pretext, subterfuge. Prevailing, 
predominant, prevalent, general. (Isolated, sporadic.) Prevent, v., obviate, pre¬ 
clude. Previous, antecedent, introductory, preparatory, preliminary. (Subse¬ 
quent.) Pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility.) Principally, chiefly, essentially, 
mainly. Principle, ground, reason, motive, impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in¬ 
tegrity. Privilege, immunity, advantage, favor, prerogative, exemption, right, 
claim. Probity, rectitude, uprightness, honesty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. 
(Dishonesty.) Problematical, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, questionable, dis¬ 
putable, suspicious. (Certain.) Prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, amazing, as¬ 
tonishing, astounding, surpifcing, remarkable, wonderful. (Insignificant.) Pro¬ 
fession, business, trade, occupation, vocation, office, employment, engagement, 
avowal. Proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, tender. Profligate, abandoned, dis¬ 
solute, depraved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, demoralized. (Virtuous.) Pro¬ 
found, deep, fathomless, penetrating, solemn, abstruse, recondite. (Shallow.) 
Profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lavish, improvident, excessive, copious, plentiful. 
(Succinct.) Prolific, productive, generative, fertile, fruitful, teeming. (Barren.) 
Prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, tedious, tiresome, wordy, verbose, prosaic. (Con¬ 
cise, brief.) Prominent, eminent, conspicuous, marked, important, leading. 
(Obscure.) Promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, mingled, indiscriminate. (Select.) 
Prompt, see punctual. Prop, v., maintain, sustain, support, stay. Propa¬ 
gate, spread, circulate, diffuse, disseminate, extend, breed, increase. (Suppress.) 
Proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, equitable, honest, suitable, fit, adapted, meet, 
becoming, befitting, decent, pertinent, appropriate. (Wrong.) Prosper, flourish, 
succeed, grow rich, thrive, advance. (Fail.) Prosperity, well-being, weal, wel¬ 
fare, happiness, good luck. (Poverty.) Proxy, agent, representative, substitute. 




STNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 

delegate, deputy. Prudence, carefulness, judgment, discretion, wisdom (Indis¬ 
cretion.) Prurient, itching, craving, hankering, longing. Puerile, youthful, 
juvenile, boyish, childish, infantile, trifling, weak, silly. (Mature.) Punctilious, 
nice, particular, formal, precise. (Negligent.) Punctual, exact, precise, nice, 
particular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory.) Putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, decay. 
Puzzle, v., perplex, confound, embarrass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mystify. (En¬ 
lighten.) 

QUACK, impostor, pretender, charlatan, empiric, mountebank. (Savant.) 
Quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, fanciful, odd, singular. Qualified, compe¬ 
tent, fitted, adapted. (Incompetent.) Quality, attribute, rank, distinction. 
Querulous, doubting, complaining, fretting, repining. (Patient.) Question, 
query, inquiry, interrogatory. Quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, shuffle, prevari¬ 
cate. Quick, lively, ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, active, brisk, expeditious, 
adroit, fleet, rapid, swift, impetuous, sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp. (Slow.) 
Quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. 

RABID, mad, furious, raging, frantic. (Rational.) Race, course, match, pur¬ 
suit, career, family, clan, house, ancestry, lineage, pedigree. Rack, agonize, 
wring, torture, excruciate, distress, harass. (Soothe.) _ Racy, spicy, pungent, 
smart, spirited, lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) Radiance, splendor, bright¬ 
ness, brilliance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dullness.) Radical, organic, innate, 
fundamental, original, constitutional, inherent, complete, entire. (Superficial. In 
a political sense, uncompromising; antonym, moderate.) Rancid, fetid, rank, 
stinking, sour, tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) Rancor, malignity, hatred, hos¬ 
tility, antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill-will, spite. (Forgiveness.) Rank, order, 
degree, dignity, nobility, consideration. Ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, 
explore, plunder. Ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. Rant, bombast, fustian, 
cant. Rapacious, ravenous, voracious, greedy, grasping. (Generous.) Rapt, 
ecstatic, transported, ravished, entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) Rapture, 
ecstasy, transport, delight, bliss. (Dejection.) Rare, scarce, singular, uncommon, 
unique. Rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, scamp, vagabond. Rash, hasty, pre¬ 
cipitate, foolhardy, adventurous, heedless, reckless, careless. (Deliberate.) Rate, 
value, compute, appraise, estimate, chide, abuse. Ratify, confirm, establish, sub¬ 
stantiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose. Rational, reasonable, sagacious, judicious, 
wise, sensible, sound. (Unreasonable.) Ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, 
despoil, destroy. Ravish, enrapture, enchant, charm, delight, abuse. Raze, de¬ 
molish, destroy, overthrow, ruin, dismantle (Build up.) Reach, touch,' stretch, 
attain, gain, arrive at. Ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, adroit, handy. (Slow, 
dilatory.) Real, actual, literal, practical, positive, certain, genuine, true. (Un¬ 
real.) Realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, gain, get, acquire, comprehend. 
Reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. Reason, motive, design, end, proof, cause, 
ground, purpose. Reason, deduce, draw from, trace, infer, conclude. Reason¬ 
able, rational, wise, honest, fair, right, just. (Unreasonable.) Rebellion, insur¬ 
rection, revolt. Recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. Recede, retire, retreat, 
withdraw, ebb. Receive, accept, take, admit, entertain. Reception, receiving, 
levee, receipt, admission. Recess, retreat, depth, niche, vacation, intermission. 
Recreation, sport, pastime, play, amusement, game, fun. Redeem, ransom, re¬ 
cover, rescue, deliver, save, free. Redress, remedy, repair, remission, abate¬ 
ment, relief. Reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, shorten, conquer. Re¬ 
fined, polite, courtly, polished, cultured, genteel, purified. (Boorish.) Reflect, 
consider, cogitate, think, ponder, muse, censure. Reform, amend, correct, better, 
restore, improve. (Corrupt ) Reformation, improvement, reform, amendment. 
(Corruption.) Refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, shelter, retreat. Refuse, v., 
deny, reject, repudiate, decline, withhold. (Accept.) Refuse, s., dregs, dross, 
scum, rubbish, leavings, remains. Refute, disprove, falsify, negative. (Affirm.) 
Regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, view, consider, respect. Regret, s., 
grief, sorrow, lamentation, repentance, remorse. Regular, orderly, uniform, cus¬ 
tomary, ordinary, stated. (Irregular.) Regulate, methodize, arrange, adjust, 
organize, govern, rule. (Disorder.) Reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, indemni¬ 
fy. Relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appropriate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) Re¬ 
liance, trust, hope, dependence, confidence. (Suspicion.) Relief, succor, aid, 

52 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


help, redress, alleviation. Relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, surrender, emit, 
leave, forego. (Retain.) Remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, specific, reparation. 
Remorseless, pitiless, relentless, cruel, ruthless, merciless, barbarous. (Merciful, 
humane.) Remote, distant, far, secluded, indirect. (Near.) Reproduce, pro¬ 
pagate, imitate, represent, copy. Repudiate, disown, discord, disavow, renounce, 
disclaim. (Acknowledge.) Repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. (Agreeable.) 
Repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive.) Res¬ 
pite, reprieve, interval, stop, pause. Revenge, vengeance, retaliation, requital, 
retribution. (Forgiveness.) Revenue, produce, income, fruits, proceeds, wealth. 
Reverence, n., honor, respect, awe, veneration, deference, worship, homage. 
(Execration.) Revise, review, reconsider. Revive, refresh, renew, renovate, 
animate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, comfort. Rich, wealthy, affluenv, opulent, 
copious, ample, abundant, exuberant, plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, gorgeous. 
(Poor.) Rival, n., antagonist, opponent, competitor. Road, way, highway, 
route, cou. se, path, pathway, anchorage. Roam, ramble, rove, wander, stray, 
stroll Robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sinewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able-bodied. 
(Puny.) Rout, v., discomfit, beat, defeat, overthrow, scatter. Route, road, 
course, march way, journey, path, direction. Rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, un¬ 
polished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, saucy, flippant, impudent, insolent, churlish. 
(Polished, polite.) Rule, sway, method, system, law, maxim, precept, guide, for¬ 
mula, regulation, government, standard, test. Rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, 
report, bruit. Ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, inhuman, merciless, Remorseless, 
relentless, unrelenting. (Considerate.) 

SACRED, holy, hallowed, divine, consecrated, dedicated, devoted. (Profane.) 
Safe, secure, harmless, trustworthy, reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) Sanction, 
confirm, countenance, encourage, support, ratify, authorize. (Disapprove.) Sane, 
sober, lucid, sound, rational. (Crazy.) Saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, in¬ 
solent, flippant, forward. (Modest.) Scandalize, shock, disgust, offend, calum¬ 
niate, vilify, revile, malign, traduce, defame, slander. Scanty, bare, pinched, in¬ 
sufficient, slender, meager. (Ample.) Scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, dis¬ 
perse, dissipate, dispel. (Collect.) Secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, sly, 
underhand, latent, private. (Open.) Seduce, allure, attract, decoy, entice, ab¬ 
duct, inveigle, deprave. Sense, discernment, appreciation, view, opinion, feeling, 
perception, sensibility, susceptibility, thought, judgment, signification, import, sig¬ 
nificance, meaning, purport, wisdom. Sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, 
sober, sound, conscious, aware. (Foolish.) Settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con¬ 
clude, determine. Several, sundry, divers, various, many. Severe, harsh, 
stern, stringent, unmitigated, rough, unyielding. (Lenient.) Shake, tremble, 
shudder, shiver, quake, quiver. Shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight. (Deep, 
thorough.) Shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) Shameful, degrading, scan¬ 
dalous, disgraceful, outrageous. (Honorable.) Shameless, immodest, impudent, 
indecent, indelicate, brazen. Shape, form, fashion, mold, model. Share, por¬ 
tion, lot, division, quantity, quota, contingent. Sharp, acute, keen. (Dull.) 
Shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. Short, brief, concise, succinct, summary. 
(Long.) Show, v., indicate, mark, point out, exhibit, display. Show, n., exhibi¬ 
tion, representation, sight, spectacle. Sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy, morbid. 
(Healthy.) Sickness, n., illness, indisposition, disease, disorder. (Health.) 
Significant, a., expressive, material, important. (Insignificant.) Signification, 
import, meaning, sense. Silence, speechlessness dumbness. (Noise.) Silent, 
dumb, mute, speechless. (Talkative.) Simile, comparison, similitude. Simple, 
single, uncompounded, artless, plain. (Complex, compound.) Simulate, dis¬ 
simulate, dissemble, pretend. Sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, genuine, 
real. (Insincere.) Situation, condition, plight, predicament, state, position. 
Size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, dimension. Slavery, servitude, enthrallment, 
thralldom. (Freedom.) Sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. Sleepy, somnolent. 
(Wakeful.) Slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast.) Smell, fragrance, odor, perfume, 
scent. Smooth, even, level, mild (Rough.) Soak, drench, imbrue, steep. 
Social, sociable, friendly, communicative. (Unsocial.) Soft, gentle, meek, 
mild. (Hard.) Solicit, importune, urge. Solitary, sole, only, single. Sorry, 
grieved, poor, paltry, insignificant. (Glad, respectable.) Soul, mind, spirit. 
(Soul is opposed to body, mind to matter.) Sound, v., healthy, sane. (Unsound.) 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 




Sound, tone, noise, silence. Space, room. Sparse, scanty, thin. (Lux¬ 
uriant.) Speak, converse, talk, confer, say, tell. Special, particular, specific. 
(General.) Spend, expend, exhaust, consume, waste, squander, dissipate. (Save.) 
Sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, prevalent.) Spread, disperse, diffuse, ex¬ 
pand, disseminate, scatter. Spring, fountain, source. Staff, prop, support, stay. 
Stagger, reel, totter. Stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tarnish. State, common¬ 
wealth, realm. Sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) Stifle, choke, suffocate, 
smother. Stormy, rough, boisterous, tempestuous. (Calm.) Straight, direct, 
right. (Crooked.) Strait, a., narrow, confined. Stranger, alien, foreigner. 
(Friend.) Strengthen, fortify, invigorate. (Weaken.) Strong, robust, sturdy, 
powerful. (Weak.) Stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. (Clever.) Subject, 
exposed to, liable, obnoxious. (Lxempt.) Subject, inferior, subordinate. (Su¬ 
perior to, above.) Subsequent, succeeding, following. (Previous.) Substan¬ 
tial, solid, durable. (Unsubstantial.) Suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) Super¬ 
ficial, flimsy, shallow, untrustworthy. (Thorough.) Superfluous, unnecessary, 
excessive. (Necessary.) Surround, encircle, encompass, environ. Sustain, 
maintain, support. Symmetry, proportion. Sympathy, commiseration, com¬ 
passion, condolence. System, method, plan, order. Systematic, orderly, regu¬ 
lar, methodical. (Chaotic.) 

TAKE, accept, receive. (Give.) Talkative, garrulous, loquacious, communi¬ 
cative. (Silent.) Taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Tastlessness.) Tax, custom, 
duty, impost, excise, toll. Tax, assessment, rate. Tease, taunt, tantalize, tor¬ 
ment, vex. Temporary, a., fleeting, transient, transitory. (Permanent.) Tena¬ 
cious, pertinacious, retentive. Tendency, aim, drift, scope. Tenet, position, 
view, conviction, belief. Term, boundary, limit, period, time. Territory, do¬ 
minion. Thankful, grateful, obliged. (Thankless.) Thankless, ungracious, 
profitless, ungrateful, unthankful. Thaw, melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze.) 
Theatrical, dramatic, showy, ceremonious, meretricious. Theft, robbery, depre¬ 
dation, spoliation. Theme, subject, topic, text, essay. Theory, speculation, 
scheme, plea, hypothesis, conjecture. Therefore, accordingly, consequently, 
hence. Thick, dense, close, compact, solid, coagulated, muddy, turbid, misty, 
foggy, vaporous. (Thin.) Thin, slim, slender, slight, flimsy, lean, attenuated, 
scraggy. Think, cogitate, consider, reflect, ponder, contemplate, meditate, muse,con¬ 
ceive, fancy, imagine, apprehend, hold, esteem, reckon, consider, regard, deem, be¬ 
lieve, opine. Thorough, accurate, correct, trustworthy, reliable, complete. (Super¬ 
ficial.) Thought, idea, conception, imagination, fancy, conceit, notion, supposition, 
care, provision, consideration, opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, deliberation. 
Thoughtful, considerate, careful, cautious, heedful, contemplative, reflective, 
provident, pensive, dreamy. (Thoughtless.) Thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, 
precipitate, improvident, heedless. Tie, v., bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, secure, 
unite, join. (Loose.) Tie, band, ligament, ligature. Time, duration, season, 
period, era, age, date, span, spell. Tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, per¬ 
mit, let, endure, abide. (Oppose.) Top, summit, apex, head, crown, surface. 
(Bottom, base.) Torrid, burning, hot, parching, scorching, sultry. Tortuous, 
twisted, winding, crooked, indirect. Torture, torment, anguish, agony. Touch¬ 
ing, tender, affecting, moving, pathetic. Tractable, docile, manageable, amen¬ 
able. Trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, occupation, employment, office. Tra¬ 
ditional, oral, uncertain, transmitted. Traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in¬ 
tercourse. Trammel, »., fetter, shackle, clog, bond, chain, impediment, hin¬ 
drance. Tranquil, sti 1, unrufflled,-peaceful, quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous.) 
Transaction, negotiation, occurrence, proceeding, affair. Trash, nonsense, 
twaddle, trifles, dross. Travel, trip, ramble, peregrination, excursion, journey, 
tour, voyage. Treacherous, traitorous, disloyal, treasonable, faithless, false¬ 
hearted, perfidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, faithful ) Trite, stale, old, ordinary, 
commonplace, hackneyed. (Novel.) Triumph, achievement, ovation, victory, 
conquest, jubilation. (Failure, defeat.) Trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivolous, 
unimportant, insignificant. (Important.) True, genuine, actual, sincere, un¬ 
affected, true-hearted, honest, upright, veritable, real, veracious, authentic, exact, 
accurate, correct. Tumultuous, turbulent, riotous, disorderly, disturbed, con¬ 
fused, unruly. (Orderly.) Tune, tone, air, melody, strain. Turbid, fbul, thick, 

54 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


muddy, impure, unsettled. (Placid.) Type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, kinA, 
sort, letter. Tyro, novice, beginner, learner. 

UGLY, unsightly, plain, homely, ill-favored, hideous. (Beautiful.) Umbrage, 
offence, dissatisfaction, displeasure, resentment. Umpire, referee, arbitrator, 
judge, arbiter. Unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, concord. (Discord.) 
Unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. Unbridled, wanton, licentious, dissolute, 
loose, lax. Uncertain, doubtful, dubious, questionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu¬ 
ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. Uncivil, rude, discourteous, disrespectful, 
disobliging. (Civil.) Unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. (Clean.) Uncom¬ 
mon, rare, strange, scarce, singular, choice. (Common, ordinary.) Uncon¬ 
cerned, careless, indifferent, apathetic. (Anxious.) Uncouth, strange, odd, 
clumsy, ungainly. (Graceful.) Uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay bare, divest. 
(Hide.) Under, below, underneath, beneath, subordinate, lower, inferior. 
(Above.) Understanding, knowledge, intellect, intelligence, faculty, comprehen¬ 
sion, mind, reason, brains. Undertake, engage in, embark in, agree, promise. 
Undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unfasten, destroy. Uneasy, restless, disturbed, un¬ 
quiet, stiff, awkward. (Quiet.) Unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, insuffi¬ 
cient. (Even.) Unequaled, matchless, unique, novel, new, unheard of. Un¬ 
fair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. (Fair.) Unfit, a., improper, unsuitable, incon¬ 
sistent, untimely, incompetent. (Fit.) Unfit, v., disable, incapacitate, disqualify. 
(Fit.) Unfortunate, calamitous, ill-fated, unlucky, wretched, unhappy, miser¬ 
able. (Fortunate.) Ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumbering, uncouth. (Pretty.) 
Unhappy, miserable, wretched, distressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, drear, 
dismal. (Happy.) Uniform, regular, symmetrical, equal, even, alike, unvaried. 
(Irregular.) Uninterrupted, continuous, perpetual, unceasing, incessant, end¬ 
less. (Intermittent.) Union, junction, combination, alliance, confederacy, league, 
coalition, agreement, concert. (Disunion, separation.) Unique, unequal, un¬ 
common, rare, choice, matchless. (Common, ordinary.) Unite, join, conjoin, 
combine, concert, add, attach, incorporate,' embody, clench, merge. (Separate, 
disrupt, sunder.) Universal, general, all, entire, total, catholic. (Sectional.) 
Unlimited, absolute, undefined, boundless, infinite. (Limited.) Unreasonable, 
foolish, silly, absurd, preposterous, ridiculous. Unrivaled, unequaled, unique, 
unexampled, incomparable, matchless. (Mediocre.) Unroll, unfold, open, dis¬ 
cover. Unruly, ungovernable, unmanageable, refractory. (Tractable, docile.) 
Unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, uncommon, remarkable, strange, extraordi¬ 
nary. (Common.) Uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, support, vindicate. (Desert, 
abandon.) Upright, vertical, perpendicular, erect, just, equitable, fair, pure, 
honorable. (Prone, horizontal.) Uprightness, honesty, integrity, fairness, good¬ 
ness, probity, virtue, honor. (Dishonesty.) Urge, incite, impel, push, drive, in¬ 
stigate, stimulate, press, induce, solicit. Urgent, pressing, important, imperative, 
immediate, serious, wanted. (Unimportant.) Usage, custom, fashion, practice, 
prescription. Use, n. t usage, practice, habit, custom, avail, advantage, utility, 
benefit, application. (Disuse, desuetude.) Use, v., employ, exercise, occupy, 
practise, accustom, inure. (Abuse.) Useful, advantageous, serviceable, avail¬ 
able, helpful, beneficial, good. (Useless.) Useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, 
profitless. (Useful.) Usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, habitual, wonted, 
customary, general. (Unusual.) Usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, assume. 
Utmost, farthest, remotest, uttermost, greatest. Utter, a., extreme, excessive, 
sheer, mere, pure. Utter, v.. speak, articulate, pronounce, express, issue. 
Utterly, totally, completely, wholly, quite, altogether, entirely. 

VACANT, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, thoughtless, unthinking. (Occupied.) 
Vagrant, n., wanderer, beggar, tramp, vagabond, rogue. Vague, unsettled, un¬ 
determined, uncertain, pointless, indefinite. (Definite ) Vain, useless, fruitless, 
empty, worthless, inflated, proud, conceited, unreal, unavailing. (Effectual, 
humble, real.) Valiant, brave, bold, valorous, courageous, gallant. (Cowardly.) 
Valid, weighty, strong, powerful, sound, binding, efficient. (Invalid.) Valor, 
courage, gallantry, boldness, bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) Value, v., appraise, 
assess, reckon, appreciate, estimate, prize, esteem, treasure. (Despise, condemn.) 
Vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dissolve. Vanity, emptiness, conceit, self-conceit, 
affectedness. Vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. (Sparkling.) Vapor, fume, 

55 


STNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 


smoke, mist, fog, steam. Variable, changeable, unsteady, inconstant, rhifting, 
wavering, fickle, restless, fitful. (Constant.) Variety, difference, diversity, 
change, diversification, mixture, medley, miscellany. (Sameness, monotony.) 
Vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, enormous, immense, colossal, gigantic, huge, 
prodigious. (Confined.) Vaunt, boast, brag, puff, hawk, advertise, flourish, 
parade. Venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, reverend. Venial, pardonable, 
excusable, justifiable. (Grave, serious.) Venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, 
malignity. Venture, «., speculation, chance, peril, stake. Venture, v., dare, 
adventure, risk, hazard, jeopardize. Veracity, tr*th, truthfulness, credibility, 
accuracy. (Falsehood.) Verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, unwritten. Verdict, 
judgment, finding, decision, answer. Vexation, chagrin, mortification. (Pleasure.) 
Vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, undulate, thrill. Vice, vilenesn, corruption, 
depravity, pollution, immorality, wickedness, guilt, iniquity, crime. (Virtue.) 
Vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, bad, contrary, unruly, demoralized, profli¬ 
gate, faulty. (Virtuous, gentle.) Victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, dupe, gull. 
Victuals, viands, bread, meat, provisions, fare, food, repast. View*, prospect, 
survey. Violent, boisterous, furious, impetuous, vehement. (Gentle.) Virtu¬ 
ous, upright, honest, moral. (Profligate.) Vision, apparition, ghosfc phantom, 
spectre. Voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. Vote, suffrage, voice. Vouch, 
affirm, asseverate, assure, aver. 

WAIT, await, expect, look for, wait for. Wakeful, vigilant, watchful. (Sleepy.) 
Wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, stroll. Want, lack, need. (Abundance.) 
Wary, circumspect, captious. (Foolhardy.) Wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, 
stain, tint. Waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, destroy, decay, dwind!c, wither. 
Wasteful, extravagant, profligate. (Economical.) Way, method, plan, system, 
means, manner, mode, form, fashion, course, process, road, route, track, path, 
habit, practice. Wave, breaker, billow, surge. Weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong.) 
Weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, invalidate. (Strengthen.) Wearisome, 
tedious, tiresome. (Interesting, entertaining.) Weary, harass, jade, tire, fatigue. 
(Refresh.) Weight, gravity, heaviness. (Lightness.) Weight, burden, load. 
Well-being, happiness, prosperity, welfare. Whole, entire, complete, total, 
integral. (Part.) Wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Virtuous.) Will, wish, desire. 
Willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. (Unwillingly.) Win, get, obtain, gain, 
procure, effect, realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose.) Winning, attractive, 
charming, fascinating, bewitching, enchanting, dazzling, brilliant. (Repulsive.) 
Wisdom, prudence, foresight, far-sightedness, sagacity. (Foolishness.) Wit, 
humor, satire, fun, raillery. Wonder, v ., admire, amaze, astonish, surprise. 
Wonder, »., marvel, miracle, prodigy. Word, n., expression, term. Work, 
labor, task, toil. (Play.) Worthless, valueless. (Valuable.) Writer, author, 
penman. Wrong, injustice, injury. (Right.) 

YAWN, gape, open wide. Yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, crave. Yell, 
bellow, cry out, scream. Yellow, golden, saffron-like. Yebp, bark, sharp cry, 
howl. Yet, besides, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, still, ultimately, at 
last, so far, thus far. Yield, bear, give, afford, impart, communicate, confer, 
bestow, abdicate, resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, relax, quit, forego, give up, 
let go, waive, comply, accede, assent, acquiesce, succumb, submit. Yielding, 
supple, pliant, bending, compliant, submissive, unresisting. (Obstinate.) Yoke, 
v., couple, iink, connect. Yore, long ago, long since. Young, juvenile, inex¬ 
perienced, ignorant, youthful. Youth, boy, lad, minority, adolescence, juvenility. 
Youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, girlish, puerile. (Old.) 

ZEAL, energy, fervor, ardor, earnestness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (Indifference.) 
Zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, enthusiastic, anxious. (Indifferent, careless.) 
Zest, relish, gusto, flavor. (Disgust.) 


Lead in the form of filings, under a pressure of 2,000 atmospheres, or thir¬ 
teen tons to the square inch, becomes compressed into a solid block, in 
which it is impossible to detect the slightest vestige of the original grains 
Under a pressure of 5,000 atmospheres it liquifies. 

66 




THE WORLD AND THE UNIVERSE 


Facts Astronomical, Geographical, Historical and Statistical. 

A CCORDING to the System of Copernicus ( b . 1473), the 
Sun was regarded as the center of the universe. The 
planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and 
Saturn, revolved round it in circular orbits; the Moon was a satel¬ 
lite of the Earth, spun round it as a center, and accompanied 
it on its annual rotation round the Sun. Since then this view 
has been firmly established in its main principles, but it is now 
known that the Sun itself moves steadily toward the constella¬ 
tion Hercules, and that it is by no means the largest body in the 
universe. The Solar System is known to consist of a central 
Sun, round which all the other members revolve. These consist 
of eight primary planets, viz.: Mercury, Venus, the Earth, 
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune ; twenty secondary 
planets, satellites , or attendants upon the planets, of which the 
Earth has one, Mars two, Jupiter four, Saturn eight, Uranus 
four, and Neptune one ; a number of minor planets or asteroids 
situated between Mars and Jupiter, of which 271 are known; sev¬ 
eral comets, and a great number of small meteoric bodies. 

In their broad general features the planets are all alike. The 
ball or globe-like form is peculiar to all of them, they are all 
dark bodies, deriving light and heat from the sun, and conse¬ 
quently they all reflect the same borrowed light. In common, 
they all perform two motions, the one a spinning or rotatory mo¬ 
tion on an axis, the other a motion of translation, which whirls 
them round the sun. Both these motions are from west to east, 
and the orbits which they describe round the sun are not circu¬ 
lar, as represented by the Copernican System, but assume more 
the form of an oval or ellipse. 


SOME ELEMENTS OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEM. 


Names of 
the Planets. 

Diameter 
in miles. 

Periodic 
time. Days. 

Dis. from the 
Sun. Miles. 

Revolves on 
its Axis. 

Moves in its Or¬ 
bit per hour. 

Mercury 

3,200 

88 

37 Mill. 

24 h. 5 m 

110,000 Miles 

Venus . . 

7,700 

224.7 

69 “ 

23 h. 21 m 

83.000 “ 

Earth. . . 

7,916 

365 

95 “ 

23 h. 56 m 

68,000 ‘* 

Mars. . . 

4,200 

687 

145 “ 

24 h. 39 m 

54,000 “ 

Jupiter. . 

88,000 

4,33234 

494 “ 

9 h. 56 m 

30,000 “ 

Saturn. . 

75,000 

10,759 " 

906 “ 

10 h. 29 m 

22,000 “ 

Uranus 

35,000 

30,687 

1,822 “ 

Unknown 

15,000 “ 

Neptune 

38,000 

60,127 

2,853 “ 

U 

12,000 “ 

Moon. 

2,180 

Dist. from Earth, 238,000 miles. 

2,280 “ 

Sun .... 

887,000 

1,400,000 times larger 

than Earth 

U nknown. 


57 















THE WORLD AND THE UNIVERSE. 


The circumference of the earth is measured in this way : Sup¬ 
pose two astronomers, A and B, stationed on the same meridian, 
a certain distance apart, and with accurate instruments, should 
make careful observations on a certain star at the moment it 
crossed the meridian ; and A should find the star 16 degrees south 
of the zenith, and B, who is exactly 415 miles south of A, should 
find it only 10 degrees south of the zenith ; there would then be 
a difference of 6 degrees between the two places ; and as they 
are 415 miles apart, one degree must be i-6th of 415 or 69 i-6th 
miles. 

Now, if 1 degree, which is the 360th part of the earth’s cir¬ 
cumference, is 69 1-6th miles, the whole circumference must be 
360 times 69 1-6th, or 24,900 miles. 

It is in this manner that the earth’s magnitude is computed 
very accurately. 


The Nebular Hypothesis, now generally accepted by 
scientists as explaining, as far as possible by human conception, 
the genesis of the heavenly bodies, was first suggested by Her- 
schel, and developed by Laplace. It assumes that the solar sys¬ 
tem was once an enormous mass of gaseous substance. Rapid 
rotation being set up in this gaseous mass, it took the form of a 
disc, and at last, centrifugal force overcoming cohesion, whole 
rings and fragments flew off from this disc, and by centripetal 
force contracted into spheroid masses.. As in the original mass, 
the velocity of the outer circle of each body thrown off is greater 
than the inner circle, and this causes each spheroid to revolve on 
its own axis. This process goes on, and the central mass con¬ 
tinues to cool and shrink, until we have at last a central body 
with a number of smaller spheroidal bodies revolving around it 
in orbits the smaller the nearer they are to the central orb. 
Certain points are assumed in this hypothesis to explain the dis¬ 
tribution of matter in our solar system. It is assumed that in the 
throwing off of great masses from the central disk, immense quan¬ 
tities of minute particles were also thrown, which continued to 
revolve, in the same plane with the large mass, around the center 
body. By slow degrees these minute atoms, by the law of gravi¬ 
tation, were aggregated into the mass nearest to them. These 
subordinate aggregations would form with most difficulty nearest 
the large central mass, because of the superior attractive force of 
the latter, wherefore the interior planets—Mercury, Venus, the 
Earth, Mars—are smaller than the two great orbs in the zone be¬ 
yond them. These two enormous planets, Jupiter and Saturn, 
occupy the space where conditions are most favorable to subor¬ 
dinate aggregations, but, beyond them, the gravity of aggregat¬ 
ing material becomes reduced, and so the planets found in the 

58 



THE WORLD AND THE UNIVERSE. 


outer zone, Uranus and Neptune, are smaller than the planets of 
the middle zone. 


Our Globe and Its Inhabitants. 

The three primary divisions of man, as indicated by Latham, 
are the Indo-European, the Mongolian, and the African. 

I- The Indo-European or CAUCASicrace originally extended from India across 
Europe, and increasing ever in civilization and intellectual power from age to age, 
has become the dominant one in the world, extending its influence to every part ol 
the earth, supplanting many inferior races, and repeopling wide areas, as in America 
and Australia. 

The Caucasic race comprises two principal branches—the Aryan and the Semitic. 

A third branch, according to M. de Quatrefages, includes the Caucasians proper, 
Euscarians (Basques), and others. 

Most of the inhabitants of Europe belong to the Aryan Family; they are arranged 
in the following groups: 

1. The Keltic, in the N. W., comprising the Welsh, Gaels, Erse, Manx, and 
Armoricans. 

2. The Italic, chiefly in the S. W. and S., comprising the Italians and other Ro- 
mance nations—French, Spanish, Portuguese, Roumanesch, and Roumanians. 

3. The Thraco-Hellenic, in the S. E., Greeks and Albanians. 

4. The Teutonic, in the N. N. W., and center, comprising the Germans, Scandi¬ 
navians, Danes, Icelanders, Dutch, Flemings, English. 

5. The Lithuanian, S. E. of the Baltic. 

6. The Slavonic, in the E., comprising the Russians, Poles, Tsekhs, Serbs, Croats 
Bulgarians, etc. 

The Indo European or Caucasic race in Asia comprises the Hindus, Baluchis, 
Afghans, Iranians (Persia), Galchas (Zarafshan), and the Semitic tribes of Armenia, 
Syria, Arabia, etc. 

II. The Mongolian is divisible into three branches, according to geographical 
position, which again form numerous smaller families. 

1. The Asiatic, comprising the Mongolians of the Chinese Empire, India, and 
Indo-China ; the Kalmucks, adjoining the Turks, who extend from Southern Europe 
far into Central Asia; The Magyars of Hungary; the Yakuts and Samoeids (ot 
Samoyedes) of Siberia; with the Lapps, Finns, and various tribes of East Europe. 

2. The Oceanic Mongolians are composed of two classes. I. The black-skinned, 
found in New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, and the islands between New Zealand 
and New Caledonia. II. The yellow, olive or brown race, occupying New Zea¬ 
land, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, Philippines, Mada¬ 
gascar, etc. 

3. The American Mongolians comprise a large number of tribes, the chief of which 
in North America are—the Athabaskans, Algonkins, Sioux, Paducas, and Mexicans. 

In South America the Quichuas, Chilians, and Patagonians extend along the west 
coast. The Caribs, Maypures, Brazilians, Moxos, and Chiquitos occupy the north, 
east, and center of the continent. The Eskimos form a connecting link between the * 
Asiatic and American branches of this family. 

III . The African, forming the third great division of the human race, is exhibited 
in its purest form by the natives of Western Africa. The Negroes occupy the whole 
central portion of the country from Cape Verd on the west to Khartoom on the east, 
and south tothe*Congo. South of the Negros are the Bantus (including the Kafirs), 
inhabiting the greater part of Africa between the 4th parallel of N. lat. and the 
Cape. In the S. W. are the Hottentots. Certain dwarfish tribes are found in dif¬ 
ferent parts of the continent, as the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, the Obongo ol 
the Ogowe basin, and others. The Fulas and Nubas occupy parts of the Soudan; 
theformer, in the N. W., extend from the Senegal and Niger towards Lake Tchad ; 
the latter are found in Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur, etc. The Gallas, Copts, Somali, 
of the Sahara, Egypt, and East Africa; the Abyssinians ; and the Berbers, Kabyles, 
Tuareks and ot^er tribes of North Africa, belong to the Hamitic race, which is 
closely allied to the Semitic race. The latter is represented by the Arabs of the N. 
coast, and of the Arabian Peninsula, and by the Tigres and other tribes or Abyssinia. 

59 



THE WORLD S PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. 


i 

Countries. 

China. 

British Empire. 

Russian Empire.. 

France and Colonies.... 

United States. 

German Empire.. 

Austro-Hung. Empire... 

Japan. 

Holland and Colonies... 

Turkish Empire.. 

Italy.. 

Spain and Colonies.. 

Sokoto. 

Corea. 

Brazil. 

Mexico. 

Congo Free State. 

Persia. 

Portugal and Colonies... 

Egypt t. 

Sweden and Norway.... 

Morocco.. 

Belgium. 

Siam. 

Roumaniaf. 

Colombia. 

Afghanistan.. 

Argentine Republic. 

Madagascar. 

Abyssinia. 

Saxony!.' 

Peru... 

Switzerland. 

Bolivia. 

Bokhara. 

Venezuela. 

Chili. 

Denmark. 

Bulgariat. 

Greece. 

W urtemberg!. 

Servia. 

Oman. 

Guatemala. 

Ecuador. 

Tripoli!. 

Transvaal. 

Salvador.. 

Uruguay. 

Paraguay. 

Honduras. 

Nicaragua. .... 

Dominican Republic.... 

Montenegro.. 

Costa Rica... 

Orange Free State. 

Hayti.. 

Hawaii. 


Population. 


403,000,000 
320,67(5,000 
102,970,000 
63,672,048 
*02 622,250 
46,852,450 
39,206,052 
36,700,118 
33,042,238 
32,000,000 
29,699,785 
24,873,621 
12,600,000 
10,519,000 
10,200,000 
10,007.000 
8 , 000,000 
7,653,600 
7,249,050 
6,806,381 
6,554,448 
6,500,000 
5,853,278 
5,700,000 
5,376,000 
4,000,000 
4,000,000 
3,026,000 
3,000,000 
3,000,000 
2,972,805 
2,970,000 
2,906,752 
2,325,000 
2,130,000 
2,121,988 
2,115,340 
2,045,179 
2,007.919 
1,979,453 
1,971,118 
1,820,000 
1,600,000 
1,278,311 
1,146,000 
1,010,000 
800,000 
554,000 
520,536 
476,000 
458,000 
400,000 
300,000 
245,380 
180,000 
133,518 
93,200 
66,097 


Sq. Miles. 


4.469,200 

9,079,711 

8,644,100 

970,477 

3,602,990 

212,028 

261,591 

147,669 

778,187 

1,731,280 

111,410 

361,953 

178,000 

91,430 

3,219,000 

751,177 


636,000 
240,691 
494,000 
295,714 
314,000 
11,373 
280,550 
46,314 
ail,420 
279,000 
609,386 
228,570 
129,000 
5,789 
405,010 
15,981 
481,600 
92,300 
566,159 
307,525 
14.842 
24.700 
24,977 
7,531 
18,757 
81,000 
46.774 
248,370 
399,000 
110,193 
7,228 
72,112 
92,000 
42,658 
51,660 
20,596 
3,486 
19,985 
41,484 
29,830 
6,587 


Capitals. 

Governm’t 

Pekin.. 

Abs. Desp 

Lim. Mon 

London . 

St. Petersburg.. 

Abs. Mon 

Paris. 

Republic 
Republic 
Lim. Mon 

Washington. 

Berlin. 

Vienna. 

Lim. Mon 

Tokio. 

Lim. Mon 

The Hague. 

Lim. Mon 

Constantinople. 

Rome. 

Abs. Mon 
Lim. Mon 

Madrid. 

Lim. Mon 

Sokoto. 

Abs. Desp 
Abs. Desp 
Lim. Mon 

Seul. 

Rio de Janeiro. 

Mexico. 

Republic 
Free State 


Teheran. 

Abs. Desp 
Lim Mon 

Lisbon. 

Cairo. ... . 

Abs. Mon 

Stockholm . 

Lim. Mon 

Fez . 

Abs. Desp 

Brussels . 

Lim. Mon 

Bangkok . 

Abs. Desp 
Lim. Mon 

Bucharest . 

Bogota . 

Republic 
Abs. Desp 
Republic 

Cabul . 

Buenos Ayres. 

Antananarivo. .. 

Abs. Desp 
Abs. Desp 


Dresden . 

Lim. Mon 

Lima . 

Republic 

Republic 

Republic 

Abs. Desp 

Republic 

Republic 

Berne.. 

La Paz. 

Samarcand..... 

Caracas. 

Santiago . 

Copenhagen . 

Lim. Mon 

Sofia. 

Lim. Mon 

Athens 

Lim. Mon 

Stuttgart . 

Lim. Mon 

Belgrade . 

Lim. Mon 

Muscat. 

Abs. Mon 

New Guatemala.., 
Quito. 

Republic 
Republic 
Abs. Mon 

Tripoli. 

Pretoria. 

Republic 

Republic 

San Salvador.. 

Montevideo , 

Republic 

Republic 

Asuncion . . 

Tegucigalpa 

Republic 

Managua.... 

Republic 
Republic 
Abs. Mon 

San Domingo ., 

Cetigno . 

San Jose. 

Republic 
Republic 
Republic 
Lim. Mon 

Bloemfontein. 

Port-au-Prince. 

Honolulu. 


t Also enumerated with the Turkish Empire, t In* 
60 


* Official census, 1890. 

eluded in German Empire. 


























































































































THE GEN8US OF 1890, 


THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES— 
OFFICIAL TABULATION. 

The population of the United States on June i, i8go, as shown 
by the official count, completed in 1891, exclusive of white persons 
in the Indian Territory, Indians on reservations, and Alaska, was 
62,622,250. The following comparative table gives the figures for 
each State. The black figures after the name of the^State show that 
State’s rank as regards population. New York still heads the list, 
as in 1880, and is followed by Pennsylvania. Illinois changes 
places with Ohio, and is now third. Of the other changes in the 
list the most marked are those of Texas, which rises from No. 11 
to No. 7; Kentucky, which drops from 8 to n; Minnesota, which 
rises from 26 to 20; Nebraska, which rises from 30 to 26; Mary¬ 
land, which drops from 23 to 27; Colorado, which rises from 35 
to 31; Vermont, which drops from 32 to 36; Washington, which 
rises from 42 to 34; Delaware, which drops from 38 to 42; Nevada, 
which drops from 43 to 49, and Arizona, which drops from 44 to 48. 


STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

POPULATION 

• ' 

INCREASE 

FROM 1880 

TO 1890. 

INCREASE 

FROM 18TO 

TO 1880. 

1890 . 

1880 . 

1870 . 

Percentage. 

Percentage. 

The United States 


62,622,250 

50,155,783 

38 , 558,371 

24.86 

30.08 

North Atlantic Div . .. 

17 . 401,545 

14,507,407 

12,298,730 

19.95 

17-96 

Maine. 

80 

66 r,086 

648,936 

626,915 

1.87 

3 - 5 i 

New Hampshire_ 

33 

376,530 

346,991 

318,300 

8.51 

9.01 

Vermont. 

36 

332,422 

332,286 

330,551 

0.04 

0.52 

Massachusetts. 

0 

2,238,943 

1,783,085 

i, 457 , 35 i 

25-57 

22.35 

Rhode Island. 

35 

345,506 

276,531 

217,353 

24.94 

27.23 

Connecticut. 

.29 

' 746,258 

622,700 

537,454 

19.84 

15.86 

New York. 

1 

5 , 997,853 

5,082,871 

4 , 382,759 

18.00 

15-97 

New Jersey. 

18 

1 , 444,933 

1,131,116- 

906,096 

27-74 

24.83 

Pennsylvania. 

2 

5,258,014 

4,282,891 

3 , 52 i, 95 i 

22.77 

21.61 

South Atlantic Div . .. 

8,857,920 

7 , 597,197 

5,853,610 

16.59 

29.79 

Delaware. 

42 

168,493 

146,608 

125,015 

14-93 

17.27 

Maryland. 

.27 

1,042,390 

934-943 

780,894 

11-49 

19-73 

District of Columbia 

.39 

230,392 

177,624 

131,700 

29.71 

34.87 

Virginia . 

15 

1,655,980 

1,512,565 

1,225,163 

9.48 

23.46 

West Virginia. 

28 

762,794 

618,457 

442,014 

23-34 

39.92 

North Carolina. 

16 

1 , 617,947 

1 , 399,750 

1,071,361 

15-59 

30.65 

South Carolina. 

23 

i,i 5 UX 49 

995,577 

705,606 

1563 

41.10 

Georgia. 

12 

1 , 837,353 

1,542,180 

1,184 io 9 

19.14 

30.24 

Florida. 

32 

391,422 

269,493 

187,748 

45.24 

43-54 


61 


















































THE CENSUS OF iSgo. 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.— (Continued.) 


STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

PQPOlATiBK. 

# 

INCREASE 

FROM 1880 
| TO 1890. 

INCREASE 

FROM 1870 

TO 1880. 

1890 . 

1880 . 

1870 . 

Percentage. 

Percentage. 

Northern Central Div. 

22,362,279 

17,364,111 

12,981,111 

28.78 

33-76 

Ohio. 

. 4 

3,672,316 

3,198,062 

2,665,260 

14.83 

19.99 

Indiana . 

8 

2,192,404 

1,978,301 

1,680,637 

10.82 

17.71 

Illinois. 

. 8 

3,826,351 

3,077,871 

2,539,891 

24.32 

21.18 

Michigan.. 

. D 

2,093,889 

1,636,937 

1,184,059 

27.92 

38.25 

Wisconsin. 

14 

1,680,880 

i, 3 i 5,497 

1,054,670 

28.23 

24-73 

Minnesota. 

.20 

1,301,826 

78 o ,773 

439,706 

66.74 

77-57 

Iowa. 

10 

1,911,896 

1,624,6x5 

1,194,020 

17.68 

36.06 

Missouri. 

. ft 

2,679,184 

2,168,380 

1,721,295 

23-56 

25.97 

North Dakota. 

41 

182,719 

36,909 

1 1,181 

395.05 i 


South Dakota. 

.87 

328,808 

98,268 

r I 4 , iei 

234.60 f 


Nebraska. 

.26 

1,058,910 

452,402 

122,993 

134.06 

267.83 

Kansas. 

.19 

1,427,096 

996,096 

364,399 

43-27 

173.35 

Southern Central Div. 

10,972,893 

8 , 9 i 9 , 37 i 

6,434,410 

23.02 

38.62 

Kentucky. 

.11 

1.858,635 

1,648,690 

1,321,011 

12.73 

24.81 

Tennessee. 

10 

1,767,518 

L 542,359 

1,258,520 

14.60 

22.55 

Alabama. 

.17 

1.513,0x7 

1,262,505 

996,992 

19.84 

26.63 

Mississippi. 

2 \ 

1,289,600 

i,i 3 i ,597 

827,922 

13.96 

36.68 

Louisiana .... . 

25 

1,118,587 

939,946 

726,915 

19. ox 

29.31 

Texas. 

. 7 

2,235 523 

i, 59 i ,749 

818,579 

40.44 

94-45 

Indian Territory ( b) 







Oklahoma. 

.46 

<t 6 i, 834 . 





Arkansas. 

.24 

1,128,179 

802,525 

484,471 

40.58 

65-65 

Wester 71 Div . 


3,027,613 

1,767,697 

990 , 5 io 

71.27 

78.46 

Montana. 

.44 

132,159 

39 ,i 59 

20,595^ 

237.49 

90.14 

Wyoming. 

.47 

60,705 

20,789 

9,118 

192.01 

128.00 

Colorado. 

,8 1 

412,198 

194,327 

39,864 

112.12 

387.47 

New Mexico. 

.48 

153,593 

119,565 

91,874 

28.46 

30.14 

Arizona. 

.48 

59,620 

40,440 

9,658 | 

47-43 

318.72 

Utah. 


207,905 

143,963 

86,786 i 

44-42 

65.88 

Nevada . 

.49 

45 , 76 i 

62,266 

42,491 : 

<226.51 

46.54 

Idaho. . 

Alaska ( d ). 

.45 

84=385 

32,610 

14,999 j 

158.77 

117.41 

Washington. 

84 

349,390 

75 ,h 6 

23,955 I 

365-13 i 

213.57 

Oregon. 

,88 

313,767 

174,768 

90,023 j 

79-53 | 

92.22 

California. 

.22 

1,208,130 

864,694 

560,247 j 

39-72 

54-34 


a Decrease. 

b The number of white persons in the Indian Territory is not included in 
this table. The total Indian population of the United States, exclusive of 
Alaska, but including 32,567 counted in the general census, being the taxed or 
taxable Indians, numbers 249,273. 

c Including 5,337 persons in Greer County (in Indian Territory) claimed by 
Texas. 

d The number of white persons in Alaska is not included in this table, as 
the census of Alaska, which was made a subject of special investigation by 
law, has not yet been completed. 


62 





















































































POPULATION OF CITIES. 

Fifty Principal Cities of the United States in T 8 QO. 
In the Order of their Rank. 


CITIES. 


New York, N. Y. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

St. Louis, Mo. 

Poston, Mass. 

Baltimore, Md. 

San Francisco, Cal.. . 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

New Orleans, La. 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Washington, D. C_ 

Detroit, Mich. 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

Newark, N. J. 

Minneapolis, Minn... 

Jersey City, N. J- 

Louisville, Ky. 

Omaha, Neb. 

Rochester, N. Y. 

Saint Paul, Minn. 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Providence, R. I. 


1890. 

1880. 

CITIES. 

1890. 

1880, 

i, 5 i 5 , 3 °i 

1,206,299 

Denver, Colo. 

Indianapolis, Ind .... 

106,713 

35 , 62 g 

1,099,850 

503,185 

105,436 

75,056 

1,046,964 

847,170 

Allegheny, Pa. 

105,287 

78,682 

806,343 

566,663 

Albany, N. Y. 

94,923 

90,758 

45 B 770 

448,477 

350,518 

Columbus, Ohio. 

88,150 

51,647 

362,839 

Syracuse, N. Y. 

YVorcester, Mass. 

88,143 

5 B 79 2 

434,439 

33 2 , 3 r 3 

84,655 

58,291 

298,997 

2 33,959 

Toledo, Ohio. 

8 i ,434 

50,137 

296,908 

255,139 

160,146 

Richmond, Va. 

81,388 

63,600 

261,353 

New Haven, Conn ... 

81,298 

62,882 

255,664 

155,134 

Paterson, N. J. 

78,347 

51,031 

242,039 

216,090 

Lowell, Mass. 

77,696 

59,475 

238,017 

156,389 

Nashville, Tenn. 

76,168 

43 , 35 ° 

230,392 

177,624 

Scranton, Pa. 

75,215 

45,850 

205,876 

116,340 

Fall River, Mass. 

74,398 

48,961 

204,468 

115,587 

Cambridge, Mass.... 

70,028 

52,669 

181,830 

136,508 

Atlanta, Ga. 

65,533 

37,409 

164,738 

46,887 

Memphis, Tenn. 

64,495 

33 , 59 2 

163,003 

120,722 

Wilmington, Del. 

6 i, 43 r 

42,478 

161,129 

I2 3,758 Dayton, Ohio. 

61,220 

38,678 

140,452 

3°,5i8|Troy, N. Y . 

60,956 

56,747 

133,896 

89,366:Grand Rapids, Mich. 

60,278 

32,016 

133.156 

41,473 Reading, Pa. 

58,661 

43,278 

*132,716 

55,785 Camden, N. J. 

58,313 

41,659 

132,146 

io4,857,Trenton, N. J. 

57,458 

29,910 


Cities and Towns of 8,000 and over in 1S90. 


Arranged Alphabetically and Compared with the Census of 1880. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

Adams, Mass. 

9,213 

5 , 59 i 

Athens, Ga. 

8,639 

6,099 

Adrian, Mich. 

8,756 

7,849 

Atlanta, Ga. 

65,533 

37,409 

Akron, Ohio. 

27,601 

16,512 

Atlantic City, N. J... 

13,055 

5,477 

Alameda, Cal. 

11,165 

5,708 

Auburn, Me. 

11,250 

9,555 

Albany, N. Y. 

94,923 

90,758 

Auburn, N. Y. 

25,858 

21,924 

Alexandria, Va. 

14,339 

13,659 

Augusta, Ga. 

33 , 3 °° 

21,891 

Allegheny, Pa. 

105,287 

78,682 

Augusta, Me. 

10,527 

8,665 

Allentown, Pa. 

Alpena, Mich. 

25,228 

18,063 

Aurora, Ill. 

19,688 

11,873 

11,283 

6,153 

Austin, Texas. 

14,476 

11,013 

Alton, Ill. 

10,294 

8,975 

Baltimore, Md. 

434,439 

33 2 , 3 i 3 

Altoona, Pa. 

30,337 

19,710 

Bangor, Me. 

Bath, Me. 

19,103 

16,856 

Amesbury, Mass. 

9,798 

3,355 

8,723 

7,874 

Amsterdam, N. Y.... 

0,336 

9,466 

Baton Rouge, La .... 

10,478 

7 B 97 

Anderson, Ind. 

10,741 

4,126 

Battle Creek, Mich... 

I 3 ,i 97 

7,063 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

9 , 43 x 

8,061 

Bay City, Mich. 

27,839 

20,693 

Anniston, Ala. 

9,876 

942 

Bayonne, N. J. 

19,033 

9,372 

Appleton, Wis. 

11,869 

8,005 

Beatrice, Neb. 

13,836 

2,447 

Arkansas City, Kans. 

8,347 

1,012 

Beaver Falls, Pa. 

Bellaire, Ohio. 

Belleville, Ill. 

9,735 

5,104 

Asheville, N. C. 

10,235 

9,956 

2,616 

9,934 

15,361 

8,025 

10,683 




Ashtabula, Ohio .... 

8,338 

4,445 

Beverly, Mass. 

10,821 

8,456 

Atchison, Kans.,. 

13,963 

15,105 

Biddeford, Me. 

M ,443 

12,651 


* Includes 13,048 which, by t a recent decision of Missouri Supreme Court, is now 
outside the limits. 


63 


























































































uities anti Towns or over 8,000 Population — Continued. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

S, 

00 

M 

1880. 

Binghamton, N. Y... 

3 S.OOS 

17,317 

Denver, Colo. 

Des Moines, Iowa.... 

106,713 

35,629 

Birmingham, Ala. 

26,178 

3,086 

50.093 

22,408 

Bloomington, Ill. 

20,048 

17,180 

Detroit, Mich. 

205,876 

116,340 

Boston, Mass. 

448,477 

362,839 

Dover, N. H. 

12,790 

11,687 

Braddock, Pa. 

8,561 

3 , 3 io 

Dubuque, Iowa. 

30,311 

22,254 

Bradford, Pa. 

10,514 

9 ,i 97 

Duluth, Minn. 

33 . rl 5 

3,483 

Bridgeport, Conn. 

48,866 

27,643 

Dunkirk, N. Y.. 

9,416 

7,248 

Bridgeton, N. J. 

11,424 

8,722 

Dunmore, Pa. 

8,315 

10,956 

5 ,i 5 i 

Brockton, Mass. 

27,294 

13,608 

East Liverpool, Ohio. 

5,568 

Brookline, Mass. 

12,103 

806,343 

8,057 

Easton, Pa. 

14,481 

11,924 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Brunswick, Ga. 

566,663 

East Portland, Ore... 

10,532 

2,934 

8,459 

2,891 

East Providence, R. I 

8,422 

5,056 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

255,664 

155,134 

East St. Louis, Ill.... 

15.169 

9,185 

Burlington, Iowa. 

22,565 

19,450 

Eau Claire, Wis. 

I 7 , 4 i 5 

10,119 

Burlington, N. J. 

8,222 

6,090 

Elgin, Ill. 

17,823 

8,787 

Burlington, Vt. 

14,590 

11,365 

Elizabeth City, N. J .. 

37,764 

28,229 

Butler, Pa. 

8,734 

3,163 

Elkhart, Ind. 

11,360 

6,953 

Butte, Mont. 

10,723 

3,363 

Elmira. N. Y. 

29,708 

20,541 

Cairo, Ill.... 

10,324 

9,011 

El Paso, Texas. 

10,338 

736 

Cambridge, Mass.... 

70,028 

52,669 

Erie, Pa. 

40,634 

27,737 

Camden, N. J. 

58,313 

41,659 

Evansville, Ind. 

50,756 

29,280 

Canton, Ohio .. .... 

26,189 

12,258 

Everett, Mass. 

11,068 

4,159 

Carbondale, Pa. 

10,833 

7 , 7 M 

Fall River, Mass. 

74,398 

48,961 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa.. 

18,020 

IO, IO4 

49,984 

Findlay, Ohio. 

i 8,553 

4,633 

Charlston, S. C. 

54,955 

Fitchburg, Mass. 

22,037 

12,429 

Charlotte, N. C.. 

ii ,557 

7,094 

Flint, Mich. 

9,803 

8,409 

Chattanooga, Tenn... 

29,100 

12,892 

Flushing, N. Y. 

Fond du Lac, Wis.... 

10,868 

a 6,684 

Chicago, Ill.i 

,099,850 

503,185 

12,024 

13,094 

Chicopee, Mass. 

14,050 

11,286 

Fort Scott, Kans. 

11,946 

5,372 

Chillicothe, Ohio. 

11,288 

10,938 

Fort Smith, Ark. 

11, 3 11 

3,099 

Chippewa Falls, \Vis. 

8,670 

3,982 

Fort Wayne, Ind. 

35,393 

26,880 

Chelsea, Mass. 

27 , 9 0 9 

21,782 

Fort Worth, Texas... 

23,076 

6,663 

Chester, Pa. 

Cheyenne, Wyo. 

20,226 

14,997 

Framingham, Mass. .. 
Frederick, Md. 

9,239 

6,235 

11,690 

3,456 

8,193 

8,659 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

296,908 

255,139 

Freeport, Ill. 

10,189 

8,516 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

261,353 

160,146 

Fresno, Cal. 

16,818 

1,112 

Clinton, Iowa. 

13,619 

9,052 

Galesburg, Ill. 

15,264 

11,437 

Clinton, Mass. 

10,424 

8,029 

Galveston, Texas .... 

29,084 

22,248 

Cohoes, N. Y. 

22,509 

19,416 

Gardner, Mass. 

8,424 

4,988 

Colorado Spr’gs, Colo 

I I , I 40 

4,226 

Gloucester, Mass. ... 

24,651 

19,329 

Columbia, Pa. 

io ,599 

8,312 

Gloversville, N. Y.... 

13,864 

7,133 

Columbia, S. C. 

15,353 

10,036 

Grand Rapids, Mich. 

60,278 

32,016 

Columbus, Ga. 

17,303 

10,123 

Green Bay, Wis. 

9,069 

7,464 

Columbus, Ohio. 

88,150 

51,647 

Greenville, S. C. 

8,607 

6,160 

Concord, N. H. 

17,004 

13,843 

Greenwich, Conn. 

10,131 

7,892 

Corning, N. Y. 

8 , 55 ° 

4,802 

Hagerstown, ATd. 

10,118 

6,627 

Council Bluffs, Iowa.. 

2 i ,474 

18,063 

Hamilton, Ohio. 

17,565 

12,122 

Covington, Ky. 

37 , 37 i 

29,720 

Hannibal, Mo. 

12,857 

11,074 

Cranston, R. I. 

8,099 

5,940 

Harrisburg, Pa. 

39,385 

30,762 

Cumberland, Md. 

12,729 

10,693 

Harrison, N J. 

8,338 

6,898 

Cumberland, R. I- 

8,090 

6,445 

Hartford, Conn. 

53,230 

42,015 

Dallas, Texas. 

38,067 

10,358 

Hastings, Neb. 

13,584 

2,817 

Danbury, Conn. 

16,552 

11,666 

Haverhill, Mass. 

27,412 

18,472 

Danville, Ill. 

11,491 

7,733 

Hazelton, Pa. 

11,872 

6,935 

Danville, Va. 

10,305 

7,526 

Helena, Mont. 

13,834 

3,624 

Davenport, Iowa. 

26,872 

21,831 

Henderson, Ky. 

8,835 

5,365 

Dayton, Ohio.. 

Decatur, Ill. 

61,220 

38,678 

Hoboken, N. J. 

43,648 

30,999 

19,841 

9,547 

Holyoke, Mass. 

35,637 

21,915 

Delaware, Ohio. 

8,224 

6,894 

Hornellsville, N. Y... 

io,qq6 

8,195 

Denison, Texas. 

10,958 

3,975 

Hot Springs, Ark. 

8,086 

3,554 


64 










































































































Cities and Towns of over 8,000 Population — Continued. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

Houston, Texas. 

27.557 

16,5*3 

Maccn, Ga. 

Madison, Ind. 

22,746 

* 2,749 

Hudson, N. Y. 

9.970 

8,670 

8,937 

8,945 

Huntington, W. Va .. 

10, xo8 

3, *74 

Madison, Wis. 

*3,426 

10,324 

Hutchinson, Kans- 

8,682 

1,540 

Mahanoy, Pa. 

11,286 

7,181 

Hyde Park, Mass.... 

10,193 

7,088 

Malden, Mass. 

23,031 

12,017 

Indianapolis, Ind .... 

105,436 

75,056 

Manchester, Conn.... 

8,222 

6,462 

Ironlon, Ohio. 

* 0,939 

8,857 

Manchester, N. H.... 

44,126 

32,630 

Iron Mountain, Mich. 
Ishpeming, Mich. 

8,599 

II , I 97 

6,039 

Manchester, Va. 

Manistee, Mich. 

9.246 

12,812 

5,729 

6 , 93 ° 

Ithaca, N. Y. 

11,079 

9, *°5 

Mankato, Minn. 

Mansfield, Ohio. 

8,838 

5,550 

lackson, Mich. 

20,798 

16,105 

* 3,473 

9,859 

Jacksop, Tenn. 

10,039 

5,377 

Marblehead, Mass... 

8,202 

7,467 

Jacksonville, Fla. 

17,201 

7,650 

Marietta, Ohio. 

8,273 

5,444 

Jacksonville, Ill. 

10,740 

16,038 

10,927 

Marinette, Wis. 

11,523 

2,750 

Jamestown, N. Y. 

9,357 

Marion, Ind. 

8,769 

3,182 

Janesville, Wis. 

10,836 

9,018 

Marion, Ohio. 

8,327 

3,899 

Jeffersonville, Ind.... 

10,666 

9,357 

Marlborough, Mass... 

13,805 

30,127 

Jersey City, N. J.... 

163,003 

120,722 

Marquette, Mich. 

9,093 

4,690 

Johnston, R. I. 

9,778 

5,765 

Marshalltown, Iowa.. 
Massillon, Ohio. 

8 , 9*4 

6,240 

6,836 

Johnstown, Pa. 

21,805 

8,380 

10,092 

Joliet, Ill. 

23,264 

11,657 

Meadville, Pa. 

9,520 

8,86« 

Joplin, Mo. 

Kalamazoo, Mich. 

9,943 

7,038 

Medford, Mass. 

11,079 

7,573 

* 7,853 

* 1,937 

Melrose, Mass. 

8 , 5*9 

4,560 

Kankakee, Ill. 

9 ,o 2 5 

5,651 

Memphis, Tenn. 

64,495 

33,592 

Kansas City, Kans_ 

38,3*6 

3,20c 

Menominee, Mich.... 

10,630 

3,288 

Kansas City, Mo. 

132,716 

55,785 

Meriden, Conn. 

21,652 

15,540 

Kearney, Neb. 

8,074 

1,782 

Meridian, Miss. 

10,624 

4,008 

Keokuk, Iowa . 

14, IOI 

12,117 

Michigan City, Ind... 

10,776 

7,366 

Key West, Fla. 

18,080 

9,890 

Middletown, Conn... 

9 ,o *3 

6,82# 

Kingston, N. Y. 

21,261 

* 8,344 

9,693 

Middletown, N. Y.... 

**,977 

8,494 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

22,535 

Milford, Mass. 

8,780 

9 > 3 1<r 

Kokomo, Ind. 

8,261 

4,042 

Millville, N. J. 

10,002 

204,468 

7,660 

La Crosse, Wis . 

25,090 

14,505 

Milwaukee, Wis . 

1*5,587 

Lafayatte, Ind . 

16,243 

14,860 

Minneapolis, Minn... 

164,738 

46,887 

Lancaster, Pa . 

Lansing, Mich . 

32,011 

25,769 

Moberly, Mo . 

8,215 

6,070 

13,102 

8 , 3*9 

Mobile, Ala . 

3*,076 

29,*32 

Lansinburg, N. Y.... 

10,550 

7,432 

Moline, Ill .. 

12,000 

21,883 

7,800 

1 .aredo, Texas . . 

* 1 , 3*9 

3 , 52 i 

Montgomery, Ala.... 

* 6 , 7*3 

2,378 

La Salle, Ill . 

9,855 

7,847 

Mount Carmel, Pa... 

8.254 

Lawrence, Kans . 

9,997 

8,510 

Mount Vernon, N. Y. 

10,677 

4,586 

Lawrence, Mass . 

44,654 

39 ,* 5 * 

Muncie, Ind. 

n.345 

5,219 

Leadville, Colo. 

11,212 

14,820 

Muscatine, Iowa. 

**,454 

8,295 

Leavenworth, Kans_ 

19,768 

16,546 

Muskegon, Mich. 

22,702 

11,262 

Lebanon, Pa. 

14,664 

8,778 

Nanticoke, Pa. 

10,044 

3,884 

Lewiston, Me. 

21,701 

21,567 

19,083 

Nashua, N. H. 

* 9 , 3 ** 

* 3,397 

Lexington, Ky . 

16,656 

Nashville, Tenn . 

76,168 

43,350 

Lima, Ohio . 

15,987 

7,567 

Natchez, Miss . 

IO, IOI 

7,058 

Lincoln Neb . 

55,154 

13,003 

Natick, Mass . 

9,1*8 

8,479 

Lincoln, R. I . 

20,355 

*3,765 

Nebraska City, Neb.. 

11,494 

4,*83 

Little Falls, N. Y . 

8,783 

6,910 

New Albany, Ind . 

21,059 

16,423 

Little Rock, Ark . 

25,874 

* 3,*38 

Newark, N. J . 

181,830 

136,508 

Lockport, N. Y . 

16,038 

13,522 

Newark, Ohio . 

14,270 

9,600 

Logansport, Ind . 

13,328 

11,198 

New Bedford, Mass.. 

40,733 

26,845 

Long .'.sland City, N. Y 

30,506 

17,129 

New Brighton, N. Y.. 

16,423 

*2,679 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

50,395 

11,183 

124,758 

New Britain, Conn... 
New Brunswick, N. J 

19,007 

11,800 

Louisville Ky........ 

161,129 

18,603 

17,166 

Lowell Mass. 

77,696 

59,475 Newburg, N. Y. 

23,087 

18,049 

Lynchburg, Va. 

19,709 

15,050 Newburyport, Mass.. 

* 3,947 

13,538 

Lynn, Mass. 

McKeesport, Pa. 

55,727 

38,274'Newcastle, Pa. 

lx,600 

8,418 

20,741 

8,212 

New Haven, Conn ••• 

81,298 

62,88a 


65 


































































































Cities and Towns of over 8,000 Population — Continued. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 1890. 

1880. 

New London, Conn.. 

• 13.757 

io ,537 

Quincy, Mass. 

16,723 

10,570 

New Orleans, La.... 

. 242,039 

216,090 

Racine, Wis. 

. 21,014 

16,031 

Newport, Ky. 

24,918 

20,433 

Raleigh, N. C. 


9,265 

Newport, R. I. 

- 19.457 

15,693 

Reading, Pa. 

58,661 

43,278 

New Rochelle, N Y.. 

. 8,318 

5,276 

Richmond, Ind. 


12,742 

Newton, Mass. 

• 24,379 

i 6,995 

Richmond, Va. 

81,388 

63,600 


_ T . CT S.. -201 

1,206,299 

Roanoke, Va. 

. l 6 ,I 59 


Norfolk, Va. 

• 34.871 

21,966 

Rochester, N. Y__ 

• 133,896 

89,366 

Norristown, Pa. 

19, 79 1 

13,063 

Rockford, Ill. 

• 23,584 

13,129 

North Adams, Mass. 

16,074 

10,191 

Rock Island, Ill.... 

13,634 

11,659 

Northampton, Mass. 

14,990 

12,172 

Rockland, Me. 

8,174 

' 7,599 

Norwalk, Conn. 

17.747 

13,956 

Rome, N. Y. 

14,991 

12,194 

Norwich, Conn. 

16,156 

15,112 

Rutland, Vt. 

. 11,760 

12,149 

Oakland, Cal. 

. 48,682 

34,555 

Sacramento, Cal. 

26,386 

21,420 

Ogden, Utah. 

. 14,889 

6,069 

Saginaw, Mich. 

46,322 

29 , 54 i 

Ogdensburg, N. Y.. 

. 11,662 

10,341 

Saint Joseph, Mo... 

• 52,324 

32,431 

Oil City, Pa. 

. 10,932 

7 > 3 I 5 

Saint Louis, Mo.... 

.. 451,770 

350,518 

Omaha, Neb. 

140,452 

3 0 , 5 i 8 

Saint Paul, Minn... 

• I 33 D 56 

4 U 473 

Orange, N. J. 

. 18,844 

13,207 

Salem, Mass. 

30,801 

27,563 

Oshkosh, Wis. 

22,836 

15,748 

Salt Lake City, Utah. 44,843 

20,768 

Oswego, N. Y. 

21,842 

21,116 

San Antonio, Texas. 

• 37.673 

20,550 

Ottawa City, Ill. 

9,985 

7,834 

San Diego, Cal. 

16,159 

2,637 

Ottumwa, Iowa. 

14,001 

9,004 

Sandusky, Ohio. 

18,471 

15,838 

Owensborough, Ky.. 

9,837 

6,231 

San Francisco, Cal.. 

- 298,997 

233,959 

Paducah, Ky. 

13,076 

8,036 

San Jose, Cal. 

. 18,060 

12,567 

Paris, Texas. 

8,254 

3,980 

Saratoga Spr’gs, N. Y ii,Q75 

8,421 

Parkersburg, \V. Va. 

. 8,408 

6,582 

Savannah, Ga. 

. 43,189 

30,709 

Passaic, N. J. 

13,028 

6,532 

Schenectady, N. Y.. 

. 19,902 

13,655 

Paterson, N. J. 

• 78,347 

51,031 

Scranton, Pa. 

• 75 , 2 i 5 

45,850 

Pawtucket, R. I. 

• 27,633 

19,030 

Seattle, Wash. 

• 42,837 

3,553 

Peabody, Mass. 

10,158 

9,028 

Sedalia, Mo. 

. 14,068 

9 , 56 i 

Peekskill, N. Y. 

9,676 

6,893 

Shainokin, Pa. 

14,403 

8,184 

Pensacola, Fla. 

. 11 , 75 ° 

6,845 

Sheboygan, Wis. 

• 16,359 

7 , 3 M 

Peoria, Ill. 

41,024 

29,259 

Shenandoah, Pa .... 

• 15,944 

10,147 

Perth Amboy, N. J .. 

9,512 

4,808 

Shreveport, La. 

. ix .979 

8,009 

Petersburg, Va. 

. 22,680 

21,656 

Sing Sing, N. Y. 

9,352 

6,578 

Philadelphia, Pa.... 

1,046.964 

847,170 

Sioux City, Iowa.... 

. 37,806 

7,366 

Phillipsburg, N. J... 

. 8,644 

7,181 

Sioux Falls, S. Dak. 

10,177 

2,164 

Phoenixville, Pa. 

8 , 5 H 

6,682 

Somerville, Mass.... 

40,152 

24,933 

Pine Bluff, Ark. 

9,952 

3,203 

South Bend, Ind ... 

21,819 

13,280 

Piqua, Ohio. 

9,090 

6,031 

South Bethlehem, Pa 

10,302 

4,925 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

238,617 

156,389 

South Omaha, Neb.. 

8,062 


Pittsfield, Mass. 

17,281 

13,264 

Snencer. Mass. 



Pittston, Pa. 

10,302 

7,472 

Spokane Falls, Wash. 19,922 

35 ° 

Plainfield, N. J. 

11,267 

8,125 

Springfield, Ill. 

• 24,963 

19,743 

Plattsmouth, Neb... 

8,392 

4,175 

Springfield, Mass... 

. 44,179 

33,340 

Plymouth, Pa. 

9,344 

6,065 

Springfield, Mo. 

21,850 

6,522 

Port Huron, Mich... 

V 3,543 

8,883 

Springfield, Ohio.... 

• 31,895 

20,73^ 

Port Jervis, N. Y_ 

9,327 

8,678 

Stamford, Conn. 

15,700 

11.207 

Portland, Me. 

3 6 ,425 

33,810 

Steelton, Pa. 

9,250 

2,447 

Portland, Ore. 

46,385 

17,577 

Steubenville, Ohio... 

13,394 

12,093 

Portsmouth, N. Hi.. 

9,827 

9,690 

Stillwater, Minn.... 

. 11,260 

9,055 

Portsmouth, Ohio... 

12,394 

11,321 

Stockton, Cal. 

14,424 

10,282 

Portsmouth, Va. 

13,268 

11,390 

Streator, Ill. 

11,414 

5,157 

Pottstown, Pa. 

• 13,285 

5,305 

Superior, Wis. 

11,983 . 


Pottsville, Pa. 

14,117 

13,253 

Syracuse, NY. 

8S, 143 

51,792 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

22,206 

20,207 

Tacoma, Wash. 

. 36,006 

1,098 

Providence, R. I.... 

. 132,146 

104,857 

Taunton, Mass. 

• 25,448 

21,213 

Pueblo, Colo. 

• 24,558 

3-217 

Terre Haute, Ind.... 

30,217 

26,042 

Qunicy, Ill.. • 

• 3U494 

27,268 Tiffin, Ohio. 

. 10,801 

7,879 


66 
































































































Cities and Towns of over 8,000 Population — Concluded. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1890. 

1880. 

Titusville, Pa. 

8,073 

0,046 

Westfield, Mass. 

9,805 

7,587 

Toledo, Ohio. 

8 i ,434 

5 o ,:37 

West Troy, N. Y. 

Weymouth, Mass. 

12,967 

8,820 

Topeka, Kans. 

31,007 

15,452 

10,866 

10,570 

Trenton, N. J. 

57,458 

29,910 

Wheeling, W. Va. 

35 ,oi 3 

3 °, 737 

Troy, N. Y. 

60,956 

56,747 

Wichita, Kans. 

23,853 

4,911 

Union, N. J. 

10,643 

5,849 

Wilkesbarre, Pa. 

37 , 7 i 8 

23,339 

Utica, N. Y. 

•44,007 

33 , 9 H 

Williamsport, Pa. 

27,132 

18,934 

Vernon, Conn. 

8,808 

6 , 9-5 

Willimantic, Conn.... 

8,648 

6,608 

Vicksburg, Miss. 

13,373 

11,814 

Wilmington, Del. 

61,431 

42,478 

Vincennes, Ind. 

8,853 ' 

7,680 

Wilmington, N. C-' 

20,056 

17,350 

Waco, Texas. 

14,445 

7,295 

Winona, Minn. 

18,208 

10,208 

Waltham, Mass. 

18,707 

11,712^ 

Winston, N. C. 

8,018 

2,854 

Warwick, R. I. 

17,761 

12,164 

Woburn, Mass.....*.. 

13,499 

10,931 

Washington, D. C.... 

230,392 

177,624 

Woopsocket, R. I.... 

20,830 

16,050 

Waterbury, Conn. 

38,646 

17,806 

Worcester, Mass. 

84,655 

58,291 

Watertown, N. Y. 

14,725 

10,697 

Yonkers, N. Y. 

32,033 

18,892 

Watertown, Wis. 

8,755 

7,883 

York, Pa. 

20,793 

13,940 

Wausau, Wis. 

9,253 

4,277 

Youngstown, Ohio... 

33,220 

15,435 

West Bay City, Mich. 
West Chester, Pa. 

12,981 

8,028 

6,397 

7,046 

Zanesville, Ohio. 

21,009 

18,113 


The Wonderful Growth of Chicago. 

The population of Chicago in 1830, was 70; 1840, 4,853; 1845, 
12,088; 1850, 29,963; 1855, 60,227; i860, 112,172; 1865, 178,900; 
1870, 298,977; 1872, 364,377; 1880, 503,185; 1884, (estimated) 675,- 
000; 1S85, (estimated), 727,000; 1886, (estimated) 750,000; 1887, 
(estimated) 760,000; 18S9, (estimated) 1,000,000; 1890, 1,099,133. 


THE NAMES OF THE STATES. 

Alabama —Indian; meaning “Here we rest.” Arkansas — 
“Kansas,” the Indian name for “smoky water,” with the French 
prefix “arc,” bow or bend in the principal river. California — 
Caliente Fornalla, Spanish for “hot furnace,” in allusion to the 
climate. Colorado — Spanish; meaning “colored,” from the red 
color of the Colorado river. Connecticut —Indian; meaning 
“ long river.” Delaware —Named in honor of Lord Delaware. 
Florida —Named by Ponce de Leon, who discovered it in 1512 , 
on Easter Day, the Spanish Pascua de Flores , or “Feast of 
Flowers.” Georgia —In honor of-George II. of England. Illi¬ 
nois —From the Indian “illini,” men, and the French suffix 
“ois,” together signifying “ tribe of men.” Indiana —Indian 
land. Iowa —Indian; meaning “beautiful land.” Kansas — 
Indian; meaning “ smoky water.” Kentucky —Indian ; for “ at 
the head of the river; ” or “ the dark and bloody ground.” Louisi¬ 
ana —In honor of Louis XIV. of France. Maine —From the 
province of Maine, in France. Maryland —In honor of Henri¬ 
etta Maria, queen of Charles I. of England. Massachusetts — 
The plate of the great hills (the blue hills southwest of Boston), 

67 
































NAMES OF THE STATES. 

Michigan —The Indian name for a fish weir. The lake was so 
called from the fancied resemblance of the lake to a fish trap. 
Minnesota— Indian; meaning “ sky-tinted water.” Mississippi 
—Indian; meaning “ great father of waters.” Missouri —Indian; 
meaning “muddy.” Nebraska —Indian; meaning “water val¬ 
ley.” Nevada —Spanish; meaning “ snow-cpvered,” alluding to 
the mountains. New Hampshire —From Hampshire county, 
England. New Jersey —In honor of Sir George Carteret, one 
of the original grantees, who had previously been governor of 
Jersey Island. New Tork —In honor of the Duke of York. 
North and South Carolina —Originally called Carolina, in 
honor of Charles IX. of France. Ohio —Indian; meaning 
“beautiful river.” Oregon —From the Spanish “oregano,” wild 
marjoram, which grows abundantly on the coast. Pennsylvania 
—Latin: meaning Penn’s woody land. Rhode Island —From a 
fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. 
Tennessee —Indian, meaning “river with the great bend.” 
Texas — Origin of this name is unknown. Vermont —French; 
meaning green mountain. Virginia —In honor of Elizabe.h, 
the “Virgin Queen.” Wisconsin —Indian; meaning “ gathering 
of the waters,” or “ wild rushing channel.” 


MOTTOES OF THE STATES. 

Arkansas —Regnant populi: The peoples rule. Calif or • 
nia — Eureka: I have found it. Colorado — Nil sine numine: 
Nothing without the Divinity. Connecticut — £>ui transtulit 
sustinet: He who has transferred, sustains. Delaware —Liberty 
and Independence. Florida —In God is our trust. Georgia — 
Wisdom, Justice, Moderation. Illinois —State Sovereignty and 
National Union. Iowa —Our liberties we prize, and our rights 
we will maintain. Kansas — Ad astra per aspera: To the stars 
through rugged ways. Kentucky —United we stand, divided we 
fall. Louisiana —Union and Confidence. Maine — Dirigo: I 
direct. Maryland—Crescite et multiplicamini: Increase and 
multiply. Massachusetts — Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
quietem: By her sword she seeks under liberty a calm repose. 
Michigan—Si queer is peninsulatn amcenam circumspice: If 
thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, look around. Minnesota — 
L'Etoile du Nord: The Star of the North. Missouri — Solus 
populi suprema lex esto: Let the welfare of the people be the 
supreme law. Nebraska —Popular Sovereignty. Nevada — 
Volens et potens: Willing and able. New Jersey —Liberty and 
Independence. New Tork—Excelsior: Higher. Ohio — Im- 
ferium in imperio: An empire within an empire. Oregon — 
Alis volat propriis: She flies with her own wings. Pennsylva¬ 
nia —Virtue, Liberty, Independence. Rhode Island — Hope. 

68 



GEOGRAPHICAL NICKNAMES. 


South Carolina—Animis opibusque parati: Ready with our 
lives and property. Tennessee —Agriculture, Commerce. Ver¬ 
mont —Freedom and Unity. Virginia—Sic semper tyrannis: 
So be it ever to tyrants. West Virginia—Montani semper 
liberi: The mountaineers are always free. Wisconsin —For¬ 
ward. United States—E pluribus ununi: From many, one. 
Annuit cccptis: God has favored the undertaking; Novus ordo 
sector uni: A new order of ages. The first named on one side of 
the great seal, the other two on the reverse. 


GEOGRAPHICAL NICKNAMES. 

STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Alabama, Cotton State; Arkansas, Toothpick and Bear State; 
California, Eureka and Golden State; Colorado, Centennial State; 
Connecticut, Land of Steady Habits, Freestone State and Nut¬ 
meg State; Dakota, Sioux State; Delaware, Uncle Sam’s Pocket 
Handkerchief and Blue Hen State; Florida, Everglade and 
Flowery State; Georgia, Empire State of the South; Idaho, Gem 
of the Mountains; Illinois, Prairie and Sucker State; Indiana, 
Hoosier State; Iowa, Hawkey e State; Kansas, Jay hawker State; 
Kentucky, Corn-cracker State; Louisiana, Creole State; Maine, 
Timber and Pine Tree State; Maryland, Monumental State; 
Massachusetts, Old Bay State; Michigan, Wolverine and Penin¬ 
sular State; Minnesota, Gopher and North Star State; Mississippi, 
Eagle State; Missouri, Puke State; Nebraska, Antelope State; 
Nevada, Sage State; New Hampshire, Old Granite State; New 
Jersey, Blue State and New Spain; New Mexico, Vermin State; 
New York, Empire State; North Carolina, Rip Van Winkle, 
Old North and Turpentine State; Ohio, Buckeye State; Oregon, 
Pacific State; Pennsylvania, Keystone, Iron and Oil State; 
Rhode Islanu, Plantation State and Little Rhody; South Caro¬ 
lina, Palmetto State; Tennessee, Lion’s Den State; Texas, Lone 
Star‘State; Utah, Mormon State; Vermont, Green Mountain 
State; Virginia, Old Dominion; Wisconsin, Badger and Copper 
State. 

NATIVES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Alabama, lizards; Arkansas, toothpicks; California, gold-hun¬ 
ters; Colorado, rovers; Connecticut, wooden nutmegs; Dakota, 
squatters; Delaware, muskrats; Florida, fly-up-the-creeks; 
Georgia, buzzards; Idaho, fortune seekers; Illinois, suckers; 
Indiana, hoosiers; Iowa, hawkeyes; Kansas, jayhawkers; Ken¬ 
tucky, corn-crackers; Louisiana, creoles; Maine, foxes; Mary¬ 
land, clam-humpers; Massachusetts, Yankees; Michigan, wol¬ 
verines; Minnesota, gophers; Mississippi, tadpoles; Missouri, 
pukes; Nebraska, bugeaters; Nevada, sage-hens; New Hampshire, 
granite boys; New Jersey, blues, or clam-catchers; New Mexico, 

69 



GEOGRA PHICA L NICKNA MES. 


Spanish Indians; New York, Knickerbockers; North Carolina, 
tarheels; Ohio, buckeyes; Oregon, hard cases; Pennsylvania, 
pennamites, or leather-heads; Rhode Island, gunflints; South 
Carolina, weazles; Tennessee, whelps; Texas, beef-heads; Utah, 
polygamists; Vermont, green-mountain boys; Virginia, beagles; 
Wisconsin, badgers. 

NICKNAMES OF CITIES. 

Atlanta, Gate City of the South; Baltimore, Monumental 
City; Bangor, Lumber City; Boston, Modern Athens, Literary 
Emporium, City of Notions, and Hub of the Universe; Brook¬ 
lyn, City of Churches; Buffalo, Queen of the Lakes; Burling¬ 
ton (Iowa), Orchard City; Charleston, Palmetto City; Chicago, 
Prairie, or Garden City; Cincinnati, Queen of the West and 
Porkopolis; Cleveland, Forest City; Denver, City of the Plains; 
Detroit, City of the Straits; Hartford, Insurance City; Indian¬ 
apolis, Railroad City; Keokuk, Gate City; Lafayette, Star City; 
Leavenworth, Cottonwood City; Louisville, Falls City; Lowell, 
Spindle City; McGregor, Pocket City; Madison, Lake City; 
Milwaukee, Cream City; Nashville, Rock City; New Haven, 
Elm City; New Orleans, Crescent City; New York, Empire 
City, Commercial Emporium, Gotham, and • Metropolis of 
America, Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love, City of Penn, 
Quaker City, and Centennial City; Pittsburgh, Iron City and 
Smoky City; Portland (Me.), Hill City; Providence, Roger 
Williams’s City, and Perry Davis’s Pain Killer; Raleigh, Oak 
City; Richmond (Va.), Cockade City; Richmond (Ind.), 
Quaker City of the West; Rochester, Aqueduct City; Salt 
Lake City, Mormon City; San Francisco, Golden Gate;, Sa¬ 
vannah, Forest City of the South; Sheboyan, Evergreen City; 
St. Louis, Mound City; St. Paul, North Star City; Vicksburg, 
Key City; Washington, City of Magnificent Distances, and 
Federal City. 


The English Sparrow. 

The first English sparrow was brought to the United States 
in 1850 , but it was not until 1870 that the species can be said to 
have firmly established itself. Since then it has taken posses¬ 
sion of the country. Its fecundity is amazing. In the latitude 
of New York and southward it hatches, as a rule, five or six 
broods in a season, with from four to six young in a brood. As¬ 
suming the average annual product of a pair to be twenty-tour 
young, of which half are females and half males, and assuming 
further, for the sake of computation, that all live, together with 
their offspring, it will be seen that in ten years the progeny *of a 
single pair would be 275,716,983,698. 

70 



U. S. POLITICAL HISTORY IN BRIEF, 


T HAT enthusiastic little rebel, Rhode Island, was the first 
of the colonies to declare itself “ free from all dependence 
on the crown of Great Britain.” This she did on May 
4, 1776. The Assembly of Virginia in the same month in¬ 
structed her delegates to the Continental Congress to present to 
that body a proposition “ affirming the independence of the colo¬ 
nies from Great Britain.” In compliance with these instructions 
Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on June 7, 1776, introduced his 
famous resolutions: “That these united colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crown; and that all political 
connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and 
ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient forthwith to 
take the most effectual measures for forming foreign alliances. 
That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the 
respective colonies for their consideration and approbation.” 
John Adams seconded these resolutions, and an animated discus¬ 
sion ensued. On June 8, a committee consisting of Thomas Jef¬ 
ferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and 
Robert R. Livingston, was appointed to draw up a declaration 
of independence embodying the sense of Lee’s resolutions. On 
July 2, Lee’s resolutions were passed by the vote of twelve of the 
thirteen colonies, the New York delegates refraining from voting 
for want of instructions from their province. On July 3, the 
formal declaration, almost precisely as written by Thomas Jef¬ 
ferson, was presented by the committee above named, and was 
debated with great spirit, John Adams being the chief speaker 
on the part of the committee. The discussion was resumed on 
the morning of the 4th, and at 2 o’clock in the afternoon, after 
one or two slight modifications, it was adopted. The announce¬ 
ment was hailed with the liveliest enthusiasm. “Ring! ring!” 
shouted the lad stationed below to give the signal to the old bell- 
nan in the State House tower; and he did ring until the whole 
city shouted for joy. The King’s arms were wrenched from the 
Court House and burned in the streets; bonfires were lighted, 
the city illuminated, and the exultation was prolonged far into 
the night. In New York City the populace hurled the leaden 
statute of George III. from its pedestal and molded it into bul¬ 
lets, and in all the great cities similar demonstrations of enthu¬ 
siasm were exhibited. * 

The Declaration of Independence was signed August 2, 
1:776, when President John Hancock said, “ There must be no 
pulling different ways, we must all hang together,” to which 
Franklin replied, “Yes, we must all hang together, or we shall 
all hang separately.” 


71 



V. S . POLITICAL IIISTORV IN BRIEF. 


State constitutions were adopted in the same year as follows: 
By New Jersey (July 2), Virginia (July 5), Pennsylvania (July 
15), Maryland" (Aug. 14), Delaware (Sept. 20), North Carolina 
(Dec. 18). 

1778— Independence of United States acknowledged by 
France by a treaty of alliance and commerce. 

1 779 — Naval victory of John Paul Jones. 

1781— A French fleet in aid of the United States drives the 
British from Chesapeake Bay. Surrender of Cornwallis. 

1782— Independence recognized by Holland. 

1783— Independence acknowledged by Sweden, Denmark, 
Spain and Russia, successively. Definite treaty of peace with 
Great Britain, Sept. 3. 

1789—Formation and adoption of the Constitution. 

American politics begins properly with the close of the Revolu 
tionary war, out of which travail this nation was born. When 
the British departed they left behind them thirteen separate and 
independent States joined together in a feeble confederation and 
governed as a whole, so far as they would consent to be governed 
at all, by the inadequate Continental Congress. The finances 
were in a deplorable condition; the States were jealous of each 
other, and of the Congress. As everything was badly defined 
and unsettled there were constant encroachments and abuses, 
and it seemed that after achieving freedom America was about 
to cast it away. During the war there had been two parties, the 
Tories, who were English in sympathy, and the Whigs, who 
were American to the core. These gave place to two new di¬ 
visions, one of which favored a closer and lasting union in which 
the States should bind themselves together into a compact gov¬ 
ernment—called the Federalists; and one which, while gener¬ 
ally admitting the need for a closer and more binding union, still 
sought to preserve the sovereignty and independence of the 
States—these were known as the Anti-Federalists. Our Consti¬ 
tution and our form of government are the result of the two op¬ 
posing forces, and its great flexibility—its perfection—is to be 
ascribed to the wisdom with which the fathers sought out and 
chose what was best in the scheme of either. 

It is impossible here to do more than outline the growth of 
parties, but no man can be an intelligent voter who does not 
study the foundation of the republic. Every citizen should pur¬ 
sue this subject further in the pages »f the Federalist , which 
argued one side of the issue, and in the writings of Thomas Jef¬ 
ferson, who upheld the other. It will show how high ran feeling 
at the time, when it is pointed out that, although the Constitu¬ 
tion was adopted in 1787, it was ratified by but eleven States in 
1788. Still this was enough to set the new nation up in business. 

72 


&. S. POLITICAL HTSTOPT IN BRIEF 


GEORGE WASHINGTON (1789-1797) was the unanimous 
choice of the electoral college, and the hei*o of the revolution be¬ 
came the first President of the United States in 1789. It is not 
to be imagined that even at that time the people were all of one 
mind about the Constitution. There is no document—not even 
the Bible—which is not subject to different interpretations, and 
the great charter of our American liberties was no exception to 
the rule. Parties were formed known as strict constructionists 
and loose constructionists, the former Federalists, the latter Anti- 
Federalists, the first believing in a strongly centralized govern¬ 
ment, the second jealously observant of the rights of the States. 
It will be found that a close analysis of the distinction made 
there has been and is the dividing line of American parties ever 
since. 

Of course new issues complicated the old ones. The Anti-Fed¬ 
eralists changed their name to the Democratic-Republican 
party, and warmly urged the alliance with France. In the rev¬ 
olution which had just ended, the French alone had first come to 
our aid, and on land and sea had waged war upon our common 
enemy. Hence there was a lively sense of gratitude to that great 
nation throughout the country, made none the less by the estab¬ 
lishment of the republic, and hardly destroyed by the atrocities 
of the Reign of Terror. The Federalists, on the other hand, in¬ 
clined toward England as the national friend, through the ties 
of kinship and common language. In spite of these differences 
of opinion, which were daily growing more bitter, there was 
practically no partisanship during Washington’s administration. 
He called Federalists and Anti-Federalists into his cabinet, which 
was composed of men of such opposite views as Alexander 
Hamilton and Thomas Jefterson, and his farewell address, which 
every school boy has read, is full of grave warning against the evils 
and dangers of party spirit. 

But with Washington in retirement, the contest began. The 
Federalists put JOHN ADAMS (1797-1801) in the field, and 
elected him in spite of the English treaty which John Jay had 
made and which Adams had supported. Thomas Jefferson be¬ 
came vice-president, because at that time the vice-presidency 
went to the man receiving the next largest vote for president, a 
system w'hich was in force until 1804. 

There were many reasons why the Federalist triumph could 
not be a permanent one. England was intensely unpopular, and 
the administration was accused of favoring that kingdom unduly. 
The alien and sedition laws caused an access of the public dis¬ 
pleasure, and the party split into two sections, one following Ad¬ 
ams, the other Hamilton. Nominations for the election were 
made by members of Congress; Adams and Pinkney were chosen 

73 


U, S. POLITICAL HISTORY IN BRIEF. 

as the Federal standard-bearers, Jefferson and Aaron Burr as the 
Republican. Jefferson and Burr were elected, but as both had 
received the same number of votes, the election was thrown into 
the House, which chose THOMAS JEFFERSON (1801-1809) 
the third president of the United States. 

The history of his administration was a quiet one. He refused 
. to make the civil service the spoil of victory, and gave proof of 
the flexibility of his ideas of government by the purchase of 
Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which was a measure 
tending strongly toward Federalism—giving a hostage, 
as it were, to the central government on the part of the 
States. Jefferson also agreed to the building of the great 
post road to the Ohio, which was by no means a Republican 
scheme. 

JAMES MADISON (1809-1817) was elected fourth presi¬ 
dent. He, like Jefferson, was a Republican, although, as has been 
pointed out, that party is more nearly akin to what is to-day 
called Democracy. C. C. Pinkney, the Federalist candidate who 
opposed him, and who had run twice against Jefferson, received 
47 electoral votes, while Madison was given 122. The Feder¬ 
alists lost every part of the country save New England, and one 
result of this election was to give that sectional tone to our poli¬ 
tics which has to a greater or less extent endured to the present 
time. 

The country was drifting into a war with England at the time, 
and the public spirit was aroused by the continual outrage's per¬ 
petrated upon our sailors on the high seas by British ships. The 
Republicans were recognized as the fighting party, and under 
the leadership of Calhoun, Clay and Crawford, the War of 1812 
was begun. The Federalists protested, and in Massachusetts 
and Connecticut the governors refused to allow the militia to go 
out of the State, save to repel invasion. That argument lasted but 
a short time, however, for the country was invaded and the city of 
Washington captured and burned. The treaty of peace was 
signed in the winter of 1814, but before the news reached this 
country Andrew Jackson had gained the magnificent victory of 
New Orleans, on January 8, 1815. 

With the close of Madison’s administration a new era in . our 
politics began. The questions of Federalism and of the French 
or English friendship were dead, and new issues were coming up. 
These were the tariff, the management of finances and the devel¬ 
opment of industry. What became known as the Era of Good 
Feeling followed, which lasted from the election of JAMES 
MONROE (1817—1825) up to 1828. Upon Monroe’s second 
election in 1821, there was no opposition to him, and he would 
have had the unanimous vote of the electoral college had not one 

74 


U. S. POLITICAL HISTORr IN BRIEF. 


of the electors declared that that honor should be confined 
sacredly to Washington. 

It was the Slavery Question which put an end to the era of 
good feeling, and which burned hotly, and more hotly, un¬ 
til it wrapped the whole land in the flames of civil war. It 
began with the application of Missouri for admission into the 
Union in 1820. Prior to that time Mason and Dixon’s Line, 
which is the boundary of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the 
Ohio River, formed the division Between slave States and free. 
Missouri lies beyond the Mississippi River, and out of the 
limits fixed, and the question was a threatening one until Henry 
Clay brought in his famous Missouri Compromise, which ad¬ 
mitted Missouri as a slave State, and forbade slavery north of 
36° 30' north latitude. To balance Missouri in the Senate, 
Maine was admitted at the same time as a free State. 

A protective tariff had been devised by John C. Calhoun in 
1816, and President Monroe strengthened and increased the pro¬ 
tection accorded. In 1819 he purchased Florida from Spain; 
and in 1823, consequence of the war made by Spain against 
her revolted colonies in the three Americas, he voiced that 
splendid declaration which will always be associated with his 
name—the Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine briefly is that the 
United States will not interfere in any European war, nor will 
it permit European interference or European control in 
America North or South. 

No better proof could be given of the condition of parties 
than the election which ended Monroe’s tenure of office. The 
electoral college chose a vice-president, John C. Calhoun, but 
its vote for the presidency was so scattered between Jackson, 
Adams, Crawford and Clay that the choice was thrown into the 
House. Here, by an alliance of the friends of Clay and Adams, 
Jackson was defeated and JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1825- 
1829) became the sixth president. Clay was rewarded with the 
portfolio of State, and out of the alliance the “ Whig ” Party 
was formed. Their principles were in part those of the old Fed¬ 
eralists. They were for a high tariff with strong protection, and 
they early declared for a policy of internal improvements to be 
paid for by the nation at large. Jackson’s followers took the 
place of the old anti-Federalists; they were strict construction¬ 
ists, opposed to the tariff, and in their principles and speeches 
was to be found the nucleus of the States’ rights doctrine. They 
called themselves “ Democrats. *’ The four years of Adams’ 
presidency was passed in marshaling and organizing the two 
opposing forces. 

ANDREW JACKSON (1829-1837), the seventh president, 
carried everything before him. The electoral vote was 178 to 83; 

75 


U. S. POLITICAL Ills TORT IN BRIEF. 


the popular, 647,231 for Jackson, 509,097 for Adams. As soot 
as he had taken up the reigns of power, Jackson removed some 
five hundred office-holders from their places, on Marcy’s famous 
theory that “to the victors belong the spoils.” Upon this prin¬ 
ciple the tenure of political office still practically, if not theoret¬ 
ically, depends. 

The Tariff was exceedingly unpopular at the South, which 
was then as now, an agricultural rather than a manufacturing 
region. Several States had protested, and in 1830 Senator 
Hayne laid down the doctrine of Nullification—that any State 
could declare null and void any act of Congress. Webster 
answered this declaration in the debate which has since been 
famous. The original discussion was not on the tariff regula¬ 
tions, but on the sale of public lands. The struggle was a hot 
one. Jackson took occasion to put himself on record at once 
with his celebrated toast, “Our Federal Union, it must be pre¬ 
served.” The words were first uttered at a dinner in honor of 
his birthday. Calhoun took the opposite view, and in 1831 the 
president’s cabinet was. broken up by the issue. A new tariff 
bill was passed, but the South was still dissatisfied, and in 1832 
South Carolina passed the Nullification ordinance. Jackson at 
once sent a naval force into Charleston hajbor, and Congress 
passed a bill enforcing the tariff; but Henry Clay again came 
forward with a compromise which was accepted on both sides. 

The United States Bank was the next bone of contention. 
It had been chartered in 1816 for twenty years. After a struggle 
with Congress, and with his secretary of the Treasury, Duane, 
who would not remove the national deposits from the bank, Jack- 
son dismissed Duane and appointed Taney secretary of the Treas¬ 
ury. The deposits ceased. The Senate at once passed a vote of 
censure on the president, but the House, after investigating the 
bank, sustained Jackson at every point and refused a new char¬ 
ter. The fight with the Senate, in which there was an adverse 
majority, continued until the end of Jackson’s term. During his 
administration was the first weak beginning of the Abolition 
party. The Anti-Slavery Society was formed in 1S33. It was the 
target for abuse and violence, which culminated in the assassina¬ 
tion of Lovejoy. Congress solemnly declared that it would listen 
to no petitions upon the question of slavery, and Jackson askea 
that the sending of abolition documents through the mails should 
be prohibited. This the Senate refused. 

The Democratic candidate, MARTIN VAN BUREN (1837— 
1841), the eighth president, was elected over W. H. Harrison and 
several other opposition nominees, including Daniel Webster. He 
followed out Jackson’s polic} r to the letter, one part of which, the 
celebrated “specie circular,” brought on the Great Panic of 1837. 

76 


U. S. POLITICAL HIS TORT IN BRIEF. 


This was an order to United States agents to receive only gold 
and silver for public lands. Banks collapsed, money became 
scarce, and failures were most frightfully numerous. In 1840 
Van Buren was renominated, but the Whigs, by an attack on the 
Democratic financial policy, carried the country and elected 
W. H. HARRISON (1841) the ninth president. It was in this 
campaign that the abolitionists produced their first national plat¬ 
form, which favored the abolition of slavery in the District of 
Columbia and the Territories. In the same year the Democracy 
at Baltimore resolved that Congress had no power to interfere 
with or control the domestic institutions of the several States, 
which were the sole and proper judges of everything pertaining 
to their own affairs not prohibited by the Constitution, and that 
the efforts “ by Abolitionists or others ” to interfere with ques¬ 
tions of slavery were calculated “ to lead to the most alarming 
and dangerous consequences,” “ to diminish the happiness of the 
people and endanger the stability and permanence of the Union, 
and ought not to be countenanced by any friend of our political 
institutions.” The convention also adopted a resolution to the 
effect that every attempt to abridge the rights or privileges of for¬ 
eign-born citizens should be resisted. This was aimed at the 
Know-nothing tendency then just appearing, which had, how¬ 
ever, no affiliation with the Abolition movement, already vig¬ 
orous. 

Harrison did not live out the year, and he was succeeded by 
the vice-president, JOHN TYLER (1841-1845), the tenth pres¬ 
ident. Tyler rapidly got into trouble with his cabinet, which, 
save Webster, deserted him on issues connected with his attempt 
to carry out Harrison’s financial policy. The slavery question 
was pressing forward more and more urgently for solution all 
this time. An Ohio Congressman, Giddings, brought the issue 
into the House of Representatives, and was censured by that body 
for so doing. He resigned and was at once unanimously re¬ 
elected. A new tariff bill was brought in, and the proposition 
then made for a division of the surplus among the States. 

Finance, protection, internal improvements, and indeed every 
minor issue, had to give way to the great puzzle of slavery. It 
was coming on for adjustment, and no hand could stay it. In the 
campaign of 1844 it produced the dispute over the re-annexation 
of Texas. The Democratic platform declared the Great Ameri¬ 
can Measures —the taking in of Texas and Oregon. As Texas 
would be a slave territory, the idea was antagonized in the 
North, but after a close and perplexed election JAMES K. 
POLK (1845-1849), the eleventh president, was elected. Henry 
Clay, the Whig candidate, was beaten by the vote of 62,300 
Which was given to Jas. G. Birney by the Liberty party. 


U. S. POLITICAL HIS TORT IN BRIEF. 


The new administration at once took up the Texas matter, and 
the War with Mexico was the necessary consequence. The his¬ 
tory of that struggle will be found in its appropriate place in this 
book. It is here necessary merely to point out the results. By 
the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the United States acquired all 
that country which we now call the great West, including the 
treasures of California and the Sierras. The northwestern frontier 
was fixed at the 49th degree of north latitude, and the adminis¬ 
tration closed with the largest accession of land that had yet been 
made to the Republic. 

The Wilmot Proviso attempted to block slavery in the new 
territories, and Oregon was organized as free soil. A low tariff 
bill was passed, and the Whigs got through a river and harbor 
bill which the president promptly vetoed. This brought the 
country up to the campaign of 1848, in which the Whigs recov¬ 
ered the government. The platform of the Democracy made at 
Baltimore approved the Mexican war, congratulated the republic 
of France on achieving its liberty, and the world on the downfall 
of thrones and dominations everywhere. The same year, at 
Philadelphia, the Whigs resolved merely that Zachary Taylor 
was the best man for president. At Buffalo, in the same year, 
the Abolitionists determined that they would forget all past politi¬ 
cal differences in a common resolve to maintain the rights of free 
labor against the aggression of the slave power, and to secure a 
free soil to a free people. This convention also demanded cheap 
postage; river and harbor improvements when required for the 
general convenience; ^indorsed the idea of the homestead law; 
and inscribed on *ts banner “free soil, free, speech, free labor and 
free men.” 

The magic of military success and the excellent organization 
of the Whigs made ZACHARY TAYLOR (1849-1850) twelfth 
president. He lived but a short time and was succeeded by the 
vice-president, MIi^LARD FILLMORE (1850-1853), thirteenth 
president. 

With 1850 what might be called the war period of American 
politics began. In this year was introduced the Clay compro¬ 
mise, which admitted California as a free State, but on the other 
hand altered the Fugitive Slave Laws, which inflamed the North 
to the point of war. Several of the States met the action of 
Congress by personal liberty laws, which really amounted to nul¬ 
lification. The old parties broke up; there were Democrats, and 
Free Soil Democrats, and Whigs. Winfield Scott, the Whig can¬ 
didate, carried only four States in the Union, and FRANKLIN 
PIERCE (1853-1857), the fourteenth president, was elected. 

There was soon actual fighting, on the dividing line between 
North and South. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill repealed the Mis" 

78 


U. S. POLITICAL HIS TORT IN BRIEF. 


souri compromise and made all new territory open to slavery. 
The Whig party split in two on this issue, one of the sections be¬ 
coming the Republican party of the day, the other going over 
finally to the Democrats, a fact which will account for much of 
the confusion on purely financial and tariff issues to be found in 
both those parties to-day. When you find a Republican who is a 
free trader, or a Democrat who is a protectionist, the anomaly is 
to be traced directly to the fissure, and the new sides taken in the 
1850’s on the free soil question. 

Passions were at fever heat. In Kansas the “Jayhawkers” and 
the “Border Ruffians” were already at each other’s throats. It 
was plain that the matter in dispute could only be settled by an 
appeal to the arbitrament of arms. 

In 1856 the Republicans nominated their first candidate, Gen. 
John C. Fremont, “the Pathfinder.” Their platform recites that 
the convention was called without regard to previous political 
differences, to enable all opposed to the repeal of the Missouri 
compromise to come together. The platform opposed the exten¬ 
sion of slavery into the territories; declared that Congress 
should prohibit in the territories “the twin relics of barbarism, 
polygamy and slavery;” and opposed all prescriptive legislation, 
thus antagonizing the Democracy on the slavery issue and the 
Know-nothings on nativism. The Whigs met at Baltimore. 
Their platform is devoted exclusively to a denunciation of “geo¬ 
graphical parties,” and a recommendation of Millard Fillmore, 
the American or “Know-nothing” candidate for President. The 
Democrats added little to former platforms, save that they de¬ 
clared against the Know-nothings on their war on foreigners, 
and agreed with them in their declaration against intervention 
with slavery. They nominated and elected JAMES BU¬ 
CHANAN (1857-1861), fifteenth president. Fremont, however, 
polled a popular vote of 1,341,264 against Buchanan’s 1,838,169, 
while Fillmore received 874,534. 

The Dred Scott Case now came on to exacerbate still more 
bitterly public feeling. Chief Justice Taney declared that a 
negro was a chattel, that the compromise of 1820 was unconsti¬ 
tutional, and that a slave-owner might settle with his- property 
where he pleased, in any territory. Following this came John 
Brown’s raid into Virginia—his attempt to excite a slave insur¬ 
rection, and his death upon the gallows. There was nothing for 
it but war, and into war the country rapidly drifted. 

The campaign of i860 was the most confused in the whole 
history of American politics. There was talk of secession in 
the air. There was notoriously war preparation in the South. 
The North was divided. Every man felt that parties would have 
to be re-arranged and new political frontiers defined. The 

79 


U. S. POLITICAL HIS TORT IN BRIEF. 


“Constitutional Union” party met at Baltimore. All it demanded 
was the “Constitution of the country, the union of the States, and 
Ihe enforcement of the laws.” The Republicans met at Chi¬ 
cago. The platform is the most significant in the political his¬ 
tory of the republic, and contains the essence of all its history 
since that date. It denounced the threats of disunion made by 
Democrats in Congress as an “avowal of contemplated treason” 
which it was the duty of the people to “rebuke and forever 
silence.” It asserted that the normal condition of all the terri¬ 
tory of the United States is that of freedom; that the reopening 
of the slave trade was a crime against humanity; that duties 
should be adjusted so as to encourage the development of the 
industrial interests of the whole country; that Congress should 
pass a complete and satisfactory homestead law; that the rights 
of citizenship enjoyed by foreigners should not be abridged or 
impaired; that the rights of all citizens, native or naturalized, 
should be protected abroad and at home. The Douglas Demo¬ 
cratic platform, adopted at Charleston, favored the acquisition 
of Cuba; declared that State legislatures which interfered with 
the enforcement of the fugitive slave law were revolutionary and 
subversive of the Constitution; and reaffirmed the Cincinnati 
platform of 1856 on tariff. The Breckinridge platform, adopted 
at Charleston and Baltimore, reaffirmed the Democratic platform 
adopted at Cincinnati, with certain “explanatory resolutions,” 
which in substance were that slave-owners had a right “to settle 
with their property” in the territories without being interfered 
with by territorial or congressional legislation. 

On these issues four candidates were put in the field. The 
Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln-; the Democrats, J. C. 
Breckinridge; the Constitutional Union party, John Bell; the 
Independent Democrats, Stephen A. Douglas. ABRAHAM 
LINCOLN (1861-1865) was chosen sixteenth president, by a 
popular vote of 1,866,352; Douglas received 1,375,157; Breckin¬ 
ridge, 845,763; Bell, 589,581. 

On December 20, i860, South Carolina declared that the 
Union was dissolved, and a Secession resolution was passed. 
Following, six other slave States immediately seceded. Every 
effort was made to stem the tide of disunion, but nothing could 
be done save with arms in the field. A peace congress met and 
proved futile. The Crittenden compromise w^as scoffed out of 
court. The Confederate States of America was formed at 
Montgomery, Alabama, in February, 1861, with Jefferson Davis 
as president, and slavery and low tariffs as its corner stone. 
The first ball was fired April 14, 1861, and the great issue of the 
century joined. 

For the time politics were relegated to the background. 

80 


U. S. POLITICAL HIST OR r IN BRIEF. 


There were only Unionists and Secessionists. The financing of 
the great struggle led to a high tariff, the issue of treasury notes, 
and finally the establishment of the national banking system. 
The internal revenue system was developed, an income tax was 
imposed, greenbacks were issued, and the resources of the 
country marshaled to meet the expenses of a war that cost 
$1,000,000 a day. 

On Jan. i, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation 
Proclamation, which freed the Southern slaves, and marks an 
epoch in the history of the world. Two years later, under the 
apple tree at Appomattox, Lee surrendered to Grant, and the 
war ended with the complete triumph of the Northern arms. 
There had in the meantime been another presidential election, 
in which Lincoln defeated George B. McClellan and John C. 
Fremont. Shortly after Lee’s surrender Lincoln was assassi¬ 
nated by J. Wilkes Booth, an actor, and ANDREW JOHNSON 
(1865-1869), the seventeenth president, took up the chief magis¬ 
tracy. 

The problem of the day was the Reconstruction of the old 
slave States, upon which the new president and his party at 
once quarreled. The point at issue was the proper safe-guarding 
of the newly-freed negro. Congress passed the Civil Rights 
bill, the Freedman’s Bureau bill, and submitted the XIVth 
Amendment to the Constitution. The president was finally 
impeached by Congress, but his trial before the Senate resulted 
in an acquittal by one vote. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT (1869-1877), the eighteenth president, 
was elected over Horatio Seymour, on a platform adopted by the 
Republicans at Chicago, which denounced repudiation; favored 
suffrage on equal terms to all men; encouraged immigration and 
declared itself in sympathy with all oppressed people who are 
struggling for their rights. The Democratic platform of 1868 
acknowledged that the questions of slavery and secession had 
been forever settled by the war or by constitutional conventions; 
and favored amnesty for all political offenses. It made a very 
distinct pronouncement on tariff in the following words: “A 
tariff for revenue upon foreign imports, and such equal taxation 
under the internal revenue laws as will afford incidental pro¬ 
tection to domestic manufactures, and as will, without impair¬ 
ing the revenue, impose the least burden upon, and best promote 
and encourage, the great industrial interests of the country.” 

The XVth Amendment, guaranteeing negro suffrage,was passed 
by Congress in 1869. A Liberal Republican ticket, with Horace 
Greeley" at its head, was supported by the united opposition 
against Grant in 1872, but was defeated easily, and Greeley, one 
of the greatest figures in later American politics, died shortly 

81 


U. S. POLITICAL HIS TORT IN BRIEF. 


afterwards. The South was pacified, and the Treaty of Wash¬ 
ington made, which involved the payment of the Alabama 
claims by the English Government. 

In 1876 occurred the famous Hayes and Tilden Controversy, 
which tested the flexibility of our electoral machinery so se¬ 
verely. Tilden was the Democratic nominee, and he had an 
undoubted popular majority—4,284,265, against 4,033,295 for 
Hayes. Rival electors claimed to have been elected in Louisiana 
and Florida. Intimidation, fraud and illegal voting were 
charged, and Congress finally appointed the Electoral Commis¬ 
sion to settle the dispute, as there was nothing in the Constitu¬ 
tion to cover the circumstances. On a party vote the commission 
awarded the disputed electoral votes to the Republican candidate, 
thus making RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (1877-1881) nine¬ 
teenth president of the United States. Specie payment was re¬ 
sumed during this administration,and the silver coinage act passed. 

From this time on to the present the tariff issue has been the 
chief matter, of debate in each campaign. In 1880 the Republi¬ 
cans elected JAMES A. GARFIELD (i8Bi) twentieth presi¬ 
dent. lie was assassinated by a madman, Charles J. Guiteau, 
and CHESTER A. ARTHUR (1881-1885) became twenty- 
first president. The most important measure of this administra¬ 
tion was the passage of the Pendleton civil service reform bill. 

GROVER CLEVELAND (1885-1889), the twenty-second 
president, was the first Democrat chosen since the war. Out of 
his famous tariff reform message the Democratic platform of 
1888 was stated at St. Louis, and the country was invited to 
choose squarely between protection as represented by Benjamin 
Harrison, the Republican candidate, and a tariff revision as rep¬ 
resented by Cleveland. 

The result was, after one of the most remarkable struggles in 
American politics, already known by its well earned name of 
the Campaign of Intellect, that BENJAMIN HARRISON 
(1889— . . . ) was elected twenty-third president of the 
United States. 


THE BY-WAYS OF AMERICAN POLITICS. - The minor 

American parties which have appeared and disappeared during our century and 
over of national life are the following: Anti-Renters, a New York party which 
flourished about 1841. They resisted the collection of back rents on the Van Rens¬ 
selaer manor near Albany. They had strength enough to defeat Wright, the regular 
Democratic candidate for Governor of New York. Barn-burners, New York, 
1846, seceders from t^ie Democratic party. They were opposed to slavery extension. 
Bucktails, New York, about 1815; they supported Madison. Conservatives, 
New York and some other States, 1837; paper money Democrats DOUgbfaces, 
1820, Northern members of Congress who voted in favor of the Missouri compro¬ 
mise. Hunkers, New York, a faction of the Democrats favoring the South, Barn¬ 
burners being the other factor. Know-Notbings, New York, 185s opposed to 
naturalization of foreigners unless they had been twenty-one years in the country. 

82 



U. S. POLITICAL HISTORT IN BRIEF. 


LOCO-FOCOS, New York, 1835 ; a branch of the Democratic party. Liberal 
Republicans, 1872 ; Republicans who joined with the Democrats in support of 
Greeley for president. Temperance, or Prohibition, from 1830 down, in many 
States; in favor of preventing or restricting the sale of liquors. The total Prohibition 
vote at the Presidential election in 1888 was 249 , 937 . Woman’s Rights, from 
i 860 down; those who favored granting to women the right of suffrage. 


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Native State 

> 

w 

Inaug- 

U RATED. 



Name. 

% 

Ancestr 

z 

w 

Q 

55 

Id 

Pi 

Year. 

Age. 

Politics. 

Place of Death. 

Goorge Washington. 

Va.... 

English... 

Va.... 

1789 

57 

Fed. . 

Mount Vernon.1799 

John Adams. 

Mass. 

English... 

Mass. 

1797 

62 

Fed. . 

Quincy, Mass.,1826 

Thomas Jefferson ... 

Va.... 

Welsh.... 

Va.... 

1801 

58 

Rep.. 

Monticello.Va. 1826 

James Madison. 

Va.... 

English... 

Va.... 

1809 

58 

Rep.. 

Montpelier .Va. 1836 

James Monroe. 

Va.... 

Scotch.... 

Va.... 

1817 

59 

Rep.. 

NewYorkCity,173l 

John Quincy Adams. 

Mass. 

English... 

Mass. 

1825 

58 

Rep.. 

Washington, 1848 
Hermitage,Ten. ,’45 

Andrew J ackson.... 

S.C.. 

Scot-Irish. 

Tenn 

1829 

62 

Dem„ 

Martin Van Buren.. 

N. Y.. 

Dutch.... 

N. Y.. 

1837 

55 

Dem.. 

Kinderhook NY,’62 

William H. Harrison 

Va.... 

English... 

Ohio.. 

1841 

58 

Whig. 

Washington, 1841 

John Tyler. 

VA : .... 

English... 

Va.... 

1841 

51 

Dem.. 

Richmond ,Va, 1862 

James K. Polk. 

N. C.. 

Scot-Irish. 

Tenn. 

1845 

60 

Dem.. 

Nashville,Ten, 1849 

Zachary Taylor. 

Va.... 

English... 

La... 

1849 

55 

Whig. 

Washington, 1850 

Millard Fillmore.... 

N. Y.. 

English... 

N. Y.. 

1850 

50 

Whig. 

Buffalo, N. Y., 187 

Franklin Pierce.... 

N. H. 

English... 

N. H. 

1853 

49 

Dem.. 

Concord, N.H.1869 

James Buchanan.... 

Pa. .. 

Scot-Irish. 

Pa... 

1857 

60 

Dem.. 

Wheatland,Pa, 1868 

Abraham Lincoln... 

Ky... 

English... 

Ill.... 

1861 

52 

Rep.. 

Washington, 1865 

Andrew Johnson.... 

N. C. 

English... 

Tenn. 

1865 

57 

Rep.. 

Greenville, Ten, ’75 

Ulysses S. Grant_ 

Ohio.. 

Scotch.... 

III.... 

1869 

47 

Rep.. 

MtM'Gregor NY’85 

Rutherford B. Hayes 

Ohio.. 

English. . 

Ohio.. 

1877 

55 

Rep. 

James A. Garfield... 

Ohio.. 

English... 

Ohio.. 

1881 

49 

Rep.. 

Long Branch, 1881 

Chester A. Arthur... 

Vt.... 

Scot-Irish 

N. Y.. 

1881 

51 

Rep.. 

New York City, 1886 

Grover Cleveland... 

N. T. . 

English... 
English... 

N. Y.. 

1885 

1889 

48 

56 

Dem.. 


Benjamin Harrison.. 

Ohio.. 

Ind... 

Rep.. 



GENERALS COMMANDING THE U. S. ARMY. 


George Washington. 

Henry Knox. 

Josiah Harmer. 

Arthur St. Clair.. . . 
James Wilkinson.. . . 
George Washington. 
James Wilkinson.. . . 
Henry Dearborn.. . . 
Jacob Brown . 


From 

To 


From 

To 

1775 

1783 

Alexander Macomb. 

1828 

1841 

1783 

1784 

Winfield Scott. 

1841 

1861 

1788 

1791 

George B. McClellan 

1861 

1862 

1791 

1796 

Henry W. Halleck.. 

1862 

1864 

1796 

1798 

Ulysses S. Grant.... 

1864 

1869 

1799 

1799 

William T. Sherman 

1869 

1883 

1800 

1812 

Philip H. Sheridan. . 

1883 

1888 

1812 

1815 

John M. Schofield.. . 

1888 


1815 

1828 





If a railway were built to the sun, and trains upon it were 
run at the rate of30 miles an hour, day and night, without a stop, 
it would require 350 years to make the journey from the earth to 
the sun. 83 









































WARS OF THE JNXTED STATES. 


Statement of the Number of United States Troops Engaged. 


Wars. 

From— 

To— 

Regu¬ 

lars. 

Militia 

and 

V O L U N-! 
TEERS. 

Total. 

War of the Revolution... 
Northwestern Indian wars 

War with France. 

War with Tripoli. 

Apr 19, 1775 
Sept 19,1790 
July 9,1798 
June 10,1801 
July 27,1813 

Apr H, 1783 
Aug 3,1795 
Sept 30,1800 
June 4 ,1805 
Aug 9,1814 

130,711 

164,080 

309,781 

8,983 

*4.593 

*3,330 

Creek Indian war. 

600 

13,181 

13,781 

War 1812 with Gt. Britain 

June 18,1812 

Feb 17,1815 

85,000 

471,622 

576,622 

Seminole Indian war.... 

Nov 20, 1817 

Oct 21,1818 

1,000 

6,911 

7,911 

Black Hawk Indian war. 
Cherokee disturbance or 

Apr 21,1831 

Sept 31,1838 

1,339 

5,126 

6,465 

removal. 

Creek Indian war or dis¬ 

1836 

1837 


9,494 

9,494 

turbance . 

May 5,1836 

Sept30.1837 

935 

12,483 

13,418 

Florida Indian war. 

Dec 23,1835 

Aug 14,1843 

11,169 

29,953 

41,122 

Aroostook disturbance... 

1838 

1839 

1,500 

1,500 

War with Mexico. 

Apache, Navajo, and 

Apr 24,1846 

July 4,1848 

30,954 

73,776 

112,230 

Utah war. 

1849 

1855 

1,500 

1,061 

2,561 

Seminole Indian war. 

1856 

1858 

3,687 

2,687 

Civil wart. 

1861 

1865 


2.772,408 


* Naval forces engaged. T The number of troops on the Confederate side was 
about 600,oco. 


The number of casualties in the volunteer and regular 
armies of the United States, during the war of 1861-65, was re_ 
ported by the Provost Marshal General in 1866 : Killed in battle, 
61,362 ; died of wounds, 34,727 ; died of disease, 183,287 ; total 
died, 279,376 ; total deserted, 199,105. Number of soldiers in the 
Confederate service who died of wounds or disease (partial state¬ 
ment), 133,821. Deserted (partial statement), 104,428. Number 
of United States troops captured during the war, 212,608 ; Con¬ 
federate troops captured, 476,169. Number of United States 
troops paroled on the field, 16,431 ; Confederate troops paroled 
on the field, 248,599. Number of United States troops who died 
while prisoners, 29,725 ; Confederate troops who died while pris¬ 
oners, 26,774. 


The Bible. 

There is no date from beginning to end in the Bible. It com¬ 
prises some 60 documents, and is supposed to have been written 
by about 40 men ; 54 miracles are recorded in the Old and 51 in 
the New Testament; total, 105. The shortest verse in the Old 
Testament is “ Remember Lot’s wife.” There is one in the New 
Testament as short as John xi. 35, in point of words, but not in 
letters, viz: Thessalonians • v. 16, “Rejoice evermore.” Then 
there are 2 chapters in the Bible alike verbatim, and 1 book, 
Esther, in which the Deity is not mentioned. 

84 





































THE CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65. 


Number of Men In the Union Army Furnished by Each State and 
Territory, from April 15,1861, to Close of War. 


States and 
Territories. 


Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado.. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana . 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts .. 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada. 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey. 


Number 
of Men 
Furnish’d 

Aggregate 
Reduced to 
a Three 
Years’ 
Standing. 

States and 
Territories. 

Number 
of Men 
Furnish’d 

2,556 

1,611 

New York. 

448,850 

8,289 

7,836 

North Carolina. 

3,156 

15,725 

15,725 

Ohio. 

313,180 

4,903 

3,697 

Oregon. 

1,810 

55,864 

50,623 

Pennsylvania .. . 

337,936 

12,284 

10,322 

Rhode Island... 

23,236 

1,290 

1,290 

South Carolina.. 
Tennessee .. 

31,092 

1,965 

259,092 

214,133 

Texas. 

196,363 

153,576 

Vermont.. 

33,288 

76,242 

68,630 

18,706 

Virginia. 

20,149 

West Virginia... 

32,068 

75,760 

70,832 

Wisconsin. 

91,327 

5,224 

4,654 

Dakota. 

206 

70,107 

56,776 

Dist of Columbia 

16,534 

46,638 

41,275 

Indian Territory 

3,530 

146,730 

124,104 

80,111 

Montana. 

87,364 

New Mexico.... 

6,561 

24,020 

19,693 

545 

Utah-. 

545 

Washington Ter. 

964 

109,111 

86,530 

2,175 

U S Army. 


3,157 

U S Volunteers. 


1,080 

33,937 

1,080 

30,849 

U S colVd troops 

93,441 

76,814 

57,908 

Total. 

2,772,408 


Ag’regatk 
Reduced 
to a Three 
Years’ 
Standing. 


392,270 

3,156 

240,514 

1,773 

265,517 

17,866 

' 26,394 

1,632 

29,068 

27,714 

79,260 

206 

11,506 

3,530 

" 4,432 

’' ’ 964 


91,789 


2 , 320,272 


The armies of the United States were commanded during the 
war of the Rebellion by President Lincoln as commander-in¬ 
chief under the constitutional provision; and under him, as 
general commanders, by Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield 
Scott until Nov. 6, 1861; by Major General George B. McClellan 
from Nov, 6, 1861, to March n, 1862; by Major General Henry 
W. Halleck from July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864 (there be¬ 
ing no general commander between March 11 and July 11, 
1862);. and Lieutenant General and General U. S. Grant from 
March 12, 1S64, to March 4, 1869. The first of the principal 
armies into which the force of the United States was 
divided was the Army of the Potomac. This army was 
called into existence in July, 1861, and was organized 
by Major General George B. McClellan, its first commander; 
Nov. 5, 1862, Major General A. E. Burnside took com¬ 

mand of it; Jan. 25, 1863, Major General Joe Hooker was 
placed in command, and June 27, 1863, Major General George 
G- Meade succeeded him. The Army of the Ohio was organ¬ 
ized by General D. C. Buell, under a general order from the 

85 

































































THE Civil OA' 18G1-G5. 


War Department dated Nov. 9, 1861, from troops in the military 
department of the Ohio. General Buell remained in command 
until Oct. 30, 1862, when he was succeeded by General W. S. 
Rosecrans. At this time the Army of the Ohio became the 
Army of the Cumberland and a new department of the Ohio 
was formed and Major General H. G. Wright assigned to the 
command thereof. He was succeed by Major General Burn¬ 
side, who was relieved by Major General J. G. Foster of the 
command of both department and army. Major General Scho¬ 
field took command Jan. 28, 1864, and Jan. 17, 1865, the de¬ 
partment was merged into the Department of the Cumberland. 
The Army of the Cumberland was formed of the Army of the 
Ohio, as above noted. It continued under the command of Gen¬ 
eral Rosecrans until October, 1863, when General George H. 
Thomas took command of it. The Army of theTennessee was 
originally the Army of the District of Western Tennessee, 
fighting as such at Shiloh. It became the Army of theTennessee 
on the concentration of troops at Pittsburgh Landing under Gen¬ 
eral Halleck, and when the Department of the Tennessee was 
formed,Oct. 16,1862, the troops serving therein were placed under 
command of Major General U. S. Grant. Oct. 27, 1863, Major 
General William T. Sherman was appointed to the command of 
this army; March 12,1864, Major General J. B. McPherson suc¬ 
ceeded him; July 30, 1864, McPherson having been killed, Major 
General O. O. Howard was placed in command, and May 19, 
I862, Major General John A. Logan succeeded him. Other 
minor armies were the Army of Virginia, which was formed by 
the consolidation of the forces under Major Generals Fremont, 
Banks and McDowell, by order of the War Department, Aug. 
12, 1862. Major General John Pope was placed in command, 
but after the disastrous defeat of this general at Manassas the 
army as such was discontinued and its troops transferred to other 
organizations. The Army of the James was formed of the Tenth 
and Fourteenth corps and cavalry, and was placed under the 
command of Major General Butler. Its operations were carried 
on in conjunction with the Army of the Potomac. Other tem¬ 
porary arrangements of the troops formed the Army of the Mis¬ 
sissippi in the Mississippi River operations in 1862; the Army of 
the Gulf in Louisiana in May, 1863; the Army of West Vir¬ 
ginia, in the valley of the Shenandoah, in May, 1864, and the 
army of the Middle Military Division in Virginia in the fall of 
1864. 


A horse will live 25 days without solid food, merely drinking 
water; 17 days without either eating or drinking; and only 5 
days when eating solid food without drinking. 

86 



861 

19 

20 

5 

12 

21 

10 

-14 

20 

21 

7 

7 

8 

18 

862 

8 

8 

16 

8 

14 

23 

6-7 

10 

5 

25 

29 

30 

31 

1 

8 

9 

26 

27 

* 1 

5 

9 

22 

27 

29 

30 

-30 

1 

14 

15 

17 

-20 

3-5 

8 

7 

13 

-29 

.863 

11 

3 

1 


PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR 


Place, 


Federal Loss. 


Confed. Loss. 


1 


Bombard’nt Ft. • Sumter 

Riot Baltimore. 

Big Bethel, Va. 

Carthage, Mo. 

Rich Mountain, V/. Va... 
Bull Run, Va. 

Wilson’s Creek, Mo. 

Cheat Mountain, W. Va. 

Lexington, Mo. 

Ball’s Bluff, Va. 

Belmont, Mo. 

Port Royal, S. C.^. 

Piketon, Ky. 

Milford, Mo. 

Mill Spring, Ky.. ; . 

Roanoke Island, N. C... 

Fort Henry, Tenn. 

Fort Donelson, Tenn... 

Pea Ridge, Ark.. 

Newbern, N. C. 

Winchester, Va. 

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. 

Island No. io. 

Williamsburg, Va. 

Winchester, Va. 

Hanover C. H., Va. 

Corinth, Minn. 

Fair Oaks, Va. 

Fair Oaks, Va. 

Cross Keys, Va. 

Port Republic, Va. 

Chickahominy, Va. 

Gaines Mills, Va. 

Malvern Hill, Va. 

Baton Rouge, La. 

Gedar Mountain, Va. 

Gallatin, Tenn. 

Kettle Run, Va. 

Groveton, Va. 

Bull Run 2 nd. 

Richmond, Ky. 

Chantilly, Va. 

South mountain, Md. 

Harper’s F’y, 3 d’ys’ siege 

Antietam, Md. 

Iuka, Miss. 

Corinth, Miss. 

Perryville, Ky. 

Prairie Grove, Ark. 

Fredericksburg, Va. 

Vicksburg . 

Stone River, Tenn. 

Fort Hindman, Ark. 

Fort Donelson, Tenn.... 
c uffolk, Ya. 


.no one hurt 

.3 k, 7 w 

.16 k, 34 w, 6 m 

.13 k, 31 w 

.11 k, 35 w 

...4500 k;w, p, 28 c 
. .481 k, 1011 w, 700 p 
.223 k, 721 w, 292 m 

.13 k, 20 w, 60 p 

..42 k, 108 w, 1624 p 
. .220 k, 266 w, 500 p 
.. .84 k, 2S8 vv, 285m 
.8 k, 23 w, 250 p 

.6 k, 24 w 

.2 k, 17 w 

.39 k,207w 

.50 k, 150 w 


.5 w 

.7 k, 8 w 

.no report 

.250 k & w 

.140 k, 150 w 

.1852 k&w 

. ..421 k, 1317 w, 3 m 

. 100 k& w, 20 p 

.25 k, 75 w 

.36 k, 264 w, 2 p 

..261 k, 427 w, 278 m 
.. k and w no report 

_2500 p, 42 guns c 

.400 k and w, 2000 p 

.1300 p 

.192 k, 140 p 

... .30 k, 50 w, 2500 p 


.446 k, 1735 w, 150 p 
... .1351 k, w and m 

.91 k, 466 w 

.100 k, 400 w 

1614 k, 7721 w, 3963 m 


2073 k & w, 623 p 


231 k, 1007 w, 15000 p 
1100 k, 2500 w, 1600 p 
.. .50 k, 200 w, 200 p 

_600 k & w, 300 p 

1728 k, 8012 w, 959 m 

.17 k, 6300 p 

.700 k, 1000 w, 300 p 


.53 k, 526 m 

890 k, *3627 w, 1222 P 

.5739 k & w 

.125 k, 500 w 

.. .67 k, 361 W, 574 m 

.80 k, 150w 

.7500 k, w and m 

. 1000 k, w and m 

.250 k, w and m 

.1500 k, w and m 

... 64 k. 100 w, 200 p 

.800 k, w and m 

.6000 k, and w 

.800 k, 4000 w, 3000 p 
. .200 k, 700 w, 2000 p 

.1300 k and w 

. 443 k, 1806 w, 76 m 
.80 k, 120 w, 11583 p 

.12500 loss 

.135 k, 527 w 

315 k, 1812 w, 232 m 

.3200 k, w and m 

.495 k, 600 w 

1512 k, 6000 w, 2078 p 
. .191 k, 982 w, 756 m 

.1533 k, 6000 w 

. 1000 k, w & m 

. 12 k, 20 w 

130 k, 718 w, 5 m 


.500 k&w, 600 p 


.2800 k, 3897 w 

. 8000 k&w 

. 600 k&w 

. 1000 k, w & m 

. 1000 k&w 

.About the same 

...Nearly 5000 

.600 k, w & m 

.1000 k, 1500 w 

. 110 k&w 

.. .800 k&w, 1000 p 

. 12000 k, w & m 

.700 k, 3000 w 

.250 k, 500 w 

.800 k&w 

500 k, 2343 w, 1500 p 

.1500 k&w 

.15000 loss 

. .263 k, 400 w, 600 p 
1423 k, 2268 p. 5692 w 
1300 k, 3000 w, 200 p 
.1500 k&w 

.1800 k&w 

.no report 

. .9000 k&w, 1000 p 
.. .550 k&w, 54)00 p 
. .100 k 400 w, 300 p 
.loOO k, w & m 


87 






































































































PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR .—Con tin ued. 


Date. 

Place. 

Federal Loss. 

CONFED. LOSS. 

May 1 

LaGrange, Ark 

. 2000 k, w & m 


2 

Fredericksburg, Va 

. 2000 k & w 


“ 2-3 

Chancellorsville, Va. 

15000 k & w, 17000 p 

.18000 k& w, 5666 P 

“ 12 

Tackson. Miss ... . 

.40 k, 240 w, 6 m 

.400 k&w 

“ 14 

Champion Hills, Miss.... 

.426 k, 1842 w 

.400 k, w & m 

“ 16 

Big Black River, Miss.. .. 

.29 k, 242 w 

.2600 k, w & m 

“ 18-22 

Vicksburg, Miss. , 

.2500 loss 

. no report 

“ 27 

Port Hudson 

.900 k, w & m 

.600 k, w & m 

June 6 

Milliken’s Bend, Miss 

..127 k, 287 w, 157 m 

.200 k, 500 w 

“ 9 

Beverly Ford, Va 


.750 k, w & m 

“ 14 

Winchester, Va. 

. 2000 k. w & m 

.. 850 k, w & m 

“ 26 

Shelbyville, Tenn. 

_85 k, 468 w, 13 m 

1634 p, no rep’t k & w 

July 1-2-3 

Gettysburg, Pa 

.total loss 28198 

.total loss 37000 

“ 4 

Vicksburg surrenders.... 

. 245 k, 3688 w, 303 p 

.9C00 k & w, 30000 p 

“ 4 

Helena, Ark . 

.250 k, w & m 

.. .500 k & w, 1000 P 

“ 5 

Bolton, Miss.., 


.4000 p 

“ 8 

Port Hudson surrenders. . 


.5500 p 

“ 18-19 

Ft. Wagner, S. C. 

700 k. w & m 

.500 k, 331 w 

Sept. 9 

Cumberland Gap. 


. 2000 p 

19-20 

Chickamauga. 

1644 k,9262 w,4945 m 

.17000 k, w & m 

“ 14 

Bristow Station, Va. 

.51 k,329w 

.. .1200 k & w, 800 p 

Dec. 4 

Knoxville. Tenn . 

. 600 k & w 

.1600 p 

“ 23-25 

Chattanooga . 

.4000 k & w 

.16000 k, w & m 

“ 25 

Missionary Ridge.. 



“ 27 

Ringgold, Ga. 

800 k. w & m 

.300 p 

“ 27-30 

Locust Grove, Va. 

. 1000 k. w & m 

.2500 k, w & p 

Mar. 25,1864 

Paducah, Ky. 

... .14- k. 40 w 


Apr. 8-9 

Mansfield, La. 

500 k & w, 1500 p 

. 2000 p 

“ 17-20 

Plymouth, N. C. 

... 150 k, 1700 p 


May 5-7 

Wilderness, Va. 

.loss 30000 


u' *1 

Spottslyvania, Va. 

. loss 10000 

.loss 10000 

“ 12 

Spottsylvania, Va. 


.4000 p 

“ 12-15 

Ft. Darling, Va. 

. 5000 k, w & m 

.no report 

“ 13-15 

Resaca, Ga. 

.700 k, 2800 w 

.no report 

“ 25-28 

Dallas, Ga. 

.1800 k & w 

. . .300 p, 4000 k & w 

June 1 

Cold Harbor, Va. 

.9000 k. w & m 


“ 15-18 

Petersburgh, Va . 

... loss 10000 


“ 22 

Weldon R. R„ Va. 

000 k & w r 1 250 p 


“ 27 

Kennesaw Mt., Ga. 

1000 k & w 


July 9 

Monocracy, Md. 

1000 k & w 


20 

Peach Tree Creek, Ga... 

.1713 k, w & m 

. .5000 k & w, 100O p 

“ 22 

Atlanta, Ga. 

. .3521 k & w 


“ 27-30 

Petersburgh, Va. 

5000 k. w & m 


Aug. 5-20 

Mobile Bay, Ala. 

. 120 k, 88 w 

no rep’t k&w, 1756 p 

“ 15-18 

Deep Bottom, Va. 

loss 4000 


“ 19 

6 Mile Station, Va. 


. 1500 p 

“ 25 

Weldon R. R., Va. 

1000 k&w, 3000 p 

.1500 k & w 

“ 31 

Atlanta, Ga. 


.5000 k&w 

Sept. 19 

Winchester, Va. 

.3000 k&w 

500 k, 4000 w, 2500 p 

“ 21 

Fisher’s Hill. 


.. .400 k&w, 1 I 66 p 

“ '26 

Ironton, Mo. 


. 1500 k&w 

29—Oct. 1 

Petersburg, Va. 


. , 2800 k&w 

Oct. 19 

Cedar Creek, Va. 

4000 k & w, 1300 p 

2800 k & w. 1300 d 

“ 26 

Nims’ Creek, Mo. 

. .2000 p, 1000 k&w 

900 k, 3800 p 

“ 27 

Hatcher’s Run, Va. 

800 m, 40 O k, 1500 w 

. 1800 k, w Rr rn 

Nov. 30 

Franklin, Tenn. 

189 k, 1033 w, 1104 m 

1750 k, 3800 w, 702 p 

Dec. 15 

| ‘Nashville, Tenn. 




88 













































































































PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR.— Concluded. 


Date. 

Place. 

Federal Loss. 

CONFED. LOSS. 

Jan. 

15,1865 
20-22 

Ft. Fisher. 

.110 k, 536 w 

....440 k&w, 2500 f 
. 1072 f 

“ 

Wilmington, N. C. 

.250 k & w 

Feb. 

27 

Waynesboro’, Va. 


. 5 k, 1352 F 


« 

Kingston, N. C. 


..1200 k& w, 2400 F 
. 327 k, 373 F 

« 

« 

Averasboro’, N. C. 

.74 k,774 w 

Mar. 

19 

Bentonville, N. C. 

.loss 1646 

.167 k, 1625 P 

“ 

25-27 

Petersburgh, Va . 

180 k, 1240 w, 990 m 

...2200 k&w, 2800 P 
.5000 P 

Apr. 

1 

Five Forks, Va. 


2 

Selma, Ala. 


.3000 P 

44 

2-3 

Petersburgh & Richmond . 

...8000 k.w & m 

.9000 k, w & m 

Cl 

6 

Farmville & Sailors Ck 


.6000 P 


9 

Surrender of Gen. Lee 


.26115 P 

«< 

11 

Ft. Blakely, Mobile. 

.2000 k & w 

... .500 k&w, 4300 P 

M 

12 

Surrender of Mong*y, Ala 


.2700 p, 100 g 

<( 

12 

Salisbury, N. C . 


. 1800 P 


26 

Surrender of Geii.Johnston 
Surrender of Gen. Morgan 


.27500 P 

May 

1 


.1200 P 

44 

4 

Surrender of Gen. Taylor. 
SurrenderofTallahasseeFl 


.10000 P 

«« 

10 

.70 k 

.8000 P 

44 

10 

Near Boco, Chico, Tex... 

...70 


• 4 

10 

Capture of Jeff. Davis.... 




26 

Surrender of Gen. Smith. 


.20000 p 


In addition to the battles given above there were 421 minor battles, engage¬ 
ments and skirmishes. 


Principal Biaval Battles of tfie Civil War. 

1862, Feb. 6—Fort Henry, Term., captured by Commodore 

Foote. 

Feb. 8 —Roanoke Island, N. C., captured by Commodore 
Goldsborough and Gen. Burnside. 

16 — Fort Donelson, Tenn., combined forces of .Gen.. 

Grant and Commodore Foote. 

Mar. 8 —Confederate ram Merrimac “ sinks ” U. S. Frig¬ 
ates Cumberland and Congress, Hampton 
Roads, Va. 

9 —Federal Monitor disables the Merrimac. 

* April 6 —Pittsburgh Landing. 

8 —Capture of Island No. 10 . 

11 —Fort Pulaski, Ga., caotured by land and naval 
forces. 

24 —Forts Jackson, St. Phillip and New Orleans. 

May 13 —Natchez, Miss., captured by Admiral Farragut. 
July 1 —Malvern Hill. 

1863, Jan. 11 —Fort Hindman, Ark., Admiral Porter. 

11 —U. S. steamer Hatterag sunk by Confederate 
Alabama. 

17 — Monitor Weehawken captures Confederate ram 

Atlanta, 


89 















































TIIE CIVIL WAR OF ISO 1-65. 


May iS—Vicksburg, Miss., Admiral Porter 
July 8 —Port Hudson, Miss., captured. 

8 —Natchez, Miss. 

1864 , June 19 —U. S. steamer Kearsarge “ sinks the Alabama ” off 

Cherbourg, France. 

Aug. 5 —Mobile, Ala., Admiral Farragut. 

1865 , Jan. 15 —Fort Fisher, N. C., captured by Gen. Terry ana 

Commodore Porter. 

During the Civil War the Federal Navy was increased in two 
years to over 400 vessels, the greater part of which were used in 
blockading Southern ports ; notwithstanding their vigilance and 
effectiveness, many Confederate cruirers managed to escape the 
blockade and destroy the Northern merchant vessels. 

At the present time ( 1880 ) not one-half the vessels belonging 
to the navy are in active service ; the greater portion of those 
in commission are employed in what is called squadron service. 
There are seven squadrons, viz, the European, the Asiatic, the 
North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the North Pacific, the 
South Pacific and the Gulf squadrons. These squadrons are 
under ~omrpand of a high naval officer of the rank of commo¬ 
dore ‘}r rear admiral, whose ship is called the flag-ship of the 
squad? on. 


Fed eral Vessels Captured or Destroyed toy Con¬ 
federate Cruisers.” 


Shipf. 80 

Brigi. 46 

Barkr . 84 

Schooners. 67 


Steamboats. 4 

Gunboats. .. 2 

Cutter. 1 

Tug. 1 


Vessels Captured or Destroyed for Violation of ttoe 
Blockade, or in Battle, from May, 

1861, to May, 2865. 


Schooners. 735 

Sloops. 155 

Steamers . 262 

Barks. 27 

Brigs. 30 

Ships.. . .. 13 

Ironclads and rams . 16 

Brigantines. 2 

Miscellaneous 


Gunboats. 3 

Propellers . 4 

Pilot boats. 2 

Boats. 8 

Y achts. 2 

Tugs. 3 

Barkentine. 1 

Pungy. 1 

. 86 


Tin, when compressed in powder, becomes solid under a pres¬ 
sure of ten tons on the square inch, zinc at thirty-eight tons, 
antimony at thirty-eight tops, aluminum at thirty-eight tons, 
bismuth at thirty-eight tons, and copper at thirty-three tons. 

90 






























Cost of Recent Wars. 


Crimean war... £340,000,000 

Italian war of 1859 . 60,000,000 

American civil war—North. 940,000,000 

“ “ “ —South. 460,000,000 

Schleswig-Holstein war . ...... „ „ 7,000,000 

Austrian and Prussian war, 1866 .. 66,000,000 

Expeditions to Mexico, Morocco, Paraguay, etc., 

(estimated).*. 40,000,000 

Franco-Prussian war. 500,000,000 

Russian and Turkish war, 1877. . 210,000,000 

Zulu and Afghan wars, 1879.. . . 30,000,000 

£2,653,000,000 


This would allow $10 for every man, woman and child on the 
nabitable globe. It would make two railways all around the world 
at $250,000 per mile each. These figures are furnished by the 
Peace Society, London. 

Losses from War in Twenty-Five Years (1855-80.) 

Killed in battle, or died 
of wounds and disease. 

Crimean war . 750,000 

Italian war, 1859. 45,000 

War of Schleswig-Holstein . 3,000 

American civil war — the North. 280,000 

“ “ “ —the South. 200,000 

War between Prussia, Austria and Italy, 1866. 45,000 

Expeditions to Mexico, Cochin China, 

Morocco, Paraguay, etc. 65,000 

Franco-German war of 1870-71—France... 155,000 

“ “ “ “ “—Germany. 60,000 

*Russian and Turkish war of 1877. 225,000 

Zulu and Afghan wars, 1879. 40,000 

Total. 


1,868,000 

Length and Cost of American Wars. 

Length. 

7 years—1775-1782 $ 

1790 

1803-1804 
1811 

3 years—1812-1815 
1815 
1817 
1832 
1845 


Wars. 

1. War of the revolution. . . 

2. Indian war in Ohio Ter. 

3. War with the Barbary St 

4. Tecumseh Indian war. . 

5. War with Great Britain. 

6 . Algerine war.. 

7. First Seminole war. 

8 . Black Hawk war. 

Second Seminole war. 


Cost. 
135,193,703 


107,159,003 


9.__ _ 

10. Mexican war. 2 years—1846-1848 66,000,000 

11. Mormon war. 1856 . 

12. Civil war . 4 years—1861-1865 $6,500,000,000 

* About thirty thousand skeletons of Russian and Turkish soldiers were shipped 
to England in 1881 , as manure, in the form of bones or bone d [ 91 ] 





































OR FA T BA TTLES OF HIS TORT. 

The number placed hors-de-combat in battle are not relatively 
so large as formerly, as the table below will show: 


Thrasymene. 

Men Engaged. 

65,000 

Hors-de-combat. 

17,000 

Ratio. 

27 per cent. 

Cannae. 

146,000 

52,000 

34 

Bannockburn 

.. .. 135,000 

38,000 

28 

Agincourt. 

62.000 

11,400 

18 

Crecy. 

.... 117,000 

31,200 

27 

Marengo. 

58,000 

170,000 

13,000 

22 “ 

Austerlitz. 

23,000 

13 

Borodino. 

250,000 

78,000 

31 

Waterloo. 

.... 145,000 

51,000 

35 

Alma. 

... 103,000 

8,400 

8 

Sadowa. 

.... 402,000 

33,000 

8 “ 

Gravelotte. 

.... 320,000 

48,500 

15 

Gettysburg. 

.... 140,000 

8,000 

5 


According to Napoleon, the proportions of an army should 
be 70 per cent, infantry, 17 per cent, cavalry, and 13 per cent, 
between artillery, engineers and train. 

The proportion of men capable of bearing arms is estimated 
at 25 per cent, of the population. 

At the close of the Franco-German war the Germans took 
from the French 7.234 pieces of cannon, including 3,485 field 
pieces and 3,300 fortress guns. At the battle of Waterloo the 
British artillery fired 9,467 rounds, or one for every Frenchman 
killed. 

'Flie Decisive Battles of History. 

Actium, B.C. 31. The combined fleets of Antony and Cleo¬ 
patra defeated by Octavius, and imperialism established in the 
person of Octavius. 

Philippi, B.C. 42. Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius 
and Antony. The fate of the Republic decided. 

Metaurus, B.C. 207. The Carthaginians, under Hasdrubul, 
were defeated by the Romans, under Caius and Marcus Livius. 

Arbela, B.C. 331. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians 
and Greeks under Alexander the Great. End of the Persian 
empire. 

Syracuse, B.C. 414. The Athenians defeated by the Syracu¬ 
sans and their allies, the Spartans, under Gylippus. 

Marathon, B.C. 490. The Athenians, under Miltiades, de¬ 
feated the Persians under Datis. Free government preserved. 

Winfeld-Lippe, A.D. 9. Teutonic independence established 
by the defeat of the Roman legions under Varus at the hands of 
the Germans under Arminius (Hermann). 

Chalons, A.D. 451. The Huns, under Attila, called the 

92 















DECISIVE BATTLES OF HIS TORT. 

“ Scourge of God,” defeated by the confederate armies of 
Romans and Visigoths. 

Tours, A.D. 732. The Saracens defeated by Charles Martel 
and Christendom rescued from Islam. 

Hastings, A.D. 1066. Harold, commanding the English army, 
defeated by William the Conqueror, and a new regime established 
in England by the Normans. 

Siege of Orleans, A.D. 1429. The English defeated by the 
French under Joan of Arc. 

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588. England saved 
from Spanish invasion. 

Lutzen, A.D 1632. Decided the religious liberties of Germany 
Gustavus Adolphus killed. 

Blenheim, A.D. 1704. The French and Bavarians, undei 
Marshal Tallard, defeated by the English and their allies, undei 
Marlborough. 

Pultowa, A.D. 1709. Charles XII., of Sweden, defeated bji 
the Russians under Peter the Great. 

Saratqga, A.D. 1777 . Critical battle of the American Warol 
Independence. The English defeated by the Americans undei 
Gen. Gates. 

Valmy, A.D. 1792. An invading army of Prussians, Aus^ 
trians and Hessians, under the Duke of Brunswick, defeated bj 
the French under Kellermann. The first success of the Republif 
against foreigners. 

Trafalgar. On the 21st of October, A.D. 1805, the great navat 
battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the French 
and destroyed Napoleon’s hopes to successfully invade England. 

Waterloo, A.D. 1S15. The French, under Napoleon, defeated 
by the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, 
under Wellington. 

Siege of Sebastopol, A.D. 1854-5. The Russians succumbed 
to the beleaguering armies of England, France and Turkey, and 
the result was delay in the expansion of the Russian Empire. 

Gettysburg, July, A.D. 1863. The deciding battle of the war 
for the Union. The Confederates under Gen. Lee defeated by 
♦he Union forces under Meade. 

Sedan, A.D. 1870. The decisive battle of the Franco-German 
war. 

Slavery and Serfdom. 

Some of the wealthy Romans had as many as 10,000 slaves. 
The minimum price fixed by the law of Rome was $80, but after 
great victories they could sometimes be bought for a few shillings 
on the field of battle. The day’s wages of a Roman gardener 
were about *6 cents, and his value about $300, while a black- 

93 


SLA VERT AND SERFDOM. 


smith was valued at about $ 700 , a 'cook at $ 2 , 000 , an actress at 
$ 4 , 000 , and a physician at $ 11 , 000 . 

The number of slaves emancipated in the British Colonies in 
1834 was 780 , 993 , the indemnity aggregating, in round figures, 
$ 100 , 000 , 000 . In Brazil, in 1876 , there were 1 , 510,800 slaves, 15 
per cent, of the entire population. These were held by 41,000 
owners, averaging 37 to each owner. In 1882 the number of 
slaves was 1 , 300 , 000 . Owing to the gradual abolition of slavery 
in Brazil by law it is expected that it will be entirely obsolete in 
1900 . 

Slavery in the United States. 


Year. 

Number. 

Year. 

Number. 

1790. 

. 697,900 

1830. 

. 2,009,030 

1800. 

. 893,040 

1840. 

. 2,487,500 

1810..... . 

. 1,191,400 

1850. 

. 3,204,300 

1820. 

. 1,538,100 

1860. 

. 3,979,700 


Serfdom in Russia. 


There were 47 , 932,000 serfs in Russia in 1861 , as follows : 
Crown serfs, 22 , 851 , 000 ; appanage, 3 , 326 , 000 ; held by nobles, 
21 , 755 , 000 . The cost of redemption was, in round numbers, 
about $ 325 , 000 , 000 , as follows : 

Mortgages remitted.$152,000,000 

Government scrip. 101,000,000 

Paid by serfs.. 52,000,000 

Balance due... 20,000,000 

The indemnity to the nobles was $15 per serf. The lands are 
mortgaged to the state till 1912 . The lands ceded to Crown 
serfs are mortgaged only till 1901 . The item of “mortgages 
remitted ” is the amount due by nobles to the Imperial Bank 
and canceled. 

Austrian Servitude (1840). 


Value. 

Labor (two days per week).$175,000,000 

Tithe of crops, etc. 60,000,000 

Male tribute, timber. 7,000,000 

Female tribute, spun wool. 9,000,000 

Fowl, eggs, butter. 5,000,000 


Total. ...$256,000,000 


There were 7 , 000,000 serfs, whose tribute averaged more than 
$35 per head, which was, in fact, the rent of their farms. Some 
Bohemian nobles had as many as 10,000 serfs. The redemption 
was effected by giving the nobles 5 per cent. Government scrip, 
and land then rose 50 per cent, in value. 

94 





















German Serfs. 

In 1848 the state took 60 , 000,000 acres from the nobles, leaving 
them still 25 , 000,000 acres, and gave the former among the serfs. 
Indemnity as follows: 1 . Government scrip, $900 for each serf 
family, to nobleman. 2 . Land tax, $15 per annum, transferred 
to peasant. 3 . Interest, $35 per annum for 47 years, to be paid 
by peasant to the state, being 4 per cent, on cost of redemption. 


Famous Giants and Dwarfs. 


The most noted giants of ancient and modern times are as 
follows: 


Height, Feet. Period. 

11.0 B.C. 1063. 

Claudius Caesar. 
A.D. 1578. 


Name. Place. 

Goliath.Palestine. . 

Galbara.Rome .. 9.9 

John Middleton.England. 9.3 

Frederick’s Swede... Sweden. 8.4 . 

Cujanus.Finland . 7.9 . 

Gilly.Tyrol. 8.1 . 

Patrick Cotter.Cork. 8.7 1806. 

Chang Gow.Pekin. 7.8 1880. 

Many of the great men of history have been rather small in 
stature. Napoleon was only about 5 ft. 4 in., Washington was 
5 ft. 7 in. One of the greatest of American statesmen, Alexander 
H. Stephens, never excelled 115 pounds in weight, and in his old 
age his weight was less than 100 pounds. 

The more notable human mites are named below: 


Name. Height, inches. Date of Birth. Place of Birth. 

Count Borowlaski . 39 1739 Warsaw. 

Tom Thumb(Chas. S. Stratton) 31 1837 New York. 

Mrs. Tom Thumb. 32 1842 

Che-Mah . 25 1838 China. 

Lucia Zarate. 20 1863 Mexico. 

General Mite. 21 1864 New York. 


Evictions in Ireland. 

The total number of families evicted in Ireland for 33 years is 
482,000 as below: 


Years. Evicted. Re-admitted. Net Evictions. 

1849-51. 263,000 73,000 190,000 

1852-60. 110,000 28,000 82,000 

1861-70. 47,000 8,000 39,000 

1871-80. 41,000 6,000 35,000 

1881-82. 21,000 4,000 17,000 


Total. 482,000 119,000 363,000 


The number of persons actually evicted was over two millions 
(say 70,000 per annum). 


95 


































Great Financial Panics. 

The most remarkable crises since the beginning of the present 
century have been as follows: 

1814. England, 240 banks suspended. 

1825. Manchester, failures 2 millions. 

1831. Calcutta, failures,15 millions. 

1837. United States, “ Wild-cat” crisis; all banks closed. 

1839. Bank of England saved by Bank of France. Severe also 
in France, where 93 companies failed for 6 millions. 

1844. England. State loans to merchants. Bank of England 
reformed. 

1847. England, failures 20 millions; discount 13 per cent. 

1857. United States, 7,200 houses failed for 111 millions. 

1866. London, Overend-Gurney crisis; failures exceeded 100 
millions. 

1869. Black Friday in New York (Wall street), September 24. 

Excessive Heat in tlie Past. 

In 1303 and 1304 the Rhine, Loire and Seine ran dry. The 
heat in several French provinces during the summer of 1705 was 
equal to that of a glass furnace. Meat could be cooked by 
merely exposing it to the sun. Not a soul dare venture out be¬ 
tween noon and 4 p. m. In 1718 many shops had to close. The 
theaters never opened their doors for three months. Not a drop 
of water fell during six months. In 1773 the thermometer rose 
to 118 degrees. In 1778 the heat of Bologna was so great that a 
great number of people were stifled. There was not sufficient air 
for the breath, and people had to take refuge under the ground. 
In July, 1793, the heat again became intolerable. Vegetables 
were burned up, and fruit dried on the trees. The furniture and 
wood-work in dwelling-houses cracked and split up; meat went 
bad in an hour. 

Summer Heat in Various Countries* 

The following figures show the extreme summer heat in the 
various countries of the world : Bengal and the African desert, 
150 0 Fahrenheit; Senegal and Guadaloupe, 130 0 ; Persia, 125 0 ; 
Calcutta and Central America, 120 0 ; Afghanistan and the Ara¬ 
bian desert, no°; Cape of Good Hope and Utah, 105°; Greece, 
104 0 ; Arabia, 103 0 ; Montreal, 103 0 ; New York, 102 0 ; Spain, 
India, China, Jamaica, 100 0 ; Sierra Leone, 94 0 ; France, Den¬ 
mark, St. Petersburg, Shanghai, the Burman Empire, Buenos 
Ayres, and the Sandwich Islands, 90 0 ; Great Britain, Siam, and 
Peru, 85°; Portugal, Pekin and Natal, 8o°; Siberia, 77 0 ; Aus¬ 
tralia and Scotland, 75 0 ; Italy, Venezuela and Madeira, 73 0 ; 
Prussia and New Zealand, 70 0 ; Switzerland and Hungary, 66°; 
Bavaria, Sweden, Tasmania and Moscow, 65°; Patagonia and 
the Falkland Isles, 55 0 ; Iceland, 45 0 ; Nova Zembla, 34 0 . 

96 


Severest Cold on Record. 

1234. Mediterranean frozen; traffic with carts. 

1420. Bosphorus frozen. 

3468. Wine at Antwerp sold in blocks. 

1658. Swedish artillery crossed the Sound. 

1766.^ Snow knee-deep at Naples. 

1789. Fahrenheit thermometer marked 23 0 below zero at Frank¬ 
fort, and 36° below at Basle. 

1809. Moscow, 48° below zero, greatest- cold recorded there; 
mercury frozen. 

1829. Jakoutsk, Siberia, 73 0 below zero on the 25th of January; 
greatest cold on record. 

1846. December marked 25 0 below zero at Pontarlier; lowest 
ever marked in France. 

1864. January, Fahrenheit stood at zero in Turin; greatest cold 
recorded in Italy. 

Captain Parry, in his Arctic explorations, suffered for some 

time 51 degrees below zero. Frost is diminishing in Canada with 

the increase of population, as shown by the fact that Hudson’s 

Bay was closed, from i 828-’37, 184 days per annum, and from 

1871-80 only 179 days per annum. 


The Great Famines of History. * 


Walford mentions 160 famines since the nth century, namely: 
England, 57; Ireland 34; Scotland, 12; France, 10; Germany, 
11; Italy, etc., 36. The worst in modern times have been: 


Country. 

France 
Ireland 
India. . 


Date. No. of Victims. 

1770 48,000 

1847 1 , 029,000 

1866 1 , 450,000 


Deaths from hunger and want were recorded as follows in 
1879, according to Mulhall: Ireland, 3,789; England, 312; Lon¬ 
don, 101; France, 260. The proportion per 1,000 deaths was, re¬ 
spectively, 37.6, .6, i.2 t .3. 


Remarkable Plagues of Modern Times. 


Date. 

Place. 

Deaths. 

Weeks. 

Deaths per Week. 

1656 .. 

,.. Naples. 

.. . 380,000 

28 

10,400 

1665 .. 

,. . London. 

... 68,800 

33 

2,100 

1720 .. 

... Marseilles. 

... 39,100 

36 

1,100 

2,700 

1771 .. 

. . . Moscow. 

... 87,800 

32 

1778 .. 

. . . Constantinople . .. 

... 170,000 

18 

9,500 

1798 .. 

. .Cairo. 

... 88,000 

25 

3,500 

1812 .. 

. . Constantinople ... 

... 144,000 

13 

11,100 

3,200 

1834 .. 

. .Cairo. 

... 57,000 

18 

1835 .. 

..Alexandria . 

... 14,900 

17 

900 

1871 .. 

, . .Buenos Ayres . . . 

. . 26,300 

11 

2,400 


97 















Height oi Noted Cathedrals, Monuments, etc. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Eiflel Tower, Paris.989 

Washington Monument.555 

Pyramid, Cheops, Egypt. .. .543 

Cathedral, Cologne .511 

“ Antwerp.,.476 

“ Strasburg...474 

Tower, Utrecht ....... 464 

Steeple, St. Stephen’s, Vienna460 
Pyramid, Khafras, Egypt. ...456 
St..Martin’s Church, Bavaria.456 
Chimney, Port Dundas, Glas¬ 
gow . .454 

St. Peter’s, Rome .448 

Notre Dame, Amiens.422 

Salisbury Spire, England. .. 406 

Cathedral, Florence.380 

“ • Cremona.372 

“ Freiburg.367 

St. Paul’s, London .365 

Cathedr^, Seville.369 

Pyramid, Sakkarah, Egypt. .356 

Cathedral, Milan . .355 

Notre Dame, Munich.348 

Invalides, Paris .347 

Parliament House, London. .340 

Cathedral, Magdeburg..337 

St. Patrick’s, New York.. . .328 
St. Mark’s, Venice.328 


Cathedral, Bologna....... .321 

“ Norwich, Eng. . .309 

“ Chichester, Eng.300 

“ Lincoln, Eng. . .300 

Capitol, Washington ....'. .300 

St.James'Cathedral,Toronto.316 
Trinity Church, New York.283 

Cathedral, Mexico.280 

“ Montreal.280 

Campanile Tower, Florence.276 

Column, Delhi .260 

Cathedral, Dantzic.'.250 

Porcelain Tower, Nankin. .248 
Custom House, St. Louis. . .240 
Canterbury Tower, Engl’d.235 

Notre Dame, Paris.232 

Chicago Board of Trade.. .. 230 

St. Patrick’s, Dublin.226 

Cathedral, Glasgow.225 

Bunker Hill Monument.. . .220 

Notre Dame, Montreal.220 

Cathedral, Lima .220 

“ Rheims .220 

“ Garden City,L. 1.219 
St. Peter and Paul, Phila.... 210 
Washington Mon., Balto. . .210 
Vendome Column, Paris. . .153 


Principal of tlie Public Debt. 


1855 July 1 . 

..$ 35,586,858 

56 1872 July 1 . . 

$2,253,251,328 78 

1856 

44 

31,972,537 

90 1873 

it 

. 2,234,482,993 20 

1857 

44 

28,699,831 

851874 

it 

. 2,251,690,468 43 

1858 

44 

44,911,881 

03 

1875 

it 

. 2,232,284,531 95 

1859 

it 

58,496,837 

88 

1876 

it 

. 2,180,395,067 15 

1860 

u 

64,842,287 

88 

1877 

it 

. 2,205,301,392 10 

1861 

u 

90,580,873 

72 

1878 

it 

. 2,256,203,892 53 

1862 

44 

.. 524,176,412 

13 

1879 

it 

. 2,245,495,072 04 

1863 

it 

.. 1,119,772,138 

63 

1880 

44 

. 2,120,415.370 63 

1864 


.. 1,815,784,370 

57 

1881 

44 

. 2,069,013,569 58 

1865 

it 

.. 2,680,647,869 

74 

1882 

44 

. 1,918,312,994 03 

1866 

u 

.. 2,773,236,173 

69 

1883 

44 

1,S84,171,728 07 

1867 

it 

. . 2,678,126,103 

87 

1884 

U 

. 1,830,528,923 57 

1868 

a 

.. 2,611,687,851 

19 

1885 

44 

. 1,876,424,275 14 

1869 

a 

. . 2,588,452,213 

94 

1886 

44 

1,756,445,205 78 

1870 

a 

.. 2,480,672,427 

81 

1887 Dec.l.. . 

. 1,664,461,536 38 

1871 

u 

. 2,353,211,332 

32 

1888 

44 

. 1,680,917,706 23 

98 


1890 Dec. 1 . 


,..1,547 

,296,426 00 











































Religion in America, 



Churches. 

Ministers. 

Communi¬ 

cants. 

Adventists. 

1,344 

775 

91,769 

Baptists. 

37,156 

26,545 

3,336,553 

Congregationalists.. .. 

3,936 

8,723 

387,619 

Friends. 

392 

200 

96,000 

German Evangelical Church . 

550 

430 

80,000 

Lutherans.• 

6,130 

3,429 

785,987 

Methodists. 

41,271 

24,485 

3,943,875 

Mennonites. 

500 

450 

80,000 

Moravians. 

84 

70 

9,928 

New Jerusalem. . 

87 

92 

3,994 

Presbvterians. 

11,783 

8,834 

966,437 

Protestant Episcopal.. . 

3,109 

3,664 

351,699 

Reformed ... .... 

1,942 

1,320 

243,825 

Roman Catholics. 

Schwendfeldians .... 

6,241 

6,546 

6,832,954 

700 

Unitarians. 

362 

434 

20,000 

Universalists. .. 

719 

713 

36,238 

Total in United States. 

115,610 

81,717 

17,267,878 


Indian Country. 

The entire extent of territory now in a state of reservation 
for Indian purposes, including all portions of the Indian Terri¬ 
tory, whether in fact occupied or unoccupied by Indians, is 112 ,- 
413,440 acres, being equivalent to an average of 456 acres for 
each Indian, computed on the last reported number of the total 
population, including those estimated as outside the reservations. 
Of this area about 81 , 020,129 acres are within the scope of the 
general allotment law of 1887 , and afford an average for the 
population residing upon such lands, amounting to 173 , 985 , of 
about 465 acres to each. It will be seen that, by the execution 
of the general allotment law and breaking up of the reservations, 
a wide area of the public domain will be opened to settlement. 

The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Semi- 
noles, constituting the five civilized tribes; the Osages, Miamis, 
Peorias, and Sacs and Foxes of the Indian territory, and the 
Seneca nation in New York are excepted from the provisions of 
the allotment act. The territory occupied by them embraces 
21 , 969,695 acres, not counting therewith the 6 , 024,239 acres of 
the Cherokee outlet, the 1 , 887,801 acres known as Oklahoma, 
and the 1 , 511,576 acres lying in the Indian territory south of the 
north fork of the Red river. The number of these excepted 
Indians is shown by the reports to be 72,110 in all. 
































I^and Monopoly. 

The following is a table of the leading alien holders of lands 
in the United States, with amount of holdings in acres : 


An English syndicate, No. 3 , in Texas. 3,000,000 

The Holland Land Co., New Mexico. 4,500,000 

Sir Edw. Reid and a syndicate, Florida. 2,000,000 

English syndicate in Mississippi. 1,800,000 

Marquis of Tweedale. 1,750,000 

Phillips, Marshall & Co., London. 1,300,000 

German-American syndicate, London. 750,000 

Bryan H. Evans, of London. 700,000 

Duke of Sutherland. 425,000 

British Land Company in Kansas. 320,000 

Wm. Wharley, M. P., Peterboro, Eng.. 310,000 

Missouri Land Co., Edinburgh, Scotland. 300,000 

Robert Tennent, of London. . 230,000 

Dundee Land Co., Scotland. 247,000 

Lord Dunmore. 120,000 

Benjamin Nettgas, Liverpool. 100,000 

Lord Houghton in Florida. 60,000 

Lord Dunraven in Colorado. 60,000 

English Land Company in Florida. 50,000 

English Land Company in Arkansas. 50,000 

Albert Peel, M. P., Leicestershire, Eng. 10,0C0 

Sir J. L. Kay, Yorkshire, Eng. 5,000 

Alexander Grant, of London, in Kans. 35,000 

English syndicate, Wisconsin. 110,000 

M. Ellerhauser, of Halifax, in W. Va.. 600,000 

A Scotch syndicate in Florida. .. 500,000 

A. Boysen, Danish consul in Milwaukee. . 50,000 

Missouri Land Company, of Edinburgh. 165,000 


Total..20,647,000 


To these syndicate holdings should be added the following: 
The Arkansas Yalley Company in Colorado,a foreign corporation, 
whose inclosures embrace upward of 1 , 000,000 acres; the Prairie 
Cattle Company (Scotch) in Colorado, upwards of 1 , 000 , 000 ; 
H. H. Metcalf, River Bend, Col., 200 , 000 ; John W. Powers, 
Colorado, 200 , 000 ; McDaniel & Davis, Colorado, 75 , 000 ; Routch- 
ler & Lamb, Colorado, 40 , 000 ; J. W. Frank, Colorado, 40 , 000 ; 
Garnett & Langford, Colorado, 30 , 000 ; E. C. Tane, Colorado, 
50 , 000 ; Leivesy Brothers, Colorado, 150 , 000 ; Vrooman & McFife, 
Colorado, 50 , 000 ; Beatty Brothers, Colorado, 40 , 000 ; Chick, 
Brown & Co., Colorado, 30 , 000 ; Reynolds Cattle Company, 
Colorado, 50 , 000 ; several other cases in Colorado, embracing 
from 10,000 to 30 , 000 ; Coe & Carter, Nebraska, fifty miles of 
fence; J. W. Wilson, Nebraska, forty miles; J. W. Boster, twenty 
miles; William Humphrey/Nevada, thirty miles; Nelson & Son, 
Nevada, twenty-two miles; Kennebec Ranch, Nebraska, from 
20^00 to 50,000 acres. 100 
































The American Indian. 

The total Indian population of the United States in 1887 , 
exclusive of Alaska, was 247 , 761 . 

The Indian reservations in 1886 amounted to 135 , 978 , 345 ; acres, 
or 212,466 square miles approximately. 

The popular idea that there was originally a large Indian 
population in the territory now covered by the United States, 
and that the numbers have decreased with each succeeding gene¬ 
ration, as it came in contact‘with the fire-arms and fire-water of 
the white man’s civilization, is probably erroneous. There are 
no statistics available, but careful observation and comparison 
has induced such students of Indian history as Mr. J. P. Dunn, 
Jr., to fix the Indian population of our present Territory, at the 
time of European colonization, at 530,000 approximately, and 
Mr. Elbridge S. Brooks, the latest writer upon the Indians, 
materially modifies those figures, expressing the opinion that in 
1600 there were not over half a million of Indians between the 
shores of the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic Ocean, and, in 
fact, that the Indian population of today is substantially the 
same in volume that it was when Columbus discovered America, 
or Leif Ericson either. 

Illiteracy. 


The 1880 census enumerates 36 , 761,607 persons of ten years of 
age and upward. Of this number 4 , 923 , 451 , or 13.4 per cent., are 
returned as unable to read, and 6 , 239 , 958 , or 17 per cent., as 
unable to write. The following States show over 40 per cent, 
of their population as unable to write: Alabama, 60 ; Florida, 43 ; 
Georgia, 50 ; Louisiana, 49 ; Mississippi, 50 ; New Mexico, 65 ; 
North Carolina, 48 ; South Carolina, 55 ; and Virginia, 41 , and 
the following States with less than 5 per cent, unable to read: 
Connecticut, 4 ; Dakota, 3 ; Illinois, 4 ; Indiana,. 5 ; Iowa, 2 ; 
Kansas, 4 ; Maine, 4 ; Michigan, 4 ; Minnesota, 4 ; Montana, 5 ; 
Nebraska, New Hampshire, 4 ; New Jersey, 5 ; Ne^v York, 
4 ; Ohio, 4 ; Oregon, 4 ; Pennsylvania, Utah, 5 ; Virginia, 5 , and 
Wisconsin, 4 . 


Average of Import Duties in 

Ratio to 
Imports. 

Per Cent. 


United Kingdom.. .. 

5 

F ranee. 

6 

Germany. 

6 

Russia. 

18 

Austria. 

5 

Italy. 

. 11 

Spain. 

. 24 

Portugal.. 

. 26 

Holland. 

1 


Various Countries. 

Ratio tf 
Imports 
Per Cent 

Belgium. 1% 

Denmark . 9 

Sweden and Norway. 12 

Europe. 

United States. 28 

Canada . 15 

Australia . 13 

Brazil. 44 

Argentine Republic. . 37 


101 



















Organised Labor in the Lnitedi States. 

The first strike in this country occurred in New York City in 
1803 , when a number of sailors struck for an advance of wages. 

1806 . The tailors this year established the first organization in 
the United States, in the present form of a trades union. 

1819 . The hatters organized a union of their craft. 

1825 - 30 . The Columbia Charitable Association of Shipwrights 
and Caulkers was organized. 

1825 . As early as this year the questions of shorter hours of 
work, better wages and protection of operatives in factories were 
being agitated, and during the years that immediately followed, 
social unions of different crafts were springing up in cities and 
manufacturing centers. 

1828 . The Workingmen’s Party, a local political organization 
in New York, Boston, Philadelphia and other cities, appeared. 

1829 . At the State election in New York a workingmen’s 
ticket was put in the field, and elected one candidate to the 
Legislature—Ebenezer Ford, of New York. 

1831 . First local unions of printers. 

1831 . The New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics 
and Workingmen formed. 

1832 . Ten-hour movement among the shipwrights and caulk¬ 
ers throughout New England cities was followed by strikes, 
which proved unsuccessful. 

1834 . A mechanics’ convention met at Utica, N. Y., and pro¬ 
tested against convict labor. 

1835 . From this year onward strikes occurred in the different 
trades from time to time, with varying results. 

1840 . About this time many trades were organized, and some 
were enrolled in Labor Reform associations. 

1840 . President Van Buren established the ten-hour system 
for all employes of the Government in the Navy Yards. 

1844 - 45 . Firs* [effort of co-operation in connection with the 
labor movement originated in Boston. 

1845 . The New England Workingmen’s Association was or¬ 
ganized in Boston. 

1845 , October 12 . The first Industrial Congress of the United 
States convened in New York. 

1847 . New Hampshire passed a law making ten hours a legal 
day’s work. 

1850 . The labor agitation at this period was principally 
directed to a reduction in hours of work by legal enactment. It 
entered into politics and many candidates were run on that 
issue. 

1850 - 60 . National and international trades unions were organ¬ 
ized, granting charters to local bodies and organizing new 
branches, from Maine to California. 

1861 - 65 . The eight-hour movement obtained great impetus 
during the war t 102 


HIS TORT OF ORGANIZED LABOR 


1866 . There was a revival of the labor movement, and many 
new organizations were formed. 

1864 . The Cigarmakers’ International Union was formed. 

1866 . An eight-hour bill for the benefit of Government em¬ 
ployes was introduced in Congress, and finally became a law in 
1868 by the signature of President Johnson. 

1866 . First National Labor Congress met at Baltimore, August 
20 . This body met annually in different cities for several years. 

1869 . The Knights of Labor were organized in Philadelphia. 

The labor movement from 1870 to the present time has been a 
continuous growth in the number of trades unions and increase 
in their membership, attended by strikes, lock-outs and settle¬ 
ments by arbitration, the agitation for labor legislation and 
efforts at political party organization. Congress created a 
National Bureau of Labor in 1884 . 

Most of the trades unions organizations in the United States 
were represented at a convention held at Columbus, O., in 
December, 1886 , when a national organization was formed, a 
constitution adopted and the title taken of The American 
Federation of Labor. This body and the Order of Knights of 
Labor of America (which is a secret order) are the two principal 
national labor organizations of the United States. 


The total number of newspapers published in the world at 
present is estimated at about 40 , 000 , distributed as follows; 
United States, 15 , 000 ; Germany, 5 , 500 ; Great Britain, 5 , 000 , 
France, 4 , 092 ; Japan, 2 , 000 ; Italy, 1 , 400 ; Austria-Hungary, 
1 , 200 ; Asia, exclusive of Japan, 1 , 000 ; Spain, 850 ; Russia, 800 ; 
Australia, 700 ; Greece, 600 ; Switzerland, 450 ; Holland, 300 ; 
Belgium, 300 ; all others, 1 , 000 . Of these about half are printed 
in the English language. 

Coal in the United States. —This country has an area 
of between 300,000 and 400,000 square miles of known coal fields, 
from which 1 million tons is mined yearly—enough to belt the 
earth at the equator with a ring five and a half feet thick by five 
and a half feet wide. The quantity “in sight” is estimated to be 
sufficient to supply the whole world for a period of fifteen 
hundred to two thousand years. 

Roman money mentioned in the New Testament, reduced to 
English and American standard : 


£ s. d. far. $ cts. 

Amite . 0 0 0 0/75 0 00.354 

A farthing, about . 0001.50 0 00 687 

A penny, or denarius. 0 0 7 2. 0 13.75 

A pound, or mina. 3 2 6 0. 13 75. 


103 









PARLIAMENTARY LAW AT A GLANCE 


List of Motions Arranged According to their Purpose and Effect. 

[Letters refer to rules below.] 

Modifying or amending. 

3. To amend or to substitute, or to divide the question 
To refer to committee. 

7 . To commit (or recommit) ... 

Deferring Action. 

6. To postpone to a fixed time - 

4 . To lay on the table .... 

Suppressing or extending debate. 

5 . For the previous question 
To limit, or close, debate 
To extend limits of debate 

Suppressing the question. 

Objection to consideration of question 
9 . To postpone indefinitely 
4 . To lay upon the table - 
To bring up a question the second time. 


To reconsider 


debatable question 
undebatable question 
Concerning Orders , Rules , etc. 

3 . For the orders of the day - 
To make subject a special order - 
To amend the rules - 

To suspend the rules - - - - - 

To take up a question out of its proper order 
To take from the table - - - - 

Questions touching priority of business 
Questions of privilege. 

Asking leave to continue speaking after indecorum 
Appeal from chair’s decision touching indecorum 
Appeal from chair’s decision generally 
Question upon reading of papers - 
Withdrawal of a motion - 
Closing a meeting. 

2 . To adjourn (in committees, to rise), or to take a 
recess, without limitation .... 

1 . To fix the time to which to adjourn ... 

Order of Precedence.— The motions above numbered 
cedence over all others in the order given , and an y one of them , except to amend 
or substitute , is in order while a motion of a lower rank is pending. 

Rule A. Undebatable, but remarks may be tacitly allowed. 

Rule B. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. 

Rule C. Limited debate allowed on propriety of postponement only. 

Rule D. Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do 
not allow of reference to main question. 

Rule E. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when 
there is no other business before the house. 

Rule F. Cannot be reconsidered. 

Rule G. An affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered. 

Rule II. In order when another has the floor. 

Rule I. A motion to reconsider may be moved and entered when another 
has the floor, but the business then before the house may not 
be set aside. This motion can only be entertained when made 
by one who voted originally with the prevailing side. When 
called up it takes precedence of all others which may come up, 
excepting only motions relating to adjournment. 

Rule K. A motion to amend an amendment cannot be amended. 

104 


L 

- 

- 

K 

- 

- 

- 

D 




C 

- 

A 

E 

G 


A 

E 

M 


_ 

A 

M 

- 

- 

- 

A 

A 

II 

M 

N 

. 

- 

D 

E 

- 

A 

E 

G 

D 

E 

F 

I 

A 

E 

F 

I 

A 

E 

H 

N 

- 

- 

- 

M 




M 

A 

E 

F 

M 

- 

- 

A 

E 

- 

A 

E 

G 

- 

- 

- 

A 

1 



A 

A 

E 

II 

L 

- 

E 

H 

L 

- 

- 

A 

E 

- 

- 

A 

E 

- 

A 

E 

F 

- 

- 

- 

B 

1 to 

9 

take 

1 

1 , except to amend 




PA R LIA MEN TART LA IV. 

Rule L. When an appeal from the chair’s decision results in a tie vote, the 
chair is sustained. 

Rule M. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. 
Rule N. Does not require to be seconded. 

GENERAL RULES. 

No motion is open for discussion until it has been stated by the chair. 
The maker of a motion cannot modify it or withdraw it after it has 
been stated by the chair, except by general consent. 

Only one reconsideration of a question is permitted. 

A motion to adjourn, to lay on the table, or to take from the table, can¬ 
not be renewed unless some other motion has been made in the interval. 

On motion to strike out the words, “Shall the words stand part of the 
motion?” unless a majority sustains the words, they are struck out. 

On motion for previous question, the form to be observed is, “Shall the 
main question be now put?” This, if carried, ends debate. 

On an appeal from the chair’s decision, “Shall the decision be sustained 
as the ruling of the house?” The chair is generally sustained. 

On motion for orders of the day, “Will the house now proceed to the 
orders of the day?” This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions. 

When an objection is raised to consideiing questions, “Shall the ques¬ 
tion be considered?” objections may be made by any member before debate 
has commenced, but not subsequently. 


Letter Combinations.— When King Stanislaus of Poland, 

then a young man, came back from a journey, the whole Lescinskian House 
gathered together at Lissa to receive him. The schoolmaster, Jablowsky, prepared 
a festival in commemoration of the event, and had it end with a ballet performed by 
thirteen students, dressed as cavaliers. Each had a shield, upon which one of the 
letters of the words “ Domus Lescinia” (The Lescinskian House) was written in 
gold. After the first dance, they stood in such a manner that their shields read 
"Domus Lescinia after the second dance, they changed order, making it read, 
" Ades incokumis” (Unharmed art thou here); after the third, “ Mane sidus loci” 
(Continue the star of this place); after the fourth, “ Sis columng. Dei ” (Be a pillar 
of God); and finally, "II scande solium!” (Go! ascend the throne). Indeed, 
these two words allow of 1,556,755,200 transpositions; yet that four of them convey 
independent and appropriate meanings is certainly very curious. 

To Tell Pure Water.— The color, odor, taste and purity 
of water can be ascertained as follows: Fill a large bottle made of colorless glass 
with water; look through the water at some black object. Pour out some of the 
water and leave the bottle half full; cork the bottle and place it for a few hours in a 
warm place ; shake up the water, remove the cork, and critically smell the air con¬ 
tained in the bottle. If it has any smell, particularly if the odor is repulsive, the 
water should not be used for domestic purposes. By heating the water an odor is 
evolved that would not otherwise appear. Water fresh from the well is usually 
tasteless, even if it contains a large amount of putrescible organic matter. All water 
for domestic purposes should be perfectly tasteless, and remain so even after it has 
been warmed, since warming often develops a taste in water which is tasteless when 
cold. 

Hand Grenades.—'T ake chloride of calcium, crude, 20 parts ; 

common salt, 5 parts ; and water, 75 parts. Mix and put in thin bottles. In case 01 
fire, a bottle so thrown that it will break in or very near the fire will put it out. This 
mixture is better and cheaper than many of the high-priced grenades sold for the 
purpose of fire protection. 

How to Get Rid of Rats.— Get a piece of lead pipe and use 

it as a funnel to introduce about 1 1 / 2 ounces of sulphide of potassium into any outside 
holes tenanted by rats, not to be used in dwellings. To get rid of mice use tartar 
emetic mingled with any favorite food ; they will eat, sicken and take their leave. 

105 



Great Fires and Conflagrations. 

London, Sept. 2 - 6 , 1666 .—Eighty-nine churches, many public 

buildings and 13,200 houses destroyed; 400 streets laid waste; 200,000 persons home¬ 
less. The ruins covered 436 acres. 

New York, Dec. 16 , 1835.—600 buildings; loss, $ 20 , 000 , 000 . 

Sept. 6, 1839.—$10,000,000 worth of property. 

Pittsburgh, April 10 , 1845 .— 1,000 buildings; loss, $ 6 , 000 , 000 . 
Philadelphia, July 9 , 1850.—350 buildings; loss, $ 1 , 500 , 000 ; 25 

persons killed; 9 drowned; 120 wounded. 

St. Louis, May 4 , 1851 .—Large portion of the city burned; 

loss, $15,000,000. 

San Francisco, May 3 - 5 , 1851 .— 2,500 buildings; loss, $ 3 , 500 ,- 

000; many lives lost. June 22, 1851.—500 buildings; loss, $3,000,000. 

Santiago (Spain), Dec. 8 , 1863 .—A fire in the church of 
the Campania, beginning amid combustible ornaments; 2,000 persons killed, 
mostly women. 

Charleston, S. C., Feb. 17 , 1865 .—Almost totally destroyed, 

with large quantities of naval and military stores. 

Richmond, Va., April 2 and 3 , 1865 .—In great part destroyed 
by fire at time of Confederate evacuation. 

Portland, Me., July 4 , 1866 .—Almost entirely destroyed; loss, 

$15,000,000. 

Chicago, Oct. 8 and 9 , 1871 .—square miles laid waste; 

17,450 buildings destroyed; 200 persons killed; 98,500 made homeless. July 14, 
1874.—Another great fire; loss, $4,000,000. 

Great forest fires in Michigan and Wisconsin, October 8 - 14 , 

1871.—2,000 lives lost. 

Boston, Nov. 9 - 11 , 1872.—800 buildings; loss, $ 73 , 000 , 000 ; 15 

killed. 

Fall River, Mass., Sept. 19 , 1874 .—Great factory fires; 60 per¬ 
sons killed. 

St. John, N. B., June 21 , 1876 .—Loss, $ 12 , 500 , 000 . 

Brooklyn Theater burned, Dec. 5 , 1876.—300 lives lost. 

Seattle and Spokane, Wash., 1889 .—About $ 10 , 000,000 each. 

Great Floods and Inundations. 

An inundation in Cheshire, England, A.D. 353 .— 3,000 per¬ 
sons perished. 

Glasgow, A.D. 758 .—More than 400 families drowned. 

Dort, April 17 , 1421.—72 villages submerged; 100,000 people 

drowned. 

Overflow of the Severn, A.D. 1483 , lasting ten days.—Men, 
women and children carried away in their beds, and the waters covered the tops ol 
many mountains. 

General inundation in Holland, A.D. 1530 .—By failure of dikes; 

400,000 said to have been drowned. 

At Catalonia, A.D. 1617 .— 50,000 drowned. 

Johnstown, Pa., May 31 , 1889 .—By the bursting of a huge 

reservoir on the mountains, the town was almost entirely destroyed, and about 6,000 
persons perished. The water in its passage to Johnstown descended about 250 feet. 
The theoretical velocity due to this descent would be about 127 feet per second or be¬ 
tween 86 and 87 miles an hour. According to the best accounts from 15 to 17 minutes 
were occupied in the passage to Johnstown, a distance of about twelve miles. 
Thus the average velocity could not have been far short of 50 miles an hour. The 
impetus of such a mass of water was irresistible. As the flood burst through the 
dam it cut trees away as if they were stalks of mullein. 

106 


INTERESTING FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


A hawk flies 150 miles per hour; an eider duck, 90 miles; a 
pigeon, 40 miles. 

A man’s working life is divided into four decades; 20 to 30 , 
bronze; 30 to 40 , silver; 40 to 50 , gold; 50 to 60 , iron. Intellect 
and judgment are strongest between 40 and 50 . 

Hair which is lightest in color is also lightest in weight. 
Light or blonde hair is generally the most luxuriant, and it has 
been calculated that the average number of hairs of this color on 
an average person’s head is 140 , 000 ; while the number of brown 
hairs is 110 , 000 , and black only 103 , 000 . 

Goldsmith received $300 for the “Vicar of Wakefield ;”'Moore, 
$ 15,500 for “Lalla Rookh;” Victor Hugo, $ 12,000 for “Hernani;” 
Chateaubriand, $ 110,000 for his works; Lamartine, $ 16,000 for 
“Travels in Palestine;” Disraeli, $ 50,000 for “Endymion;” 
Anthony Trollope, $ 315,000 for forty-five novels; Lingard, $ 21 ,- 
500 for his “History of England;” Mrs. Grant received over 
$ 600,000 as royalty from the sale of “The Personal Memoirs of 
U. S. Grant.” 

One woman in 20 , one man in 30 is barren—about 4 per cent. 
It is found that one marriage in 20 is barren —5 per cent. Among 
the nobility of Great Britain, 21 per cent, have no children, owing 
partly to intermarriage of cousins, no less than 4 ^ per cent, 
being married to cousins. 

The capital employed in banking in the principal countries is 
as follows: Great Britain, $ 4 , 020 , 000 , 000 ; United States, $ 2 , 655 ,- 
000 , 000 ; Germany, $ 1 , 425 , 000 , 000 ; France, $ 1 , 025 , 000 , 000 ; Austria, 
$ 830 , 000 , 000 ; Russia, $ 775 , 000 , 000 ; Italy, $ 455 , 000 , 000 ; Australia, 
$ 425 , 000 , 000 ; Canada, $ 175 , 000 , 000 . 

The largest bells are the following, and their weight is given 
in tons: Moscow, 216 ; Burmah, 117 ; Pekin, 53 ; Novgorod, 31 ; 
Notre Dame, 18 ; Rouen, 18 ; Olmutz, 18 ; Vienna, 18 ; St. Paul’s, 
16 ; Westminster, 14 ; Montreal, 12 ; Cologne, 11 ; Oxford, 8 ; St. 
Peter’s, 8 . 

Bell-metal should have 77 parts copper, and 23 tin. 

American life average for professions (Boston): Store¬ 
keepers, 41.8 years; teamsters, 43.6 years; laborers, 44.6 years; 
seamen, 46.1 years; mechanics, 47.3 years; merchants, 48 . 4 years; 
lawyers, 52.6 years; farmers, 64.2 years. 

In the small-pox epidemic of . 1881 , in England, the returns 
showed 4,478 deaths per million inhabitants —98 vaccinated to 
4,380 unvaccinated, or in the proportion of 44 to 1 . In the epi¬ 
demic at Leipsic in 1871 , the death rate was 12,700 per million, 
70 per cent, of whom were unvaccinated. These figures are by 
Dr. Mulhall. In Boston the proportion was 15 to 50 , and in 
Philadelphia, 17 to 64 . 


107 



FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


During the Franco-German war the Germans lost only 263 
men from this disease, the French 23,499, the fc> rm e r having been 
revaccinated in barracks. In the war in Paraguay, the Bra¬ 
zilians lost 43,000 men from malignant or black small-pox, that 
is, 35 per cent, of their army, nine cases in ten proving fatal. 

A camel has twice the carrying power of an ox; with an 
ordinary load of 400 lbs. he can travel 12 to 14 days without 
water, going 40 miles # day. Camels are fit to work at 5 years 
old, but their strength begins to decline at 25, although they live 
usually till 40. 

The'Checks paid in New York and London in one month 
aggregate $6,350,000,000, which is greatly in excess of the value 
of all the gold and silver coin in existence. 

Pounds of water evaporated by 1 lb. of fuel as follows: 
Straw, 1.9; wood, 3.1; peat, 3.8; coke or charcoal, 6.4; coal, 7.9; 
petroleum, 14.6. 

In 1877 the newspaper Nationale of Paris had ten pigeons 
which carried dispatches daily between Versailles and Paris in 
fifteen to twenty minutes. In November, 18S2, some pigeons, in 
face of a strong wind, made the distance of 160 miles, from Can¬ 
ton Vaud to Paris, in 6^ hours, or 25 miles per hour. 

The average elevation of continents above sea level is: Europe, 
670 feet; Asia, 1,140 feet; North America, 1,150 feet; South 
America, 1,100 feet. 

In 1684, four men were taken alive out of a mine in England, 
after 24 days without food. In 1880, Dr. Tanner, in New York, 
lived on water for 40 days, losing 36 lbs. in weight. 

The fair of Nijni-Novgorod is the greatest in the world, the 
value of goods sold being as follows: 1841, $35,000,000; 1857, 
$60,000,000; 1876, $140,000,000; the attendance in the last named 
year including 150,000 merchants from all parts of the world. 
Tn that of Leipsic the annual average of sales is $20,000,000, 
comprising 20,000 tons of merchandise, of which two-fifths is 
books. 

The average annual production of flax is as follows: Russia, 
270,000 tons; Austria, 53,000; Germany, 48,000; Belgium and 
Holland, 38,000; France, 37,000; United Kingdom, 25,000; Italy, 
23,000; United States, 12,000; Scandinavia, 4,000—total, 510,000 
tons. 

A body weighing 140 lbs. produces 3 lbs. ashes; time for burn- 
ing, 55 minutes. 

The six largest diamonds in the world weigh, respectively, as 
follows: Kohinoor, 103 carats; Star of Brazil, 125 carats; Regent 
of France, 136 carats; Austrian Kaiser, 139 carats; Russian Czar, 
193 carats; Rajah of Borneo, 367 carats. The value of the above 
is not regulated by size, nor easy to estimate, but none of them 
is worth less than $500,000. 


FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 

According to Orfila, the proportion of nicotine in Havana 
tobacco is 2 per cent.; in French, 6 per cent., and in Virginia 
tobacco, 7 per cent. That in Brazilian is still higher. 

There were 2,180 lepers in Norway in 1883, accordingto Mul- 
hall. The numbers in Spain and Italy are considerable. In the 
Sandwich Islands the disease is so prevalent that the island of 
Molokai is set apart for lepers, who are under the direction of a 
French Jesuit priest. The death of Father Damien, in 1889, 
called attention to the noblest instance of self-sacrifice recorded 
in the nineteenth century. His place is now filled by a younger 
member of his order, who voluntarily sacrifices his health and 
life to aid the outcasts. In the Seychelles Islands leprosy is also 
common. 

One horse-power will raise 16 ]A, tons per minute a height of 12 
inches, working 8 hours a day. This is about 9,900 foot-tons daily, 
or 12 times a man’s work. 

The horse-power of Niagara is 3^ million nominal, equal to 
10 million horses effective. 

Good clear ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on; 
four inches thick will bear horses and riders; ^ix inches thick 
will bear horses and teams with moderate loads. 

The percentage of illegitimate births for various countries, as 
stated by Mulhall, is as follows: Austria, 12.9; Denmark, 11.2; 
Sweden, 10.2; Scotland, 8.9; Norway, 8.05; Germany, 8.04; 
France, 7.02; Belgium, 7.0; United States, 7.0; Italy, 6.8; Spain 
and Portugal, 5.5; Canada, 5.0; Switzerland, 4.6; Holland, 3.5; 
Russia, 3.1; Ireland, 2.3; Greece, 1.6. 

India Rubber is obtained mostly from the Seringueros of the 
Amazon, who sell it for about 12 cents a pound to the merchants 
of Para, but its value on reaching England or the United States 
is over 50 cents a pound. The best rubber forests in Brazil will 
ultimately be exhausted, owing to the reckless mode followed by 
the Seringueros, or tappers. The ordinary product of a tapper’s 
work is from 10 to 16 lbs. daily. There are 120 india rubber 
manufacturers in the United States, employing 15,000 operatives, 
who produce 280,000 tons of goods, valued at $260,000,000 per 
annum. 

One pair of rabbits can become multiplied in four years into 
1,250,000. They were introduced in Australia a few years ago, 
and now that colony ships 6,000,000 rabbit skins yearly to Eng¬ 
land. 

The largest of the Pyramids, that of Cheops, is composed of 
four million tons of stone, and occupied 100,000 men during 20 
years, equal to an outlay of $200,000,000. It would now cost $20,- 
000,000 at a contract price of 36 cents per cubic foot. 

One tug on the Mississippi can take, in six days, from St. 

109 


FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS . 

Louis to New Orleans, barges carrying 10,000 tons of grain, 
which would require 70 railway trains of fifteen cars each. Tugs 
in the Suez Canal tow a vessel from sea to sea in 44 hours. 

Comparative Scale of Strength.— Ordinary man, 100; 
Byron’s Gladiator, 173; Farnese Hercules, 362; Horse, 750. 

A man will die for want of air in five minutes; for want of 
sleep, in ten days; for want of water, in a week; for want of 
food, at varying intervals, dependent on various circum¬ 
stances. 

The average of human life is 33 years. One child out of every 
four dies before the age of 7 years, and only one-half of the 
world’s population reach the age of 17. One out of 10,000 
reaches 100 years. The average number of births per day is 
about j 20,000, exceeding the deaths by about 15 per minute. 
There have been many alleged cases of longevity in all ages, but 
only a few are authentic. 

The ratio of sickness rises and falls regularly with death rate 
in all countries, as shown by Dr. Farr and Mr. Edmonds at the 
London Congress of i860, when the following rule was estab¬ 
lished: Of 1,000 persons, aged 30, it is probable 10 will die in 
the year, in which case there will be 20 of that age sick through¬ 
out the year, and 10 invalids. Of 1,000 persons, aged 75, it is 
probable that 100 will die in the year, in which case the sick and 
invalids of that age will be 300 throughout the year. For every 
100 deaths let there be hospital beds for 200 sick, and infirmaries 
for 100 invalids. 

The estimated number of religious denominations among 
English-speaking communities throughout the world is as fol¬ 
lows: Episcopalians, 21,100,000; Methodists of all descriptions, 
15,800,000; Roman Catholics, 14,340,000; Presbyterians of all 
descriptions, 10,500,000; Baptists of all descriptions, 8,160,000; 
Congregationalists, 6,000,000; Unitarians, 1,000,000; Free 
Thought, 1,100,000; minor religious sects, 2,000,000; of no par¬ 
ticular religion, 20,000,000. Total English speaking population, 
100,000,000. 

The various nations of Europe are represented in the list of 
Popes as follows: English, 1; Dutch, 1; Swiss, 1; Portuguese, 1; 
Afiican, 2; Austrian, 2; Spanish, 5; German, 6; Syrian, 8; Greek, 
14*; French, 15; Italian, 197. Eleven Popes reigned over 20 
years; 69, from *10 to 20; 57, from 5 to 10; and the reign of 116 
was less than 5 years. The reign of. Pius IX. was the longest 
of all, the only one exceeding 25 years. Pope Leo XIII. is the 
25Sch Pontiff. The full number of the Sacred College is 70, 
namely: Cardinal Bishops, 6; Cardinal Priests, 50; Cardinal 
Deacons, 14. At present there are 62 Cardinals. The Roman 
Catholic hierarchy throughout the world, according to official 

110 


FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


returns published at Rome in 1884, consisted of 11 Patriarchs, 
and 1*153 Archbishops and Bishops. Including 12 coadjutor or 
auxiliary bishops, the number of Roman Catholic archbishops 
and bishops now holding office in the British Empire is 134. The 
numbers of the clergy are approximate only. 

Consumption. —Of the total number of deaths the percent¬ 
age traceable to consumption in the several States and Territories 
is as follows: Alabama, 9.6; Arizona, 6.1; Arkansas, 6.4; Cali¬ 
fornia, 15.6; Colorado, 8.2; Connecticut, 15.1; Dakota, 8.8; 
Delaware, 16.1; District of Columbia, 18.9; Florida, 8.3; Georgia, 
7.9; Idaho, 6.8; Illinois, 10.3, Indiana, 12.6; Iowa, 9.9; Kansas, 7.3; 
Kentucky, 15.7; Louisiana, 10.4; Maine, 19.2; Maryland, 14.0; 
Massachusetts, 15.7; Michigan, 13.2; Minnesota, 9.3; Mississippi, 
8.8; Missouri, 9.8; Montana, 5.6; Nebraska, 8.8; Nevada, 6.3; 
New Hampshire, 5.6; New Jersey, 8.9; New Mexico, 2.4; New 
York, 8.1; North Carolina, 9.5; Ohio, 13.8; Oregon, 12.1; Penn¬ 
sylvania, 12.6; Rhode Island, 14.6; South Carolina,9.8; Tennes¬ 
see, 14.5; Texas, 6.5; Utah, 2.8; Vermont, 16.1; Virginia, 12.2; 
Washington, 13.2; West Virginia, 13.0; Wisconsin, 10.4; Wyom¬ 
ing, 2.6; Average, 12.0. 

Capacity of the largest public buildings in the world: Coli¬ 
seum, Rome, 87,000; St. Peter’s, Rome, 54,000; Theater of 
Pompey, Rome, 40,000; Cathedral, Milan, 37,000; St. Paul’s, 
Rome, 32,000; St. Paul’s, London, 31,000; St. Petronia, Bologna, 
26,000; Cathedral, Florence, 24,300; Cathedral, Antwerp, 24,000; 
St. John Lateran, Rome, 23,000; St. Sophia’s, Constantinople, 
23,000; Notre Dame, Paris, 21,500; Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 
20,000; Cathedral, Pisa, 13,000; St. Stephen’s, Vienna, 12,400; St. 
Dominic’s, Bologna, 12,000; St. Peter’s, Bologna, 11,400; Cathe¬ 
dral, Vienna, 11,000; Gilmore’s Garden, New York, 8,443; 
La Scala, Milan, 8,000; Auditorium, Chicago, 7,000; Mormon 
Temple, Sait Lake City, 8,000; St. Mark’s, Venice, 7,500; Spur¬ 
geon’s Tabernacle, London, 6,000; Bolshoi Theater, St. Peters¬ 
burg, 5,000; Tabernacle (Talmage’s), Brooklyn, 5,000; Music 
Hall, Cincinnati, 4,824. 

There are 3,000,000 opium smokers in China. A paper read 
before the New York Medical Society by Dr. F. N. Hammond 
presents some important facts. In 1840 about 20,000 pounds of 
opium were consumed in the United States; in 1880, 533,450 
pounds. In 1868 there were about 90,000 habitual opium-eaters 
in the country, now they number over 500,000. More Women 
than men are addicted to the use of the drug. The vice is one so 
easily contracted, so easily practiced in private, and so difficult 
of detection, that it presents peculiar temptations and is very in- 
siduous. The relief from pain that it gives and the peculiar ex¬ 
altation of spirits easily lead the victim to believe that the use 

111 


FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


of it is beneficial. Opium and chloral are today the most dead¬ 
ly foes of women. Dr. Hammond is the better qualified to 
speak on this subject from having once been a consumer of 
opium himself. To break off from the habit, he says, the opium- 
eater must reduce the quantity of his daily dose, using at the 
same time other stimulants, and gradually eliminate the deadly 
drug entirely. 

The degrees of alcohol in wines and liquors are: Beer, 4.0; 
porter, 4.5; ale, 7.4; cider, 8.6; Moselle, 9.6; Tokay, 10.2; Rhine, 
!i.o; Orange, 11.2; Bordeaux, 11.5; hock, 11.6; gooseberry, 11.8, 
Champagne, 12.2; claret, 13.3; Burgundy, 13.6; Malaga, 17.3; 
Lisbon, 18.5; Canary, 18.8; sherry, 19.0; Vermouth, 19.0; 
Cape, i9.2;Malmsey, 19.7; Marsala, 20.2; Madeira, 21.0; port, 
23.2; Curagoa, 27.0; aniseed, 33.0; Maraschino, 34.0; Chartreuse, 
43 -o; gin, 5 1 - 6 ; brandy, 53.4; rum, 53.7; Irish whisky, 53.9; 
Scotch, 54.3. 

Spirits are said to be “proof” when they contain 57 per cent. 
The maximum amount of alcohol, says Parkes, that a man 
can take daily without injury to his health is that contained in 2 
oz. brandy, 34 pt* of sherry, 34 pt- of claret, or 1 pt. of beer. 

The measurement of that part of the skull which holds the 
brain is stated in cubic inches thus: Anglo-Saxon, 105; German, 
105; Negro, 96; Ancient Egyptian, 93; Hottentot, 58; Australian 
native, 58. In all races the male brain is about ten per cent, 
heavier than the female. The highest class of apes has only 16 
dz. of brain. A man’s brain, it is estimated, consists of 300,000- 
000 nerve cells, of which over 3,000 are disintegrated and destroyed 
every minute. Every one, therefore, has a new brain once in 
sixty days. But excessive labor, or the lack of sleep, prevents 
the repair of the tissues, and the brain gradually wastes away. 
Diversity of occupation, by calling upon different portions of 
the mind or body, successfully affords, in some measure, the re¬ 
quisite repose to each. But in this age of overwork there is no 
safety except in that perfect rest which is the only natural resto¬ 
rative of exhausted power. It has been noticed by observant 
physicians in their European travels that the German people, 
who, as a rule, have little ambition and no hope to rise above 
their inherited station, are peculiarly free from nervous diseases; 
but in America, where the struggle for advancement is sharp and 
incessant, and there is nothing that will stop an American but 
death, the period of life is usually shortened five, ten or twenty 
years by the effects of nervous exhaustion. After the age of 50 
the brain loses an ounce every ten years. Cuvier’s weighed 64, 
Byron’s 79, and Cromwell’s 90 ounces, but the last was diseased. 
Post-mortem examinations in France give an average of 55 to 60 
ounces for the brains of the worst class of criminals. 

112 


FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


In the cholera visitation of 1866, the proportion of deaths per 
10,000 inhabitants in the principal cities of Europe was as fol¬ 
lows: London, 18; Dublin, 41; Vienna, 51; Marseilles, 64; Paris, 
66; Berlin, 83; Naples, 89; St. Petersburg, 98; Madrid, 102; 
Brussels, 184; Palermo, 197; Constantinople, 738. 

There were 48,930 blind people in the United States in 1880, 
and 33,880 deaf mutes. 

It is estimated that the number of insane persons in the 
United States is 168,900. Causes of Insanity .-—Hereditary, 24 
per cent.; drink, 14 per cent.; business, 12 per cent.; loss ot 
friends, 11 per cent.; sickness, 10 per cent.; various, 29 per cent. 
This result is the medium average arrived at bj Mulhall on 
comparing the returns for the United States, Engand, France 
and Denmark. 

No fewer than 1,326 editions of the Bible were published in 
the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centu¬ 
ries it was translated and published in many languages by the 
polyglot press of Propaganda Fide at Rome. In the nineteenth 
century the English and American societies have printed, in the 
Protestant version, 124,000,000 copies of the Bible or of the New 
Testament, viz: British, 74,000,000; American, 32,000,000; other 
societies, 15,000,000 copies. 

The King James version of the Bible contains 3,566,480 let¬ 
ters, 773,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, and 66 books. 
The word and occurs 46,277 times. The word Lord occurs 
1,855 times. The word -Reverend occurs but once, which is in 
the 9th verse of the mth Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th 
verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of 
Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J. 
The 19th chapter of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are 
alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of 
Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the nth chapter 
of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syl¬ 
lables. 


Some of Nature’s Wonders. 

The human body has 240 bones. 

The musical scale was invented in 1022. 

Man’s heart beats 92,160 times in a day. 

A salmon has been known to produce 10,000,000 eggs. Some 
female spiders produce 2,000 eggs. A queen bee produces 100,- 
000 eggs in a season. 

There are 9,000 cells in a square foot of honeycomb. 

It requires 2,300 silk worms to produce one pound of silk. 

It would take 27,600 spiders to produce one pound of web. 



LEGAL ADVICE 


B LACKSTONE defines law as the rules of human action 
or conduct, but what is commonly understood by the 
term is the civil or municipal regulations of a nation as 
applied to a particular country. The forms of law which gov¬ 
ern civil contracts and business intercourse are distinguished as 
statute and common. Statute law is the written law of the land, 
as enacted by State or national legislative bodies. The com¬ 
mon law is grounded on the general customs of England, and 
includes the law of nature, the law of God, the principles and 
maxims of the law and the decisions of the superior courts. It 
overrides both the canon and the civil law where they go be¬ 
yond or are inconsistent with it. 

To the man involved in litigation the best advice is to go to 
the best lawyer he can find. But an ounce of prevention is 
worth a pound of cure, and the purpose of the following pages is 
to furnish the ounce of prevention. Knowledge is power in 
nothing so much as in business law, especially since the law pre¬ 
sumes that no man is ignorant of the law. 


Business Law in Brief. 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. 

A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. 

The act of one partner binds all the others. 

The seal of a party to a written contract imports consider¬ 
ation. 

A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against 
him. A note made by a minor is voidable. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

A contract made on a Sunday is void. 

Principals are liable for the acts of their agents. 

Agents are liable to their principals for errors. 

Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount 
of the debts of the firm. 

A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest, 
will bear interest only after due. 

A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void unless 
in writing. 

An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its 
dishonor is not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its 
non-payment. 

In case of the death of the principal maker of a note the holder 

114 




LEGAL ADVICE. 


is not required to notify a surety that the note is not paid, before 
the settlement of the maker’s estate. 

Notes obtained by fraud, or made by an intoxicated person, 
are not collectible. 

If no time of payment is specified in a note it is payable on 
demand. 

An indorser can avoid liability by writing “without recourse” 
beneath his signature. 

A check indorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the 
drawer’s hands. 

An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial 
payment. 

Want of consideration—a common defense interposed to the 
payment of negotiable paper—is a good defense between the 
original parties to the paper ; but after it has been transferred 
before maturity to an innocent holder for value it is not a de¬ 
fense. 

Negotiable paper, payable to bearer or indorsed in blank, 
which has been stolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thief 
or finder, but a holder who receives it in good faith before ma¬ 
turity, for value, can hold it against the owner’s claims at the 
time it was lost. 

Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand pay¬ 
ment before maturity ; for instance, when a draft has been pro¬ 
tested for non-acceptance and the proper notices served, the 
holder may at once proceed against the drawer and indorsers. 

If a note or draft is to be paid in the State where it is made, 
the contract will be governed by the laws of that State. When 
negotiable paper is payable in a State other than that in which 
it is made, the laws of that State will govern it. Marriage con¬ 
tracts, if valid where they are made, are valid everywhere. 
Contracts relating to personal property are governed by the laws 
of the place where made, except those relating to real estate, 
which are governed by the laws of the place where the land is 
situated. 

If negotiable paper, pledged to a bank as security for the 
payment of a loan or debt, falls due, and the bank fails to de¬ 
mand payment and have it protested when dishonored, the ban! 
is liable to the owner for the full amount of the paper. 


Agreements and Contracts. 

A contract or agreement is where a promise is made on on® 
side and assented to on the other, or where two or more per¬ 
sons enter into engagement with each other by a promise on 
either side. In a written contract assent is proved by the signa¬ 
ture or mark. In verbal agreements it may be given by a word 

115 



LEGAL ADVICE . 


or a nod, by shaking of hands, or by a sign. The old saw, 
“Silence gives consent,” is often upheld in law. 

The conditions of a contract, as applying to individuals, are: 
i. Age ; 2. Rationality ; and 3, as to Corporations, the posses¬ 
sion of general or special statutory powers. 

Persons under age are incompetent to make contracts, except 
under certain limitations. Generally such persons are incapa¬ 
ble of making binding contracts. 

As to rationality, the general principle of law is that all 
persons not rendered incompetent by personal disability, or by 
considerations of public policy, are capable of making a contract. 

Corporations have powers to make contracts strictly within the 
limits prescribed by their charters, or by special or general statute. 

The first step toward a contract is the proposition or offer, 
which may be withdrawn at any time before it is agreed to. 
When the proposition is verbal, and no time is specified, it is not 
binding unless accepted at once. To give one the option or re¬ 
fusal of property at a specified price, is simply to give him a cer¬ 
tain time to make up his mind whether he will buy the property 
or not. To make the option binding he must accept within the 
time named. The party giving the option has the right to with¬ 
draw it, and sell the property to another, at any time previous to 
its aeceptance, if the offer is gratuitous, and there is no consid¬ 
eration to support it. 

If a letter of acceptance is mailed, and immediately after a 
letter withdrawing the offer is received, the contract is binding. 
An acceptance takes effect from the time it is mailed, not from 
the time it is received ; it must, however, be in accordance with 
the original proposition, for any new matter introduced would 
constitute a new offer. When the offer is accepted, either ver¬ 
bally or in writing, it is an express assent, and is binding. 

A contract made under a mistake of law is not void. Every¬ 
body is presumed to know the law. This, however, applies only 
tc contracts permitted by law and clear of fraud. 

A refusal of an offer cannot be retracted without the consent 
of the second party. Once a proposition is refused, the matter 
is ended. And no one has the right to accept an offer except 
the person to whom it was made. 

The consideration is the reason or thing for which the parties 
bind themselves in the contract, and it is either a benefit to the 
promisor or an injury to the otlrir party. Considerations are 
technically divided into valuable and good , and it sometimes 
happens that the consideration need not be expressed, but is im¬ 
plied. A valuable consideration is either money or property or 
service to be given, or some injury to be endured. A promise 
to marry is considered a valuable consideration. A good con- 

116 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


sideration means that the contract is entered into because of qon* 
sanguinity or affection, which will support the contract when 
executed, but will not support an action to enforce an executory 
contract. Whether a consideration is sufficient or not is tested 
by its being a benefit to the promisor or an injury to the other 
party. If it has a legal value, it makes no difference how small 
that value may be. The promisor need not always be benefited, 
as, for instance, the indorser of a note, who is liable although he 
gets no benefit. But if a person promise to do something him 
self for which no consideration is to be received, there is no 
cause of action for breach of the contract 

There are several causes which void contracts, first among 
which is fraud. Fraud is defined to be “every kind of artifice 
employed by one person for the purpose of willfully deceiving 
another to his injury.” No fraudulent contract will stand in law 
or in equity. The party upon whom the fraud has been prac¬ 
ticed must void the contract as soon as he discovers the fraud, 
for if he goes on after having knowledge of the fraud he cannot 
afterwards avoid it. But the one who perpetrates the fraud 
cannot plead that ground for voiding it. Contracts' in restraint 
of trade are void, as also are contracts in opposition to public, 
policy, impeding the course of justice, in restraint of marriage 
contrary to the insolvent acts, or for immoral purposes. Anj 
violation of the essential requisites of a contract, or the omissior. 
of an essential requisite, will void it. 

DON’T enter into an agreement on a Sunday unless it is rati 
fied on a week day. 

DON’T make a contract with a person of unsound mind 01 
under the influence of liquor, or otherwise under restraint ol 
liberty, mind or body. Use caution in making contracts with 
an illiterate, blind or deaf and dumb person, and see to it that 
witnesses are present. 

DON’T put a forced construction on a contract—the intent of 
the parties is a contract. 

DON’T suppose that you can withdraw a proposition made in 
writing and sent by mail after the party to whom it was made 
has mailed an unconditional acceptance. 

DON’T suppose that a conditional acceptance of a proposition 
is binding on the party making the proposition. 

DON’T forget that the courts will construe a contract ac¬ 
cording to the law prevailing where it was made. 

DON’T forget that the law says, “no consideration, no con¬ 
tract,” and that the courts will not enforce a contract which is 
too severe in its provisions. 

DON’T sign an agreement unless you have carefully weighed 
its provisions, which should all be fixed and certain. 

117 


Notes and Negotiable Paper. 

The superstructure of business as it exists to-day rests on the 
broad foundation of confidence—the result of what may be called 
the evolution of commerce, and the principal stages in this evo¬ 
lution are an interesting study. First there was only barter in 
kind, as still practiced among savages—for example, the ex¬ 
change of a bushel of corn for a handful of arrow-heads. Then 
came the introduction of money as a medium of exchange ; and 
to-day we have the substitution of negotiable paper as docu¬ 
mentary evidence of indebtedness, including promissory notes, 
due bills, drafts, checks, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, 
bank bills, treasury notes (greenbacks), and all other evidences 
of debt, the ownership of which may be transferred from one 
person to another. 

The mere acknowledgment of debt is not sufficient to make 
negotiable paper ; the promise of payment or an order on some 
one to pay is indispensable. This promise must be for money 
only. The amount must be exactly specified. The title must 
be transferable. This feature must be visible on the face of the 
paper by the^use of such words as “bearer” or “order.” In some 
of the States peculiar phrases are ordered by statute, as “Payable 

without defalcation or discount,” or “Payable at-,” naming 

the bank or office. 

A written agreement, signed by one person, to pay another, at 
a fixed time, a stated sum of money, is a promissory note. It 
becomes negotiable by being made payable to an order on some 
one or to bearer. As it is a contract, a consideration is one of 
its essential elements. Yet, although it be void as between the 
two first parties, being negotiable and coming into the hands of 
another person who gives value for it, not knowing of its defect, 
it has full force and may be collected. 

The date is of great consequence. In computing time, the day 
of date is not counted, but it is the fixed point beginning the 
time at the end of which payment must be made. Omission of 
the date does not destroy a note, but the holder must prove to 
the time of its making. The promise to pay must be precise as 
to time which the note is to run. It must be at a fixed period, 
or conditional upon the occurrence of_something certain to hap¬ 
pen, as “at sight,” “five days after sight,” “on demand,” “three 
months after date,” “ten days after the death of John Doe.” The 
time not being specified, the note is considered “payable on de¬ 
mand.” 

The maker, the person who promises and whose signature the 
note bears, must be competent. Insane people and idiots are 
naturally , and aliens, minors and married women may be legally, 
incompetent. The maker is responsible and binds himself to 
pay the amount stated on the note at its maturity. He need not 

118 



LEGAL ADVICE . 


pay it before it becomes due, but should he do so and neglect to 
cancel the note, he would be again responsible if any other per¬ 
son, without knowledge of such payment, acquired it for value 
before maturity. Even a receipt for payment from the first 
payee would not stand good against the subsequent holder. 

The payee is the person in whose favor the note is drawn— 
the legal holder, the person to whom the money must be paid. 
When a note is made payable simply to bearer, without naming 
the payee, any one holding the note honestly may collect. 

A subsequent party, one who comes into possession of the note 
after the original holder, has a better claim than the first one, 
for the reason that between the maker and the first payee there 
may have been, in the contract, some understanding or condition 
militating against the payment when it would become due, but 
the third person, knowing nothing of this,' gives his value and 
receives the note. The law will always sustain the subsequent 
party. 

The indorser is held responsible if the maker fails to pay when 
the note arrives at maturity. A note payable to order must be 
indorsed by a holder upon passing it to another, and, as value 
has been given each time, the last holder will look to his next 
preceding one and to all the others. 

A note, being on deposit as collateral security, becoming due, 
the temporary holder is the payee and must collect. 

An indorsement is a writing across the back of the note, which 
makes the writer responsible for the amount of the note. There 
are various forms of indorsement. 

1. In blank, the indorser simply writing his name on the back 
of the note. 

2. General, or in full , the indorser writing above his signa¬ 
ture “Pay-” or “Pay-or order.” 

3. Qualified, the words “without recourse” being used after 
the name of the payee in the indorsement. 

4. Conditional , a condition being stated, as: “Pay-, 

unless payment forbidden before maturity.” 

5. Restrictive, as: “Pay-only.” 

The blank indorsement, the full indorsement and the general 
indorsement are practically the same ; each entitles the holder 
of the note to the money, and to look to the indorser for pay¬ 
ment if the maker of the note defaults. It has even been held 
that in a general indorsement the holder had the right to fill in 
the words “or order” if he saw fit. The qualified indorsement 
releases the indorser from any liability in case the maker of the 
note defaults. The conditional and restrictive indorsement are 
used only in special cases. Each indorser is severally and collect¬ 
ively liable for the whole amount of the note indorsed if it is 

119 






LEGAL ADVICE. 


dishonored, provided it is duly protested and notice given to 
each. The indorser looks to the man who indorsed it before 
him, and so back to the original maker of the note. As soon as 
a note is protested, it is vitally necessary that notice should be 
sent to each person interested at once. 

TO BE ON THE SAFE SIDE, it is well to see to it that 
any note offered for negotiation— 

Is dated correctly; 

Specifies the amount of money to be paid; 

Names the person to whom it is to be paid; 

Includes the words “or order” after the name of the payee, if 
it is desired to make the note negotiable; 

Appoints a place where the payment is to be made; 

States that the note is made “for value received;” 

And is signed by the maker or his duly authorized representa¬ 
tive. 

In some States phrases are required in the body of the note, 
such as, “without defalcation or discount ;” but, as a general 
thing, that fact is understood without the statement. 


Partnership. 

The general rule is that every person of sound mind, and not 
otherwise restrained by law, may enter into a contract of part¬ 
nership. 

There are several kinds of partners : 

1. Ostensible partners, or those whose names are made public 
as partners, and who in reality are such, and who take all the 
benefits and risks. 

2. Nominal partners, or those who appear before the public 
as partners, but who have no real interest in the business. 

3 Dor?nant, or silent partners, or those whose names are 
not known or do not appear as partners, but who, nevertheless, 
have an interest in the business. 

4. Special , or limited partners, or those who are interested in 
the business only to the amount of the capital they have invested 
in it. 

5. General partners, who manage the business, while the 
capital, either in whole or in part, is supplied by a special part¬ 
ner or partners. They are liable for all the debts and contracts 
of the firm. 

A nominal partner renders himself liable for all the debts and 
contracts of the firm. 

A dormant partner, if it becomes known that he has an inter¬ 
est, whether creditors trusted the firm on his account or not, be¬ 
comes liable equally with the other partners. 

The regulations concerning special or limited partnerships, in 

120 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


any particular State where recognized, are to be found in the 
statutes of such State ; and strict compliance with the statutes 
is necessary in order to avoid incurring the responsibilities at¬ 
taching to the position of general partner. 

A person who lends his name as a partner, or who suffers his 
name to continue in the firm after he has actually ceased to be a 
partner thereof, is still responsible to third persons as a partner. 

A partner may buy and sell partnership effects ; make con¬ 
tracts in reference to the business of the firm ; pay and receive 
money ; draw, and indorse, and accept bills and notes ; and all 
acts of such a nature, even though they be upon his own private 
account, will bind the other partners, if connected with matters 
apparently having reference to the business of the firm, and 
transacted with other parties ignorant of the fact that such deal¬ 
ings are for the particular partner’s private account. The repre- 
sentation or misrepresentation of any fact made in any partner¬ 
ship transaction by one partner, or the commission of any fraud 
in such transaction, will bind the entire firm, even though the 
other partners may have no connection with, or knowledge of 
the same. 

If a partner sign his individual name to negotiable paper, all 
the partners are bound thereby, if such paper appear on its face 
to be on partnership account. If negotiable paper of a firm be 
given by one partner on his private account, and in the course of 
its circulation pass into the hands of a bona fide holder for value, 
without notice or knowledge of the fact attending its creation, 
the partnership is bound thereby. 

One partner cannot bind the firm by deed, though he may by 
deed execute an ordinary release of a debt due the partnership. 

If no time be fixed in articles of copartnership for the com¬ 
mencement thereof, it is presumed to commence from the date 
and execution of the articles. If no precise period is mentioned 
for continuance, a partner may withdraw at any time, and dis¬ 
solve such partnership at his pleasure ; and even if a definite 
period be agreed upon, a.partner may, by giving notice, dissolve 
the partnership as to all capacity of the firm to bind him by con¬ 
tracts thereafter made. The withdrawing partner subjects 
himself, however, to a claim for damages by reason of his 
breach of the covenant. 

The death of a partner dissolves the partnership, unless there 
be an express stipulation that, in such an event, the representa¬ 
tives of the deceased partner may continue the business in con¬ 
nection with the survivors, for the benefit of the widow and 
children. 

A partnership is dissolved by operation of law ; by a voluntary 
and bona fide assignment by any partner of his* interest therein ; 

121 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


by the bankruptcy or death of any of the partners ; or by a war 
between the countries of which the partners are subjects. 

Immediately after a dissolution, notice of the same should be 
published in the papers, and a special notice sent to every person 
who has had dealings with the firm. If these precautions be not 
taken, each partner will still continue liable for the acts of the 
others to all persons who have had no notice of such dissolution. 

DON’T enter into a partnership without carefully drawn 
articles, and don’t sign the articles until the partnership funds 
are on deposit. 

DON’T forget that a partner may be called upon to make 
good partnership losses with his individual property, and that 
each partner may be held for the acts of the other partners as 
well as for his own. 

DON’T enter a firm already established unless you are will¬ 
ing to become responsible for its debts. 

DON’T do anything out of the usual run of business without 
the consent of your partners. 

DON’T mix private matters with partnership affairs, and 
don’t continue in a partnership where trust and confidence are 
lacking. 

DON’T continue a partnership after expiration of articles, 
and do not make any change without due public notice. 

DON’T dissolve a partnership without due public notice or 
without designating a member to settle all matters outstanding. 


Agency and Attorney. 

By agency is meant the substitution of one person by and for 
another, the former to transact business for the latter. An 
agency may be established by implication —an express agree¬ 
ment with a person that he is to become the agent of another 
not being necessary—or verbally , or by writing. A verbal crea¬ 
tion of agency suffices to authorize the agent to make a contract 
even in cases where such contract must be in writing. 

Agency is of three kinds : special, general and professional. 
A special agency is an authority exercised for a special purpose. 
If a special agent exceed the limits of his authority, his principal 
is not bound by his acts. 

A general agency authorizes the transaction of all business of 
a particular kind, or growing out of a particular employment. 
The principal will be bound by the acts of a general agent, 
though the latter act contrary to private instructions, provided 
he keep, at the same time, within the general limits of his au¬ 
thority. 

Professional agents are those licensed by the proper authority 
to transact certain kinds of business for a compensation. The 

122 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


following are among this class of agents : i. Attorneys. 2. 
Brokers. 3. Factors. 4. Auctioneers. 5. Masters of Ships. 

In regard to the subject of an agency, the general rule is, that 
whatever a man may do in his own right he may also transact 
through another. Things of a personal nature, implying personal 
confidence on the part of the person possessing them, cannot be 
delegated. 

Infants, married women, lunatics, idiots, aliens, belligerents, 
and persons incapable of making legal contracts, cannot act as 
principals in the appointment of agents. Infants and married 
women may, however, become principals in certain cases. 

Agency may be terminated in two ways : (1) by the act of 
the principal or agent ; (2) by operation of law. In the latter 
case, the termination of the agency is effected by lapse of time, 
by completion of the subject.-matter of the agency, by the ex¬ 
tinction ;of the subject-matter, or by the insanity, bankruptcy or 
death of either party. 

DON’T do through another what would be illegal for you to 
do yourself. 

DON’T lose any time in repudiating illegal acts of your agent. 

DON’T make an illegal act of your agent’s your own by ac¬ 
cepting the benefit thereof. 

DON-’T transact business through an agent unless he can 
show that he stands in his principal’s stead in the matter in 
hand. 

DON’T, as agent, appoint sub-agents without the consent of 
your principal. 

DON’T go beyond your authority in an agency unless you 
are willing to become personally responsible. 

DON’T accept an agency, or act as an attorney in fact, in com¬ 
plicated matters unless your powers are clearly defined in writing. 

Landlord and Tenant. 

Leases for one year or less need no written agreement. Leases 
for more than a year must be in writing ; if for life, signed, 
sealed, and witnessed in the same manner as any other import¬ 
ant document. 

Leases for over three years must be recorded. No particular 
form is necessary. 

If no agreement in writing for more than a year can be pro¬ 
duced, the tenant holds the property from year to year at the 
will of the landlord. If there is no agreement as to time, the 
tenant as a rule holds from year to year. 

A tenancy at will may be terminated by giving the tenant one 
month's notice in writing, - requiring him to remove from the 
premises occupied. 


123 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

A tenant is not responsible for taxes, unless it is so stated in 
the lease. 

The tenant may underlet as much of the property as he de¬ 
sires, unless it is expressly forbidden in the lease. Tenants at 
will cannot underlet. 

A married woman cannot lease her property under the com¬ 
mon law, but this prohibition is removed by statute in most of 
the States. A husband cannot make a lease which will bind his 
wife’s property after his death. 

A lease made by a minor is not binding after the minor has 
attained his majority. It binds the lessee, however, unless the 
minor should release him. Should the minor receive rent after 
attaining his majority, the lease will be thereby ratified. A lease 
given by a guardian will not extend beyond the majority of the 
ward. 

A new lease renders void a former lease. 

In case there are no writings, the tenancy begins from the day 
possession is taken ; where there are writings and the time of 
commencement is not stated, the tenancy will be held to com¬ 
mence from the date of said writings. 

Leases on mortgaged property, whereon the mortgage was 
given prior to the lease, terminate when the mortgage is fore¬ 
closed. 

Where a tenant assigns his lease, even with the landlord’s con¬ 
sent, he will remain liable for the rent unless his lease is sur¬ 
rendered or cancelled. 

There are many special features of the law of landlord and 
tenant in relation to agricultural tenancy. Generally an outgo¬ 
ing tenant cannot sell or take away the manure. A tenant 
whose estate has terminated by an uncertain event which he 
could neither foresee nor control is entitled to the annual crop 
which he sowed while his estate continued, by the law of emble¬ 
ments. He may also, in certain cases, take the emblements or 
annual profits of the land after his tenancy has ended, and, 
unless restricted by some stipulation to the contrary, may re¬ 
move such fixtures as he has erected during his occupation for 
convenience, profit or comfort; for, in general, what a tenant 
has added he may remove, if'he can do so without injury to the 
premises, unless he has actually built it in so as to make it an 
integral part of what was there originally. 

The following are immovable fixtures : Agricultural erec¬ 
tions, fold-yard walls, cart house, barns fixed in the ground, 
beast house, carpenter shop, fuel house, pigeon house, pineries 
substantially fixed, wagon house, box borders not belonging to a 
gardener by trade, flowers, trees, hedges, ale-house bar, dress¬ 
ers, partitions, locks and keys, benches affixed to the house, 

124 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


statue erected as an ornament to grounds, sun dial, chimney 
piece not ornamental, closets affixed to the house, conduits, 
conservatory, substantially affixed, doors, fruit trees if a 
tenant be not a nurseryman by trade, glass windows, hearths, 
millstones, looms substantially affixed to the floor of a factory, 
threshing machines fixed by bolts and screws to posts let into 
the ground. 

DON’T occupy premises until a written lease is in your pos¬ 
session, and don’t depend on promises of a landlord unless thcj 
are part of such lease. 

DON’T accept a married woman as tenant unless the law of 
the State permit her to make an executory contract. 

DON’T think that you can legally eject sub-tenants unless 
you have given them notice of the tenant’s forfeiture of his lease. 

DON’T make such improvements in premises occupied by 
you as the law would regard as immovable fixtures, unless you 
are willing to turn them over to the landlord when your lease 
expires. A building erected on foundations sunk into the ground 
would become part of the realty and thus belong to the landlord. 

DON’T think, however, that you have no right to remove 
trade fixtures erected by you. 

DON’T accept less than thirty days’ notice when you rent by 
the month. 

DON’T forget that where premises are let for illegal use the 
law will not aid you in collecting arrears for rent. 


Law Relating to Farms, Etc. 

In a deed to agricultural property the boundaries should be 
clearly determined. The question, What does the farmer get? is 
answered by these boundaries, and the deed to a farm always in¬ 
cludes the dwelling houses, barns and other improvements 
thereon belonging to the grantor, even though these are not 
mentioned. It also conveys all the fences standing on the farm, 
but all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts, 
rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been 
taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place. But 
new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the 
soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles, stored away, if once 
used on the land, and intended to be again so used, have been 
considered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles, merely 
laid across the beams of a barn and never fastened to it, would 
not be, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Stand¬ 
ing trees, of course, also pass, as part of the land; so do trees 
blown down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they 
fell, but not if cut and corded up for sale; the wood has then be¬ 
come personal property. 


125 



LEGAL ADVICE. 




If there be any manure in the barnyard or in the compost heap 
on the field, ready for immediate use the buyer ordinarily, in 
the absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as be¬ 
longing to the farm, though it might not be so if the owner had 
previously sold it to some other party, and had collected it to¬ 
gether in a heap by itself, for such an act might be a technical 
severance from the soil, and so convert real into personal es¬ 
tate; and even a lessee of a farm could take away the manure 
made on the place while he wa§' in occupation. Growing crops 
also p^ss by the deed of a farm unless they are expressly re¬ 
served, and when it is not intended to convey those it should be 
so stated in the deed itself; a mere oral agreement to that effect 
would not be, in most States, valid in law. Another mode is to 
stipulate that possession is not to be given until some future day, 
in which case the crops or manures may be removed before that 
time. 

An adjoining road is, to its middle, owned by the farmer 
whose land is bound, unless there are reservations to the con¬ 
trary in the deeds through which he derives title. But this own¬ 
ership is subject to the right of the public to the use of the 
road. 

If a tree grows so as to come over the land of a neighbor, the- 
latter may cut away the parts which so come over, for he owns 
his land and all that is above or below it. If it be a fruit tree he 
may cut every branch or twig which comes over his land, but he 
cannot touch the fruit which, falls to the land. The owner of 
the tree may enter peaceably upon the land of the neighbor 
and take up the branches and fruit. 


Lien Laws. 

Any one who, as contractor, sub-contractor or laborer, per¬ 
forms any work, or furnishes any materials, in pursuance of, or 
in conformity with* any agreement or contract with the owner, 
lessee, agent or one in possession of the property, toward the 
erection, altering, improving or repairing of any building, shall 
have a lien for the value of such labor or materials on the build¬ 
ing or land on which it stands to the extent of the right, title 
and interest of the owner, lessee or person in possession at the 
time of the claimant’s filing his notice with the clerk of the 
county court. Such lien is called a mechanic’s lien. 

The notice should be filed within thirty days after comple¬ 
tion of the work or the furnishing of the materials, and should 
state the residence of the claimant, the amount claimed, from 
whom due, when due, and to whom due, the name of the person 
against whom claimed, the name of the owner, lessee or person 
in possession of the premises, with a brief description of the latter. 

126 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


Liens cease in one year after the filing of the notice, unless an 
action is begun, or the lien is continued by an order of court. 

The following classes of persons are generally entitled to lien: 
i. Bailees, who may perform labor and services, on the thing 
bailed, at the request of the bailor. 2. Innkeepers, upon the 
baggage of guests they have accommod ated. 3. Common carri¬ 
ers, upon goods carried, for the amount of their freight and dis¬ 
bursements. 4. Vendors, on the goods sold for payment ^of the 
price where no credit has been expressly promised or implied. 
5. Agents, upon goods of their principals, for advancements for 
the benefit of the latter. 6. All persons are entitled to the 
right of lien who are compelled by law to receive property and 
bestow labor or expense on the same. 

The right of lien may be waived: 1. By express contract. 2. 

By neglect. 3. By new agreement. 4. By allowing change of 
possession. 5. By surrendering possession. 

The manner of the enforcement of a lien, whether it ffe an inn¬ 
keeper’s, agent’s, carrier’s, factor’s, etc., depends wholly upon the 
nature and character of the lien. 

DON’T purchase real estate unless the records have been 
thoroughly searched for all liens known to the law, or until all 
notices of action against the same have been discharged. 

DON’T think that you have no right to sell perishable property 
on which you have a lien. Your lien will attach to the proceeds. 

DON’T foreclose a lien without proper notice. 

DON’T make payments to a contractor before you have full 
knowledge of all liens filed. 

DON’T forget that liens take precedence according to pri¬ 
ority, and that interest always runs on a judgment. 


Deeds—Transfer of Property. 

A deed is a writing by Which lands, tenements or heredita¬ 
ments are conveyed, sealed and delivered. It must be written or 
printed on parchment or paper; the parties must be competent 
to contract; there must be a proper object to grant; a sufficient 
consideration; an agreement properly declared; if desired, it 
must have been read to the party executing it; it must be signed 
and sealed; attested by witnesses, in the absence of any statute 
regulation to the contrary; properly acknowledged before a 
competent officer; and recorded within the time and in the office 
prescribed by the State wherein executed. 

The maker of a deed is the grantor; the party to whom it is 
delivered, the gra?itee. If the grantor have a wife, she must, in 
the absence of a statute to the contrary, sign and acknowledge 
the deed; otherwise, after the husband’s death, she may claim 
the use of one-third, during her life. 

127 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

By a general warranty deed the grantor covenants to insure the 
lands against all persons whatsoever; by a special.warranty deed 
he warrants only against himself and those claiming under him. 
In deeds made by executors, administrators or guardians there is 
generally no warranty. A quit-claim deed releases all the interest 
which the grantor has in the land, whatever it may be. 

A deed of trust is given to a person called a trustee, to hold in 
fee simple, or otherwise, for the use of some other person who is 
entitled to the proceeds, profits or use. 

A deed may be made void by alterations made in it after its 
execution; by the disagreement of the parties whose concurrence 
is necessary; or by the judgment of a competent tribunal. . 

Interlineations or erasures in a deed, made before signing, 
should be mentioned in a note, and witnessed in proper form. 
After the acknowledgment of a deed the parties have no right to 
make tke slightest alteration. An alteration of a deed after 
execution, if made in favot of the grantee, vitiates the deed. If 
altered before delivery, such alteration destroys the deed as to 
the party altering it. 

Abstracts of title are brief accounts of all the deeds upon 
which titles rest, and judgments and instruments affecting such 
titles. , 

The evidences of title are usually conveyances, wills, orders 
or decrees of courts, judgments, judicial s^les, sales by offi¬ 
cers appointed by law, acts of the Legislature and of Con¬ 
gress. - . 

DON’T accept a deed unless all the following conditions are 
complied with: i. It must be signed, sealed and witnessed. 2. 
Interlineations must be mentioned in the certificate of acknowl¬ 
edgment. 3. All the partners must join in a deed from a part¬ 
nership. 4. A deed from a corporation should, bear the corpo¬ 
rate seal and be signed by officers designated in the resolution 
of the directors authorizing it. 5* deed from a married 
woman should be joined in by the husband. 6. A deed, from an 
executor should recite his power of sale. 7. The consideration 
must be expressed. 

DON’T deed property to your wife direct. A deed to your 
wife does not cut off obligations contracted previously. 

DON’T pay consideration money on a conveyance of real 
estate until the record has been searched to the moment of pass¬ 
ing title, and unless you know of your own knowledge that no 
judgments, mortgages or tax liens are outstanding against the 
property. 

DON’T delay in having a deed or mortgage recorded. 

DON’T attempt to give a better title than you have your¬ 
self. 


128 


Mortgages. 

A mortgage is a conveyance of property, either real or per¬ 
sonal, to secure payment of a debt. When the debt is paid the 
mortgage becomes void and of no value. In real estate mort¬ 
gages the person giving the mortgage retains possession of the 
property, receives all the debts, and other profits, and pays all 
taxes and other expenses. The instrument must be acknowl¬ 
edged, like a deed, before a proper public officer, and recorded in 
the office of the county clerk or recorder, or whatever officer’s 
duty it is to record such instruments. All mortgages must con¬ 
tain a redemption clause and must be signed and sealed. The 
time when the debt becomes due, to secure which the mortgage is 
given, must be plainly set forth and the property conveyed 
must be clearly described, located and scheduled. 

Some mortgages contain a clause permitting the sale of the 
property without decree of court when a default is made in the 
payment either of the principal sum or the interest. 

A foreclosure is a statement that the property is forfeited and 
must be sold. 

When a mortgage is assigned to another person, it must be 
for a valuable consideration; and the note or notes which it was 
given to secure must be given at the same time. 

If the mortgaged property, when foreclosed and brought to 
sale, brings more money than is needed to satisfy the debt, inter¬ 
est and costs, the surplus must be paid to the mortgagor. 

Satisfaction of mortgages upon real or personal property may 
be either— 

1. By an entry upon the margin of the record thereof, signed by 
the mortgagee or his attorney, assignee or personal representa¬ 
tive, acknowledging the satisfaction of the mortgage, in the 
presence of the recording officer; or — 

2. By a receipt indorsed upon the mortgage, signed by the 
mortgagee, his agent or attorney, which receipt may be entered 
upon the margin of the record; or — 

3. It may be discharged upon the record thereof whenever 
there is presented to the proper officer an instrument acknowl¬ 
edging the satisfaction of such mortgage, executed by the mort¬ 
gagee, his duly authorized attorney in fact, assignee or personal 
representative, and acknowledged in the same manner as other 
instruments affecting real estate. 

Chattel mortgages are mortgages on personal property. Most 
of the rules applicable to mortgages on real estate apply also to 
those on personal property, though in some States there are 
laws regulating personal mortgages. Any instrument will 
answer the purpose of a chattel mortgage which would answer 
as a bill of sale, with a clause attached providing for the avoid¬ 
ance of the mortgage when the debt is paid. 

A chattel mortgage will not cover property subsequently ac- 

129 


LEGAL ADVICE . 


quired by the mortgagor. Mortgages of personal property 
should contain a clause providing for the equity of redemption. 
A mortgagee may sell or transfer his mortgage to another 
party for a consideration, but such property cannot be seized or 
sold until the expiration of the period for which the mortgage 
was given. Mortgages given with intent to defraud creditors 
are void. 

DON’T lose any time in having a mortgage properly 
recorded. 

DON’T pay installments on chattel mortgages unless the 
same are indorsed thereon. 

DON’T lose sight of the fact that a chattel mortgage is a con¬ 
ditional bill of sale. 

DON’T accept a chattel mortgage the term whereof is for 
more than a year. 

DON’T neglect to have a chattel mortgage signed, sealed and 
witnessed, and don’t fail to see to it that the schedule contains 
every article embraced under it. 

DON’T fail to see to it that goods or chattels mortgaged to 
you are properly insured. 

DON’T suppose that a chattel mortgage is valid when the 
debt to be secured by it is not. 

DON’T give a chattel mortgage payable on demand unless 
you are prepared to forfeit the chattels at any moment. 

DON’T think that destruction by fire or otherwise of the 
chattels mortgaged wipes out the debt. 

DON’T forget that foreclosure in the case of a chattel mort¬ 
gage is unnecessary except to cut off claims of other creditors. 


Assignments. 

An assignment is a transfer of propert}' made in writing. In 
effect it is passing to another person all of one’s title or interest 
in any sort of real or personal property, rights, actions or 
estates. However, some things are not assignable; an officer’s 
pay or commission, a judge’s salary, fishing claims, Government 
bounties, or claims arising out of frauds or torts. Personal 
trusts cannot be assigned, as a guardianship or the right of a 
master in his apprentice. 

Unlike many other legal devices the holder of an assignment 
is not bound to show that a valuable consideration was given. 
The owner of a cause of action may give it away if he pleases, 
and in the positive absence of evidence to the contrary the 
court will presume that the assignment was for a sufficient con¬ 
sideration. 

Proof will be called for only when it appears that the assign¬ 
ment was a mere sham or fraudulent. No formality is required 

130 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


by law in an assignment. Any instrument between the con¬ 
tracting parties which goes to show their intention to pass the 
property from one to another will be sufficient. It may be 
proved, for instance, by the payee of a note, that he indorsed (or 
delivered without indorsement) the note to the assignee, and 
this is sufficient evidence of assignment. 

In every assignment of an instrument, even not negotiable, 
the assignee impliedly warrants the validity of the instrument 
and the obligation of the third party to pay it. He warrants 
that there is no legal defense against its collection arising out of 
his connection with the parties; that all parties were legally 
able to contract, and that the amount is unpaid. 

An assignment carries with it all the collateral securities and 
guaranties of the original debt, even though they are not men¬ 
tioned in the instrument. 

Where property is assigned for the benefit of creditors, its act¬ 
ual transfer to the assignee must be made immediately. When 
an assignment is made under the common law, the assignor may 
prefer certain creditors; but in a State where this sort of an as¬ 
signment is governed by statute, no preference can be shown. 
An assignment for the benefit of creditors covers all of the as¬ 
signor’s property, wherever or whatever it may be, that is not 
exempt from execution. 

When insured property is sold the insurance policy should be 
assigned. This can only be done with the consent of the in¬ 
surer, and that consent must be at once obtained. 

Correct schedules of the property assigned should accompany 
and be attached to every assignment. 

Inns, Hotels and Boarding-houses. 

An inn, or hotel, is a place of entertainment for travelers. If 
an innkeeper opens his house for travelers, it is an implied en¬ 
gagement to entertain all persons who travel that way, and upon 
this universal assumption an action will lie against him for 
damages if he, without good reason, refuses to admit a trav¬ 
eler. 

Innkeepers are responsible for the safe custody of the goods of 
their guests, and can limit their liability only by an express 
agreement or special contract with their guests; but if goods are 
lost through negligence of the owner himself the innkeeper’s 
liability ceases. An innkeeper may retain the goods of his guest 
until the amount of the guest’s bill has been paid. 

A boarding-house is not an inn, nor is a coffee-house or eat¬ 
ing-room. A boarding-house keeper has no lien on the goods of 
a boarder except by special agreement, nor is he responsible for 
their safe custody. He is liable, however, for loss caused by the 

131 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

negligence of his servants. An innkeeper is liable for loss with¬ 
out such negligence. - 

Bonds. 

A written instrument, admitting an obligation on the part of 
the maker to pay a certain sum of money to another specified 
person at a fixed time, for a valuable consideration, is called a 
bond. The obligor is the one giving the bond; the beneficiary is 
called the obligee. This definition applies to all bonds, but gen¬ 
erally these instruments are given to guarantee the performance 
or non-performance of certain acts by the obligor, which being 
done or left undone, as the case may be, the bond becomes void, 
but if the conditions are broken it remains in full force. As a 
rule, the bond is made out for a sum twice the amount of any 
debt which is apt to be incurred by the obligor under its con¬ 
ditions, the statement being set forth that the sum named is the 
penalty, as liquidated or settled damages, in the event of the 
failure of the obligor to carry out the conditions. 

An act of Providence, whereby the accomplishment of a bond 
is rendered impossible, relieves the obligor of all liability. 

A bond for the payment of money differs from a promissory 
note only in having a seal. 


Bills of Sale. 

A bill of sale is a formal written conveyance of personal prop¬ 
erty. If the property is delivered when sold, or if part of the 
purchase money is paid, a written instrument is not necessary to 
make the conveyance, but it is convenient evidence of the trans-v 
fer of title. But, to protect the interests of the purchaser 
against the creditors of the seller, the bill is not sufficient of 
itself; there should also be a delivery of the property. If an act¬ 
ual and continued change of possession does not accompany 
the sale it is void as against the creditors of the seller and subse¬ 
quent purchasers and mortgagees in good faith, unless the buyer 
can show that his purchase was made in good faith, without in¬ 
tent to defraud, and that there was some good reason for leav¬ 
ing the property in the hands of the seller. 


Guaranty 

Is an assurance made by a second party that his principal will 
perform some specific act. For instance, A gives B a note, and 
C by indorsing the instrument guarantees to B that A will pay 
it at maturity. C is the guarantor. His liability is special, and 
if B renews the note when it becomes due he is no longer liable. 
A guaranty for collection is a very different thing from a guar¬ 
anty of payment. The first warrants that the money is collect- 

132 





LEGAL ADVICE. 


ible; the latter, that it will be paid at maturity. In the first case 
the party guaranteed must be able to prove that due diligence 
was employed in attempting to collect the money; in the second, 
no such proof is necessary. The only form necessary in guaran¬ 
teeing a note is writing one’s name across the back of it,—a pro¬ 
cess commonly called indorsing. 


Corporations. 

Several persons joining together for the accomplishment of 
any business or social purpose can legally organize themselves 
into a corporation, a form of partnership which combines the 
resources of all, and yet gives a limited pecuniary liability, 
amounting only to the amount of stock owned by each stock¬ 
holder. In the States, the legislature of each Commonwealth 
enjoys the power of regulating the corporations, and in the Terri¬ 
tories this power is, of course, vested in the General Government. 
The actual cost of organization amounts to something less than 
$10, most of which is in fees to the Secretary of State. When 
the stock has been subscribed a meeting is called, and each share¬ 
holder casts a vote for every share which he owns or holds a 
proxy for, for each person who is to be elected director, or he 
may give one director as many votes as the number of shares he 
is voting, multiplied by the number of directors to be elected, 
amounts to. or distribute his votes as he chooses. Thus, if he 
owns ten shares of stock and there are six directors to be elected, 
he has sixty votes, which he can give, either ten for each director, 
or twenty for each of three, or sixty for one, or in any other way 
that he sees fit, so that his whole vote will not be more than sixty 
votes. These directors meet as soon after the election as pos¬ 
sible and choose a president, vice-president, secretary and treas¬ 
urer, whereupon the corporation is ready for business. 

The law in all the States on the subject of incorporating com¬ 
panies is very similar, and the necessary forms are to be obtained 
Usually from the Secretary of State. 


Wills and How to Make Them. 

Every description of property, whether real or personal, may 
be given by will. In the case of persons dying owing debts, 
however, the law gives to the executors sufficient of the personal 
property of the deceased to pay off all existing indebtedness, 
irrespective of the terms of the will; and where the personal 
property is not sufficient for this purpose, real property may be 
so appropriated. 

Property may be bequeathed by will to all persons, including 
married women, infants, lunatics, idiots, etc. 

Wills may be made by any person not disqualified by age or 

133 




LEGAL ADVICE. 


mental incapacity. Generally speaking, a person must have at¬ 
tained the age of twenty-one years before he or she can make 
a valid will of lands, and the same age, in many States, is re¬ 
quired for a will of solely personal property. 

In New York males of eighteen and females of sixteen are 
competent to bequeath personal property. “Sound and disposing 
mind and memory” are always essential to the validity of any 
will. For this reason, idiots, lunatics, intoxicated persons (dur¬ 
ing intoxication), and persons of unsound or weak minds, are 
incompetent to make wills. A will procured by fraud is also 
invalid, although the testator be fully competent to make a valid 
will. All wills must be in writing, except those made by soldiers in 
active service during war, and by sailors while at sea. Such 
persons may make a verbal or nuncupative will, under certain 
restrictions, as to witnesses, etc. No particular form of words 
is required. 

A valid will must be subscribed or signed by the testator, or 
some one for him, in his presence, and at his request. The sig¬ 
nature must be affixed in the presence of each of the witnesses. 
In case the will be signed by some one for him, the testator must 
acknowledge the signature to be his own in presence of the wit¬ 
nesses. The testator must declare to each of the subscribing 
witnesses that the instrument is his “last will and testament.” 
This is of the utmost importance, and is called the “publication.” 
There must he at least two (three are.required in some of the 
States) subscribing witnesses, who must act as such at the tes¬ 
tator’s request, or at the request of some one in his presence. 
The subscribing witnesses must not be beneficially interested in 
the provisions of the will. These witnesses must all sign the will 
in the presence of the testator, and (in New York and some of 
the other States) in the presence of each other. 

A codicil is an appendix annexed to the will after its execution, 
whereby the testator makes some change in, or addition to, his 
former disposition, and must be signed, published and attested 
in the same manner as the original will. 

The revocation of a will may be express or implied. Express, 
by the execution of a new and later will, or by the intentional 
destruction of the old one, or by a formal written revocation, 
signed and witnessed in the same manner as the will itself. An 
implied revocation is wrought by the subsequent marriage of the 
testator and the birth of children, or by either. 

DON’T leave anything uncertain in a will, and don’t neglect 
to declare it to be your last will and testament. 

DON’T make a will without two (better three) witnesses, none 
of whom must be interested in it. See that each witness writes 
his full name and address. 


134 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


DON’T make a new will unless you destroy or revoke the old 
one, and don’t add a codicil unless it is executed in the same way 
as the original will. 

DON’T neglect to make a new will if you mortgage or sell 
property devised or bequeathed in a prior one. 

DON’T make a will which does not provide for children that 
may be born. 

DON’T will property to a corporation whose charter does not 
permit it to- take by devise or bequest. 

DON’T fail to say “bequeath” for personal and “devise” for 
real property. 


Heirship to Property Not Bequeathed. 

In England, where the policy is to keep landed estates undivided, 
the law of primogeniture prevails, giving to the eldest son and 
his descendants superior rights to the property. In case of de¬ 
fault, the second son and his descendants become the heirs, and 
so on. If there be only daughters, they inherit equally. 

In the United States the property would be divided among the 
heirs as follows: (i.) To the children. These, if of equal de¬ 
gree, receive the property in equal shares. If of unequal degree, 
the more remote descendants take the share that would have be¬ 
longed to their parent, if living. Thus: A, B and C are children 
of the testator, and of these B and C are living and A is dead, 
at the testator’s death. The estate, after paying all debts, will be 
divided into three equal parts, the descendants of A, together, 
receiving one-third, and B and C each another third; but in case 
A left no descendants, then B and C each will be awarded one 
half of the property. (2.) If there are no descendants the 
parents of the testator would receive the estate, the father being 
sometimes preferred to the mother. (3.) If parents are 
not living, the brothers and sisters of the testator would 
take the property, sharing equally. If one or more of the 
brothers or sisters had died, their children would receive the share 
that would have descended to their parent. (4.) Grandparents 
would be the next claimants, after which (5.) uncles and aunts, 
and after them (6.) their children, and so on. In case no heirs 
are found, the property inures to the State. 

The above principles are stated as generally recognized in the 
laws of the several States. As these laws, however, vary, full 
information can only be obtained from the statutes of the several 
States. 


Legacies and the Duties of Executors and Administrators. 

A legacy is a gift or bequest of personal property by will or 
testament. Legacies are of three kinds: General, specific and 
demonstrative. 135 




LEGAL ADVICE. 


A general legacy does not amount to a bequest of any par¬ 
ticular portion of, or article belonging to, the personal estate of 
the testator, as distinguished from all others of the same kind; 
as a bequest of a sum of money, or a horse. 

A specific legacy is a bequest of property specifically desig¬ 
nated, so as to be definitely distinguished from the rest of the 
testator’s estate; as, a bequest of all the money contained in a 
certain box, or the horse in the testator’s stable. 

A demonstrative legacy is a bequest of a certain amount of 
money to be paid out of a particular fund; as, a bequest of $500 
to be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of certain property. 

An executor should first extinguish all the lawful debts of the 
testator, and for this purpose all the personal property may be 
applied, if necessary, even though some of it has been bequeathed 
in specific legacies. After the debts are paid, the specific legacies 
are next to be satisfied; then the demonstrative legacies; and 
lastly, the general legacies. If there be insufficient assets to 
satisfy any of the legacies in either of these three classes suc¬ 
cessively, those in the same class will be paid ratably and in 
proportion, and subsequent classes will fail entirely. 

Residuary legatees take subject to all other legacies. A resid¬ 
uary legatee is one to whom is bequeathed “all the rest, residue 
and remainder” of an estate. 

Specific and general legacies are subject to ademption; thus, if 
the testator bequeath “the horse in his stable,” and at the time of 
his death has no horse, the legacy fails entirely and is said to be 
“adeemed.” Or, if the legacy bequeaths the furniture in a cer¬ 
tain specified house, and the testator remove the furniture to 
another house, the legacy is adeemed. 

Legacies are vested, or contingent. A vested legacy is one 
where the legatee acquires an absolute present ?ight to present 
or future enjoyment. A contingent legacy is one where the 
right of enjoyment depends upon some contingency; as, a gift to 
a child if he attains the age of twenty-one years. A cumulative 
legacy is one additional to a previous legacy contained in the 
same will. 

In New York, and several other States, a legacy given to a 
subscribing witness of a will is void. An executor may be a 
legatee. It is also provided that “no person having a husband, 
wife, child, or parent, shall bequeath to a corporation more than 
one half of his personal estate after the payment of his debts.” 

Legacies are not required to be paid in less than one year from 
the time of the testator’s death. This time is allowed to the ex¬ 
ecutor to enable him to ascertain the nature and value ot the 
property, the full liabilities of the testator and to collect the 
assets. 


136 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


A legacy to £n infant should not be paid except under ordoy of 
the court, and such order will be governed by the laws of the 
State. 

DON’T become an executor or administrator unless you are 
willing and have time to attend to the duties, and don’t enter 
upon a trust until you thoroughly understand your duties and 
powers. 

DON’T mix trust and personal funds. 

DON’T pay out a dollar of trust money without proper 
vouchers, and don’t fail to keep accurate accounts. 

DON’T liquidate any claim until you have the whole estate in 
hand. 

DON’T pay a bequest before the time fixed in the will without 
deducting interest. 

DON’T give a promissory note as executor or administrator. 

DON’T execute a contested will, or compromise a claim due 
an estate, without the advice and consent of the court. 

DON’T incur any other expenses than those of the burial 
until the will is properly probated, but do not hesitate to sell 
perishable property. 


The Right of Dower. 

Dower is one-third part of the husband’s estate, and in general 
cannot be destroyed by the mere act of the husband. Hence, in 
the sale of real estate by the husband, his wife must, with the 
husband, sign the conveyance to make the title complete to the 
purchaser. In the absence of such signature, the widow can 
claim full dower rights after the husband’s death. Creditors, 
also, seize the property subject to such dowry rights. 

The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in 
lieu of dowery. In this case she may, after his death, elect to 
take either such property or her dower; but she cannot take both. 
While the husband lives the wife’s right of dower is only inchoate; 
it cannot be enforced. Should he sell the land to a stranger, she 
has no right of action or remedy until his death. 

In all cases the law of the State in ■which the land is situated 
governs it, and, as in the case of heirship, full information must 
be sought for in statute which is applicable. 


Marriage and Divorce. 

Marriage may be entered into by any two persons, with the 
following exceptions: Idiots, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, 
persons related by blood or affinity within certain degrees pro¬ 
hibited by law, infants under the age of consent, which varies in 
the different States, and all persons already married and not 
legally divorced. 


137 




LEGAL ADVICE. 




The violation of the marriage vow is cause for absolute divorce 
in all the States and Territories, excepting South Carolina and 
New Mexico, which have no divorce laws. 

Physical inability is a cause in all the States except Cal., Conn., Dak., Ia., La., 
N. M., N. Y., S. C., Tex. and Vt. In most of these States it renders marriage 
voidable. 

Willful desertion, one year, in Ark., Cal., Col., Dak., Fla., Ida., Kan., Ky. f 
Mo., Mon., Nev., Utah, Wis., W. T. and Wyo. 

Willful desertion, two years, in Ala., Ariz., Ill., Ind., Ia., Mich., Miss., Neb., 
Pa. and Tenn. 

Willful desertion, three years, in Conn., Del., Ga., Me., Md., Mass., Minn., N. 
H., N. J., O., Ore., Tex., Vt. and W. Va. 

Willful desertion, five years, in Va. and R. I., though the court may in the latter 
State decree a divorce for a shorter period. 

Habitual drunkenness, in all the States and Territories, except Md., N. J., N. Y., 
N. C., Pa., S. C., Tex., Vt., Va. and W. Va. 

“ Imprisonment for felony” or “ conviction of felony” in all the States and Terri¬ 
tories (with limitations), except Dak., Fla., Me., Md., N. J., N. M., N. Y., N. C., 
S. C. and Utah. 

“Cruel and abusive treatment,” “ Intolerable cruelty,” “extreme cruelty,” “re¬ 
peated cruelty,” or “ inhuman treatment,” in all the States and Territories except 
N. J., N. M., N. Y„ N. C., S. C„ Va. and W. Va. 

Failure by the husband to provide: one year in Cal., Col., Dak., Nev. and 
Wyo.; two years in Ind. and Ida.; no time specified in Ariz., Ida., Mass., Mich., 
Me., Neb , ’R. I., Vt. and Wis.; willful neglect for three years in Del. 

Fraud and fraudulent contract in Ariz., Conn., Ga., Ida., Kan., Ky., O., Pa. 
and W. T. 

Absence without being heard from : three years in N. H.; seven years in Conn, 
and Vt.; separation five years, in Ky.; voluntary separation, five years, in Wis. 
When reasonably presumed dead by the court, in R. I. 

“ Ungovernable temper,” in Ky.; “ habitual indulgence in violent and ungovern¬ 
able temper,” in Fla.; “cruel treatment, outrages or excesses as to render their 
living together insupportable ” in Ark., Ky., La., Mo., Tenn. and Tex.; “indignities 
as render life burdensome,” in Ma, Ore., Pa , Tenn., W. T. and Wyo. 

In Ga. an absolute divorce is granted only after the concurrent verdict of two juries 
at different terms of the court. In N. Y. absolute divorce is granted for but one 
cause, adultery. 

All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute or full 
divorce, and collusion and connivance are especially barred, and 
also condonation of violation of the' marriage vow. 

The courts of every State, and particularly of New York, are 
very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally refuse to recog¬ 
nize as valid a divorce against one of the citizens of the State by 
the court of another State, unless both parties to the suit were 
subject at the same time to the jurisdiction of the court granting 
the divorce. 

Previous Residence Required*— Dak., ninety days; Cal., Ind., 
Ida., Neb., Nev., N. M., Tex. and Wyoming, six months; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Col., 
Ill., Ia., Kan., Ky., Me., Miss., Minn., Mich., Mo., Mont., N. H., O., Ore., Pa., 
Utah, Vt. (both parties as husband and wife), W. Va., W. T. and Wis., one year; 
Fla., Md., N. C., R. I. and Tenn., two years; Conn and Mass, (if, when married, 
both parties were residents; otherwise five years), three years. 

Remarriage. —There are no restrictions upon remarriage by divorced per¬ 
sons in Conn., Ky., Ill. and Minn. Defendant must wait two years and obtain 
permission from the court in Mass. The decree of the court may restrain the guilty 
party from remarrying in Va. Parties cannot remarry until after two years, except 

138 


LEGAL ADVICE. 

by permission of the court, in Me. In N. Y. the plaintiff may remarry, but the de¬ 
fendant cannot do so during the plaintiff’s lifetime, unless the decree be modified 
or proof that five years have elapsed, and that complainant has married again and 
defendant s conduct has been uniformly good. Any violation of this is punished as 
bigamy, even tnough the other party has been married. In Del., Pa and ^Tenn 
no wife or husband divorced for violation of the marriage vow can marry the 6arti- 
cepscriminis during the life of the former husband or wife, nor in La. at any time • 
such marriage in La. renders the person divorced guilty of bigamy. 

Rights of Married Women. 

Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, 
together with the rents, issues and profits thereof, and the prop¬ 
erty that comes to her by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, 
or which she acquires by her tpade, business labor, or services 
performed on her separate account, shall, notwithstanding her 
marriage, remain her sole and separate property, and may be 
used, collected and invested by her in her own name, and shali 
not be subject to the interference or control of her husband, or be 
liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may have been con¬ 
tracted for the support of herself or children by her as his agent. 

A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer 
and convey such property, and enter into contracts regarding 
the same on her separate trade, labor or business with the like 
effect as if she were unmarried. Her husband, however, is not 
liable for such contracts, and 'they da not render him or his 
property in any way liable therefor. She may also sue and be 
sued in all matters having relation to her sole and separate 
property in the same manner as if she were sole. 

In the following cases a married woman’s contract may be 
enforced against her and her separate estate : i. When the 
contract is created in or respecting the carrying on of the trade 
or business of the wife. 2. When it relates to or is made for the 
benefit of her sole or separate estate. 3. When the intention to 
charge the separate estate is expressed in the contract creat* 
ing the liability. 

When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging 
to his wife, the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he 
must account for it, or expend it on her account by her authority 
or direction, or that she gave it to him as a gift. 

If he receives interest or income and spends it with her 
knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumed from 
acquiescence. 

Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by 
him, under her direction, on his land, in improving the home of 
the family, is a gift, and cannot be recovered by the wife, or re¬ 
claimed, or an account demanded. 

An appropriation by a wife, herself, of her separate property 
to the use and benefit of her husband, in the absence of an agree* 

139 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

ment to repay, or any circumstances from which such an agree¬ 
ment can be inferred, will not create the relation pf debtor and 
creditor, nor render the husband liable to account. 

Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her 
husband may be shown by the very nature of the transaction, 
or appear from the attending circumstances. 

A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to 
the aid of a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels 
as she has contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her 
husband’s house. Her legal title remains, and she could convey 
her interest to a third party by sale, and said party would have a 
good title, unless her husband should prove a gift. 

Wife’s propertv is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor for 
materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building 
thereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the 
intention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with the 
contractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee. 

The common law of the United States has some curious pro¬ 
visions regarding the rights of married women, though in all the 
States there are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. 
As it now stands the husband is responsible for necessaries sup¬ 
plied to the wife even should he. not fail to supply them himself, 
and is held liable if he turn her from his house, or otherwise 
separates himself from her without good cause. He is not held 
liable if the wife deserts him, or if he turns her away for good 
cause. If she leaves him through good cause, then he is liable. 
If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and so represents her, 
even though this representation is made to one who knows she 
is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife. 


Arbitration. 

Arbitration is an investigation and determination of subjects 
of difference between persons involved in dispute, by unofficial 
persons chosen by the parties in question. 

The general rule is that any person capable of making a valid 
contract concerning the subject in dispute may be a party to an 
arbitration. Any matter which the parties may adjust by agree¬ 
ment, or which may be made the subject of a suit at law, may 
be determined by arbitration. Crimes cannot be made the sub¬ 
ject matter of an arbitration. This matter is regulated by statute 
in the different States. 


The Law of Finding. 

The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against 
every one but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop 

140 




LEGAL ADVICE 


has no right to demand property of others found on his premises. 
Such, proprietor may make regulations in regard to lost property 
which will bind their employes, but they cannot bind the public. 
The finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner, so 
that he was permitted to prevail in an action against a person 
who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found, 
but subsequently lost. The police have no special rights in re¬ 
gard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by statute. 
Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or finder. 
They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an 
article, against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain ^ 
an article against the owner. 


Number of Miles by Water from New York to 


Amsterdam. 

Bermudas. 

Bombay. 

Boston. 

Buenos Ayres .... 

Calcutta. 

Canton . 

Cape Horn. 

Cape of Good Hope 

Charleston. 

Columbia River... 
Constantinople ... 

Dublin. 

Gibraltar. 

Halifax . 

Hamburg. 

Havana. 

Havre. 


3,510 

660 

11,574 

310 

7,110 

12,425 

13,900 

8,115 

6,830 

750 

15,965 

5,140 

3,225 

3,300 

612 

3,775 

1,420 

3,210 


Kingston. 

Lima. 

Liverpool. 

London. 

Madras. 

Naples. 

New Orleans.... 

Panama. 

Pekin. 

Philadelphia. 

Quebec. 

Rio Janeiro. 

Sandwich Islands 
San Francisco. . . 
St. Petersburg... 

Valparaiso. 

Washington. 

Around the Globe 


Dimensions of the Oceans. 


Area, Sq. Miles. Av. Depth. 

Pacific. .. 68,000,000 12,780 feet 
Atlantic. .35,000,000 12,060 
Indian. . .25,000,000 10,980 


Area, Sq. Miles. 

Antarctic. .8,500,000 
Arctic.5,000,000 


. 1,640 
.11,310 
. 3,210 
. 3,375 
.11,850 
. 4,330 
. 2,045 
. 2,358 
.15,325 
. 240 

. 1,400 
. 3,840 
.15,300 
.15,858 
. 4,420 
. 9,750 
. 400 

.25,000 


Av. Depth. 

6,000 feet 
5,100 “ 


Inland Seas of the World. 


Name. Area, Sq. Miles. Depth. 

Caspian Sea. . .176,000 250 ft. 

Sea of Aral_ 30,000 100 “ 

Dead Sea. 303 200 “ 

Lake Baikal... 12,000 750 “ 

Lake Superior. 32,000 1,000 
Lake Michigan. 22,400 1,000 “ 
Lake Huron... 21,000 1,000 “ 


Name. Area, Sq. Miles. Depth. 


Lake Erie. 

10,815 

204 

ft. 

Lake Ontario . . 

6,300 

336 

U 

Lake Nicaragua 

. 6,000 

300 

u 

Lake Titacaca. , 

. 3,012 

800 

u 

Salt Lake . 

1,875 

1,400 

u 

Lake Tchad 

14,000 

350 

u 

Lake Lodoga... 

12,000 

1,200 

<( 


141 












































BUSINESS AND LEGAL FORMS 


SHORT FORM OF ASSIGNMENT OF WRITTEN INSTRUMENT. 

For Value Received, I do hereby assign, transfer and set over unto C D e 
and his assigns, all my right, title and interest in and to the within written instru- 

ment, this .day of.. A.D. 1890. A B. 

ORDINARY BILL OF EXCHANGE, OR DRAFT AT A TIME AFTER 

SIGHT. 

$250. Chicago, January 1, 1800. 

Ten days after sight, pay to the order of W F, two hundred and fifty dollar^, 
for value received, and charge the same to account of 


ToM. B. & Co., 

New York City, 


N. 


,1 


J. H. C. & Co., 

Chicago, 

Illinois. 


When a draft is payable at sight, commence thus: 
“At sight, pay,” etc. 


GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. 

This Agreement, made this.day of., one thousand eight hundred 

and.. between A B, of ....... county of.and State of Illinois, of the 

first part, and C D, of.. in said county and State, of the second part— 

Witnesseth, that the said A B, in consideration of the covenants and agree¬ 
ments on the part of the party of the second part hereinafter contained, doth cove¬ 
nant and agree to and with the said C D, that (here insert the agreement on the 
part of A B). 

And the said C D, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the party ot 
the first part, doth covenant and agree to and with the said A B, that (here insert 
the agreement on the part of C D). 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the day and 
year first above written. A B. [seal.] 

C D. [seal.] 

COMMON -FORM OF BOND FOR PAYMENT OF MONEY. 

Know' all men by these presents, that I, A B, of.. in the county of 

.. and State of Illinois, am held and firmly bound unto C D, of. , in the 

County of .. and State aforesaid, in the sum of. .... dollars, to be paid to 

the said C D, his executors, administrators and assigns, to which payment, well and 
truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, and every 
of them, firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with my seal, the.day of.. A.D. 1890. 

The condition of this obligation is such, that if the above bound A B, his 
heirs, executors and administrators, or either of them, shall well and truly pay, or 
cause to be paid, unto the said C D, his executors, administrators or assigns, the 

just and full sum of.dollars, with interest thereon, at the yearly rate of. 

percent, for the same, on or before the.day of ....... A.D. 1890, then this 

obligation to be void and of no effect; otherwise to remain in full force. 

A B. [seal.] 

FORM OF BILL OF SALE OF GOODS OR PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, A B, of.. in the county of 

.. and State of Illinois, in consideration of the sum of.dollars, to me 

paid by C D, of.. at and before the sealing and delivery of these presents, 

the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold and delivered, 
and by these presents do bargain, sell and deliver unto the said C D, the following 
goods and chattels, towit: (Her.e insert a bill of particular goods sold or personal 
property). 

To have and to hold the said goods and chattels unto the said C D, his exec¬ 
utors, administrators and assigns, to his and their own proper use and benefit for¬ 
ever. And I, the said A B, for myself and my heirs, executors and administrators, 
do warrant and will defend the said bargained premises unto the said C D., his 
executors, administrators and assigns, from and against all persons whomsoever. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this.day 

of.. A.D. 1890. A B. [seal.] 


142 

























FORM OF BOND FOR A DEED. 

Know all men by these presents, that 1 , A B, of the county of., 

and State of Illinois, am held and firmly bound unto C D, of the county of. 

and State aforesaid, in the penal sum of.dollars, to be paid unto the said 

E F, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, to which payment, well and 
truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, and every 
of them, firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with my seal, this.day of.. A.D. 1890 . 

The condition of the above obligation is such, that whereas the above bounden 
A B has this day bargained and sold to the said C D, his heirs and assigns, for the 

sum of.dollars, the following described lot or parcel of land, to-wit; (here 

describe the land,) which sum of.dollars is to be paid in manner following: 

.dollars at the ensealing and delivery hereof, and ! .dollars in. 

from the date hereof. 

Upon the payment of the said sums being made, at the time and in the manner 
aforesaid, the said A B, for himself, his heirs, executors and assigns, covenants and 
agrees, to and with the said C D, his heirs and assigns, to execute a good and 
sufficient deed of conveyance, in fee simple, free from all incumbrance, with full 
and proper covenants of warranty for the above described premises. 

Now, if the said A B shall well and truly keep, observe and perform his said 
covenants and agreements herein contained, on his part, then this obligation to be 
void; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. A B. [seal.] 


POWER OF ATTORNEY. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, A B, of.. in the county of 

., and State of Illinois, have made, constituted and appointed, and by these 

presents do make, constitute and appoint. CD, of.. to be my true and lawful 

attorney, for me and in my name, and for my sole use, to (here state the specific 
purposes of the power given), hereby giving and granting unto my said attorney 
full power and authority in the premises to use all lawful means in my name, and 
for my sole benefit for the purposes aforesaid. And generally to do and perform 
all such acts, matters and things as my said attorney shall deem necessary or ex¬ 
pedient for the completion of the authority hereby given, as fully as I might and 
could do if I were personally present; hereby ratifying and confirming all the acts 
of my said attorney or his substitutes, done by virtue of these presents. 

In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this.day 

of.A.D. 1890 . A P [seal.] 

WARRANTY DEED. 

The grantor (here insert name or names and place of residence), for and in con¬ 
sideration of (here insert consideration) in hand paid, conveys and warrants to (here 
insert the grantee’s name or names) the following described real estate (here insert 
description), situated in the county of ..... in the State of Illinois. 

Dated this. day of .. A.D. 18.. A B. [seal.] 

QUIT CLAIM DEED. 

The grantor (here insert grantor’s name or names and place of residence), for 
the consideration of (here insert consideration), convey and quit claim to (here in¬ 
sert grantee’s name or names) all interest in the following described real estate 
(here insert description), situated in the county of.. in the State of Illinois. 

Dated this. day of .A.D. 18 .. A B. [seal.] 

MORTGAGE. 

The mortgagor (here insert name or names) mortgages and warrants to (here 
insert name or names of mortgagee or mortgagees), to secure the payment of (here 
recite the nature and amount of indebtedness, showing when due and the rate of 
interest, and whether secured by note or otherwise), the following described real 

estate (here insert description thereof), situated in the cdunty of.in the State 

of Illinois. A B. [seal.] 

Dated this.day of.. A.D. 18 .. 

FORM OF CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO DEED OR 
OTHER INSTRUMENT. 

State of (name of State), ) 

County of (name of County), j 

I (here give name of officer and his official title) do hereby certify that (name of 
grantor, and if acknowledged by wife, her name, and .add “ his wife,”) personally 

143 






















BUSINESS AND LEGAL FORMS. * 


known to me to be the same person whose name is (or are) subscribed to the fore¬ 
going instrument, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that 
he (she or they) signed, sealed or delivered the said instrument as his (her or their) 
free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth. 

Given under my hand and (private or official, as the case may be) seal, this 

.day of., A.D. 18 .. (Signature of officer.) [seal.] 

SHORT FORM OF LEASE. 

This Indenture, made this.day of., A.D. 18 .., between A B, 

party of the first part, and C D, party of the second part, witnesseth, that the said 
party of the first part, in consideration of the covenants of the party of the second 
part, hereinafter set forth, do. .by these presents, lease to the party of the second 
part, the following described property, to-wit: (here describe the premises), in the 

county of .. and State of. To have and to hold the same, to the 

party of the second part, from the. day of. 18 .to the.day 

of.. 18 .. And the party of the second part, in consideration of the leasing of 

said premises, covenants and agrees to pay the party of the first part, at.as 

rent for the same, the sum of.. payable as follows, to-wit: (Here set forth 

the terms of payment.) 

And the party of the second part covenants with the party of the first part that 
at the expiration of the term of this lease, .he. .will yield up the premises to the 
party of the first part, without further notice, in as good condition as when the same 
were entered upon by the party of the second part, loss by fire or inevitable accident 

and ordinary wear excepted, and that neither, .he. .nor.legal representatives 

will underlet said premises, or any part thereof, or assign this lease, without the 
written assent of the party of the first part first had thereto. 

And it is further expressly agreed between the parties hereto, that if default 
shall be made in the payment of the rent above reserved, or any part thereof, or any 
of the covenants or agreements herein contained to be kept by the party of the 
second part, it shall be lawful for the party of the first part or.legal represen¬ 

tatives, into and upon said premises, or any part thereof, either with or without pro¬ 
cess of law, to re-enter and re-possess the same at the election of the party of the 
first part, and to distrain for any rent that may be due thereon upon any property 
belonging to the party of the second part. And in order to enforce a forfeiture for 
non-payment of rent, it shall not be necessary to make a demand on the same day 
the rent shall become due, but a failure to pay the same at the place aforesaid, or a 
demand and a refusal to pay on the same day or at any time on any subsequent day, 
shall be sufficient; and after such default shall be made, the party of the second 

part and all persons in possession under.shall be deemed guilty of a forcible 

detainer of said premises under the statute. 

And it is further covenanted and agreed between said parties that (here set 
forth any further stipulation agreed upon.) The covenants herein shall extend to 
and be binding upon the heirs, executors and administrators of the parties to this 
lease. 

Witness the hands and seals of said parties, the day and year first above 
writen. A B. [seal.] 

C D. [seal.] 

FORM OF WILL. 

I, A B, of.in the county of., and State of Illinois, of the age of 

.years, of sound mind and memory, do make, publish and declare this my 

last will and testament in the manner following: That is to say, 

First, I give and bequeath to (here may be set forth the manner of disposition 
of personal property, and the names of persons and amount to each.) 

Second, I give and devise to (here set forth the manner of disposition of real 
property, and the names of persons to whom devised, concluding as follows:) To 
have and to hold the same and the several tracts and parcels thereof to the said 
.his heirs and assigns forever. 

And lastly, I do hereby nominate and appoint. to be executor of this my 

last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. (Add the 
following clause if desired;) And I do direct that my said executor shall not be 
obliged to give security as such. 


144 





















BUSINESS AND LEGAL FORMS. 

In witness whereot, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this ...... day of 

'"'tiI i ' T ^". . . A B. [seal.] 

I he above instrument, consisting of one sheet (or two sheets, as the case may 
be) was at the date thereof signed, sealed, published and declared by the said A B 
as and lor his last will and testament, in presence of us, who, at his request and in 
his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as wit¬ 
nesses thereto (or, “the above instrument, consisting of one sheet was at the date 
thereof, declared to us by the said A 13 , the testator therein mentioned, to be his 
last will and testament; and at the same time acknowledged to us, and each of 11s 
that he had signed and sealed the same, and we therefore, at his request and in his 
presence, and in the presence of each other, signed our names thereto as attesting 

witnesses.) C D, residing at.. in.county. 

. \p residing at., in.county. 

the -oregoing is the general form of will, which can be varied in case of several 
devisees and legatees, according to the facts or as circumstances may require. 

A devisee is one to whom real property is devised in the will. 

A legatee is one to whom personal property is given in the will. 

BILL OF SALE. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, E D, of the town of., county 

’Ol.> State of., of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 

one hundred dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid, at or 
before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, by C B, of the second part, the 
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold, granted and con¬ 
veyed, and by these presents do bargain, sell, grant and convey unto the said party 
of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns (here set out the 
articles sold), to have and to hold the same unto the said party of the second part, 
his executors, administrators and assigns, forever. And I do for myself, my heirs, 
executors and administrators, covenant and agree to and with the said party of the 
second part, to warrant and defend the said described goods hereby sold unto the 
said party of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, against all 
and every person and persons whatsoever. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the.day ol 

-..,18.. ED. [SEAL.} 

Signed, sealed and delivered [ 
in the presence of B B. ( 

PROMISSORY NOTE. 

$200. Baltimore. ,18., 

Thirty days after date I promise to pay B B, or order (or bearer), two hundred 
dollars, for value received. B. E. 

JOINT PROMISSORY NOTE. 

$1,050. Memphis. ,18.. 

Sixty days after date we jointly promise to pay C D, or order (or bearer), on« 
thousand and fifty dollars, for value received. A C. 

B H 

NOTE PAYABLE ON DEMAND. 

$100. Mobile,. ,18.. 

On demand, tor value received, I promise to pay H B, or order (or bearer), one 
hundred dollars (with interest). C. C. 

NOTE PAYABLE AT BANK. 

$300. ♦ St. Louis. 18.. 

Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay C D A, or order (01 
bearer), three hundred dollars, at the German-American Savings Bank. D R S* 

NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 

$100. Madison,. ,Ga.,i8.. 

Two months after date I promise to pay J H, one hundred dollars, for valuft 
received. B B. 

NOTE WITH SURETY. 

$75. Columbus, Miss.. t8.. 

Six months from date I promise to pay E G, or order (or bearer), seventy-five 
dollars, for value received. B B. 

X X. 


145 


















NOTE PAYABLE BY INSTALLMENTS. 

$500. Albany,.18.. 

For value received, I promise to pay A C, or order (or bearer), five hundred 
dollars, in the following manner: One hundred dollars in three months, two hun¬ 
dred dollars in nine months, one hundred dollars in twelve months, and one hun¬ 
dred dollars in fifteen months, from date, with interest on the several sums as they 
may become due. W Z. 

DUE BILL. 

$50. Cincinnati.,18.. 

Due A W, fifty dollars, with interest from this date. M A. 


DRAFT AT SIGHT. 

$100. Chicago. ,18.. 

At sight, payj C, or order, one hundred dollars, and charge the same to my 
account CEB. 

To A X. 

BILL OF EXCHANGE. 

$500. New York,.18.. 

Fifteen days after sight (or as many days as may be agreed upon), pay to the 
order of Mr. B B, five hundred dollars, and charge the same to the account of 
To L M, St. Louis, Mo. C D. 


HIGH WATER 


At the following places may be found for each day by adding 
to, or substracting from, the time of high water at New York the 
hours and minutes given. The * denotes time to be added\ 
the t to be subtracted. The interval between tides is approxi¬ 


mately twelve hours. 


Time. 

Albany, N. Y.*. 9:39 

Annapolis, Md*. 8:57 

Atlantic City, N. J .f . 0:18 

Baltimore, Md.*.10:52 

Block Island, R. I.f . 0:53 

Boston, Mass.*. 3:22 

Bridgeport, Conn.*.3:04 

Bristol, R. I.f. 0:02 

Cape May, N. J.*. 0:12 

Charleston, S. C.f. 0:43 

Eastport, Me.*. 3:01 

Fernandina, Fla.f . 0:19 

Gloucester, Mass*. 2:57 

Isles of Shoals*. 3:11 

Jacksonville, Fla* . 0:36 

Key West, Fla*. 1:23 

Marblehead, Mass.* . 3:04 

Nahant, Mass*. 3:02 

Nantucket, Mass* . 4:31 

New Bedford, Mass.*. 0:10 

Newburyport, Mass.*. 3:29 

New Haven, Conn.* . 3:01 

New London, Conn.*. 1:16 


Time. 

Newport, R. I.f... 0:£2 

Norfolk, Va*.0:56 

Norwich, Conn*. 2:05 

Old Point Comfort, Va*. 0:37 

Philadelphia, Pa.*. 5:37 

Plymouth, Mass.*. 3:12 

Point Lookout, Me.*. 4:49 

Portland, Me*. 3:10 

Portsmouth, N. H*. 3:16 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.*. . . . 4:27 

Providence, R. I.*. 0:07 

Richmond, Va*. 8:47 

Rockaway Inlet, N. Y.f. . 0:26 

Rockland, Me.* . 2:55 

Rockport, Mass*. 2:50 

Salem, Mass*. 3:05 

Sandy Hook, N. J.*. 0:36 

Savannah, Ga.f. 0:49 

Vineyard Haven, Mass.*. 3:35 

Washington, D. C.*.11:54 

Watch Hill, R. I*. 0:53 

West Point, N. Y.*. 2:55 

Wilmington, N. C.*. 0:59 


146 




































Interest Laws and Statutes of Limitations. 



Interest Laws. 

Statutes of Limitations. 

States and Territories. 

Legal 

Rate. 

Rate 

Allowed by 
Contract. 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Notes, 

Years. 

Open 

Acc’nts 

Years. 

Alabama. 

Per Ct. 
8 

Per Cent. 

8 

20 

6 

3 

Arkansas. 

6 

10 

10 

5 

3 

Arizona. 

10 

12 

5 

3 

2 

California. 

* 

7 

Any rate 

5 

4 

2 

Colorado. 

10 

Any rate 

6 

6 

6 

Connecticut. 

6 

t 


6 

6 

Dakota.. 

7 

Any rate 

20 

6 

G 

Delaware. 

0 

0 

20 

6 

3 

District of Columbia. 

6 

10 

12 

3 

3 

Florida. 

8 

Any rate 

20 

5 

2 

Georgia. 

7 

8 

7 

7 

4 

Idaho. 

10 

18 

6 

6 

3 

Illinois. 

6 

8 

7 

10 

5 

Indiana. 

6 

- 8 

10 

10 

G 

Iowa. 

6 

10 

10 

10 

5 

Kansas. 

7 

12 

5 

5 

2 

Kentucky. 

6 

8 

15 

15 

5 

Louisiana. 

5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

Maine. 

6 

Any rate 

20 

6 

G 

Maryland. 

6 

6 

12 

3 

3 

Massachusetts. 

6 

Anv rate 

20 

6 

G 

Michigan. 

7 

10 

6 

6 

6 

Minnesota. 

7 

10 

10 

G 

G 

Mississippi. 

6 

10 

7 

6 

3 

Missouri... 

6 

10 

20 

10 

5 

Montana. 

10 

Any rate 

6 

6 

2 

Nebraska. 

7 

10 

5 

5 

4 

Nevada. 

10 

Any rate 

6 

6 

4 

New Hampshire. 

6 

6 

20 

6 

G 

New Jersey... 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New Mexico . 

6 

12 

15 

6 

4 

New York. 

6 

6* 

20 

6 

6 

North Carolina. 

6 

8 

10 

3 

3 

Ohio. 

6 

8 

5 

15 

6 

Oregon .... . 

8 

10 

10 

6 

1 

Pennsylvania.... 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

Rhode Island. 

6 

Any rate 

20 

0 

G 

South Carolina. 

7 

10 

10 

G 

G 


*New York has by a recent law legalized any rate of interest on call loans of 
$5,000 or upward, on collateral security, t No usury, but over six per cent, cannot 
be collected by law. 147 

















































interest Laws and Statutes of Limitations.— Concluded. 



Interest Laws. 

Statutes of Limitations. 

States and Territories. 

Legal 

Rate. 

Rate 

Allowed by 
Contract. 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Notes, 

Years. 

Open 

Acc’nts 

Years. 

Tennessee. 

Per Ct. 
6 

Per Cent. 

6 

10 

6 

6 

Texas. 

8 

12 

15 

4 

2 

Utah. 

10 

Any rate 

5 

4 

2 

Vermont. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

Virginia. 

6 

8 

10 

5 

2 

Washington Territory... 

10 

Any rate 

6 

6 

3 

West V irginia.. 

6 

t 

10 

10 

5 

Wisconsin. 

7 

10 

20 

G 

6 

Wyoming. .. 

12 

Any rate 

5 

5 

4 


t No usury, but over six per cent, cannot be collected by law. 


A TRIP AROUND THE WORLD. 

From Atlantic cities to Omaha, Neb., via the great trunk lines 
of railway—about 1,400 miles, in 2 days and 2 hours. 

From Omaha to San Francisco, Cal., via Union and Central 
Pacific railroads— 1 , 914 , in 4 days and 6 hours. 

From San Francisco to Yokohama, Japan, by Pacific Mail line 
of steamers— 4,700 miles, in 22 days. 

From Yokohama to Hong Kong, China, by Pacific Mail or 
Peninsular and Oriental steamers— 1,600 miles, in 6 days. 

From Hong Kong to Calcutta, India, by Peninsular and Ori¬ 
ental steamers— 3,500 miles in 14 days. 

From Calcutta to Bombay, India, by the East Indian and 
Great Indian Peninsular railways— 1,450 miles, in 3 days. 

From Bombay to Suez, Egypt, by Peninsular and Oriental 
steamers— 3,600 miles, in 14 days. 

From Suez to Alexandria, Egypt, by rail —225 miles, in 10 
hours. 

From Alexandria to Brindisi, Italy, by Peninsular and Oriental 
steamers —850 miles, in 3 days. 

Brindisi to London, Eng., by rail, via Paris or the Rhine— 1,200 
miles, in 3 days. 

From London to Liverpool, Eng., by railway —200 miles, in 6 
hours. 

From Liverpool to the Atlantic cities, America, by either of 
the great Atlantic steamship lines— 3,000 miles, in io'days. 

Total distance, 23,639 miles. Time, 82 days. Fare, about 
$ 1 , 100 , with $4 per day for meals and incidentals; the total cost 
of the trip, $ 1 , 500 . 


H8 
























U. S. MINING LAWS. 


Valuable Information for Owners and Locators of Mines. 

THERE papers have once been filed with the Register 
Receiver, they become a part of the record, and 
can neither be withdrawn nor returned, but must be 
transmitted to the General Land Office. 

An application will be rejected when the description of the premises is erroneous 
or insufficient. 

Application for patent will be rejected because: 

1. The notice was published without the knowledge ot the Register. 

2 . The notice was not published in a newspaper designated as published nearest 
the claim. 

3 . Record title was found defective ; and, 

4. A previous application had been made for the same premises, which was 
withdrawn pending a suit in court commenced by the adverse claimant. 

An application for patent will be rejected when the survey does not accurately 
define the boundaries of the claim. 

Wheie the claim was not located in accordance with law. 

Where several parties own separate and distinct portions of a claim, application 
for patent may be made by either for that portion of the 
claim owned by him ; but where several parties own un¬ 
divided interests in a mining claim, all should join in 
an application for a patent. 

A person or association may purchase as many placer 
locations as the local law admits, and embrace them all 
in one application for a patent. 

Two or more lodes cannot be embraced in one applica¬ 
tion for a patent except for placer claims embracing two 
or more lodes within their boundaries. 

Paper sworn to before any person purporting to act as 
a deputy for the Register and Receiver, cannot be re¬ 
corded as evidence. 

In all patents for mining claims situated within the in¬ 
terior boundaries of a town site a clause is inserted “excepting and excluding all 
town property,-rights upon the surface, and all houses, buildings, structures, lots, 
blocks, streets, alleys, or other municipal improvements not belonging to the grantee 
herein, and all rights necessary or proper to the occupation, possession and enjoy¬ 
ment of the same.” 

Publication of notice must be made in only one newspaper for the period of sixty 
days 

Notice must be published ten consecutive weeks in weekly newspapers, and in 
daily newspapers sixty days must elapse between the first and last insertion. 

Where the Register designates the daily i-ssue of a newspaper for publication of 
notices of a mining application for patent, it is not a compliance with law to change 
to the weekly edition of the same paper, without authority of the Register. 

The existence of a salt spring on a tract of land withdraws it from the operation of 
the homestead and pre-emption laws. A hearing for the purpose of proving the 
agricultural character of such lands is not allowed. Land containing valuable de¬ 
posits of slate may be entered under 1 the mining acts. 



Adverse Claims. 

Adverse claimants must file a separate and distinct claim against each applica¬ 
tion which it is alleged conflicts with the premises owned by such adverse claimant. 

The papers in an adverse claim once filed cannot be withdrawn, but become part 
of the record. 

When an adverse claim has been filed it cannot be amended so as to embrace a 
larger portion of the premises than that described in the original adverse claim. 

An adverse claim must be made out in proper form and filed in the proper local 
office during the period of publication of the application for the patent to be effect¬ 
ive. 149 













U. S. MINING LA JVS. 


3 t is the duty of the adverse claimant to commence suit in proper form with* i 
tile required time, and if he trusts the uncertain medium of the United States mail,, 
he must abide the consequences, should the delay ensue through misfortune or 
accident. Should the failure to commence suit be the result of the corrupt or dis¬ 
honest action of his attorney, the Interior Department cannot redress the wrong. 

An adverse claimant should set forth in detail the facts upon which he bases his 
adverse claim. A statement in general terms, embodying conclusions of law, with¬ 
out stating the facts generally, will not be considered in evidence. 

An adverse claimant should show a compliance with the local laws in recording 
his claim and in regard to expenditures, and shall file a copy of the original notice 
of his location, and show the nature or extent of the conflict alleged. 

An allegation of parties to a suit that they compose the company is sufficient, and 
they are not required to prove that they are the original locators or the identical 
parties who presented the adverse claim. 

Agricultural or Mineral Lands. 

Where land is of little if any value for agricultural purposes, but is essential to 
the proper development of mining claims, it should be disposed of under the Mining 
Act. 

Where lands containing valuable mineral deposits have been included in an agri¬ 
cultural entry, said entry will be canceled at any time prior to issuance ol patent, 
upon satisfactory evidence of the existence of such valuable deposits. 

Where valuable deposits of mineral are discovered upon a tract after the same 
has been entered as agricultural, but before patent has been issued, the parties 
claiming the mine might make application for patent for same, and the agricultural 
entry will be canceled to that portion of the land embraced by aid mining claim. 

Where mineral deposits are discovered on agricultural lax. after patent has 
been issued to an agricultural claimant, they pass with the patent. 

Agricultural college scrip c&nnot be received in payment for claims. 

Aliens. 

A foreigner may make a mining location and dispose of it, provided he becomes a 
citizen before disposing of the mine. Proof that the party was not a citizen before 
disposing of his claim must be affirmatively shown. 

Locators and intermediate.owners other than applicants will not be presumed 
aliens in the absence of allegation or objection prior to issuance of patent. 

The portion of a mining ciaim sold to an alien cannot be patented while such 
owner is an alien ; but on his declaration to become a citizen his right dates back 
to his purchase, and he may thereupon secure a United States patent for his claim. 

Tunnels. 

There is no authority of law for a tunnel location 3,000 by 1,500 feet. A proper 
location is the width of the tunnel for 3,000 feet. 

There is no provision of law for patenting tunnel locations, but lodes discovered 
in running a tunnel may be patented in like manner as other lodes. 

When a lode is struck or discovered for the first time in running a tunnel, the 
tunnel owners have the option of recording their claim of 1,500 feet all on one side 
of the point of discovery or intersection, or partly on one side thereof and partly on 
the other. 

Prospecting for blind lodes is prohibited on the line of a located tunnel, while the 
tunnel is in progress, but other parties are in no way debarred from prospecting for 
blind lodes or running tunnels, so long as they keep without the line of such tunnel. 

The right is granted to tunnel owners to 1,500 feet of each blind lode not pre¬ 
viously known to exist, which may be discovered in their tunnel. 

Cross Ledges. 

Revised Statutes. Section 2336. Where two or more ledges cross or intersect 
each other, priority of title shall govern, and such prior location shall be entitled to 
all ore or mineral contained within the space of intersection, but the subsequent 

150 


THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT. 


location shall have the right of way through the space of intersection for the pur¬ 
pose of the convenient working of the mine. And where two or more veins unite, 
the oldest or prior location shall take the vein below the point of union, including 
all the space of the intersection. 


THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT. 

1. A printed copv of the title (besides the two copies to be 

deposited after publication) of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composi¬ 
tion, engraving, cut, print or photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing, 
chromo, statue, statuary or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which copy¬ 
right is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed “Librarian 
of Congress, Washington, D. C.” This must be done before the publication of the 
book or other article. The applicant must state distinctly the name and resi¬ 
dence of the claimant, and whether copyright is claimed as author, designer 
or proprietor. The printed title required may be a copy of the title page 
of such publications as have title pages. In other cases, the title must be printed 
expressly for copyright entry, with name of claimant of copyright. The style 
of type is immaterial, and the print of a typewriter will be accepted. But a sepa¬ 
rate title is required for each entry, and each title must be printed on paper as large 
as commercial note. The title of a periodical must include the date and number. 

2. The legal fee for recording each copyright claim is 50 cents, and for a copy 
of this record (or certificate of copyright) an additional fee of 50, cents is required. 
Certificates covering more than one entry are not issued. 

3. Within ten days after publication of each book or other article, two complete 
copies of the best edition issued must be sent, to perfect the copyright, with the 
address “Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.” The postage must be pre¬ 
paid, or else the publication inclosed in parcels covered by printed Penalty Labels, 
furnished by the Librarian, in which case they will come free by mail, without 
limit of weight. Without the deposit of copies above required the copyright is 
void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. 

4. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy pub¬ 
lished, on the title page or the page following, if it be a book ; or, if a map, chart, 
musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, 
statue, statuary or model design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, 
by inscribing upon some portion thereof, or on the substance on which the same is 
mounted, the following words, viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the 

year -, by -, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington,” 

or, at the option of the person entering the copyright, the words: “ Copyright, 

18 —, by -” 

The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has not obtained a copy¬ 
right who shall insert the notice “ Entered according to act of Congress,” or "Copy¬ 
right,” etc., or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other article. 

5. Any author may reserve the right to translate or dramatize his own work. 
In this case, notice should be given by printing the words "Right of translation 
reserved,” or "All rights reserved,” below the notice of copyright entry, and noti¬ 
fying the Librarian of Congress of such reservation, to be entered upon the record. 

6. The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years. Within six 
months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, 
may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years 
in all. 

7. The time within which any work entered for copyright may be issued from 
the press is not limited by any law or regulation, but depends upon the discretion 
of the proprietor. A copyright may be secured for a projected work as well as for 
a completed one. But the law provides for no caveat, or notice of interference— 
only for actual entry of title. 

8. A copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such as¬ 
signment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty 

151 





PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS. 

days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is $i, and for a certified 
copy of any record of assignment $i. 

q. A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be 
furnished, under seal, at the rate of 50 cents each. *...., 

io In the case of books published in more than one volume, or of periodicals 
published in numbers, or of engravings, photographs or other articles published 
with variations, a copyright is to be entered for each volume or part of a book, or 
number of a periodical, or variety, as to style, title or inscription, of any other 
article. But a book published serially in a periodical, under the same general title, 
requires only one entry. To coniplete the copyright on such a work, two copies of 
each serial part, as well as of the complete work (if published separately), must be 
deposited. . , 

ix. To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, or model or design intended to 
be perfected as a work of the fine arts, so as to prevent infringement by copying, 
engraving, or vending such design, a definite description must accompany the ap¬ 
plication for copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as "cabinet 
size,” should be mailed to the Librarian of Congress within ten days from the com¬ 
pletion of the work or design. 

12. Copyrights cannot be granted upon trademarks, nor upon mere names of 

companies or articles, nor upon prints or labels intended to be used with any article 
of manufacture. If protection for such names or labels is desired, application must 
be made to the Patent Office. ... . 

13. Citizens or residents of the United States only are entitled to copyright. 


THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS. 

Anv person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any 

lawful trademark by complying with the following : 

1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent office the name, residence and place 
of business of persons desiring the trademark. 

2. The class of merchandise and description of the same. 

3. A description of the trademark itself with fac-similes. 

4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used. 

5. By payment of the required fee—$6.00 for labels and $25 for trademarks. 

6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the commis¬ 
sioner of patents. 

7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name of a 
person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which it is ap¬ 
plied ; of some designation symbol, or of both said word and symbol. 


HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under 
the seal of the Patent Office, to any person who has invented or 
discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or 
composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement 
thereof, hot known or used by others in this country, and not. 
patented or described in any printed publication in this or any 
foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and 
not in public use or on sale for more than two years prior to his 
application, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned ; 
and by any person who, by his own industry, genius, efforts and 
expense has invented and produced any new and original design 
for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any 

li52 




HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 


new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton 
or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, 
pattern, print or picture to be printed, painted, cast or otherwise 
placed on or worked into any article of manufacture ; or any 
new, useful and original shape or configuration of any article of 
manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others 
before his invention or production thereof, or patented or 
described in any printed publication, upon payment of the fees 
required by law and other due proceedings had. 

Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term 
of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or 
discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specifi¬ 
cation for the particulars thereof. 

If it appear that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed 
himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account 
of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in 
any foreign country before.his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before 
patented or described in any printed publication. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately. 
Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same 
machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the 
fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to 
make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint 
patentees. 

The receipt of letters patent from a foreign government will not prevent the in¬ 
ventor from obtaining a patent in the United States, unless the invention shall have 
been introduced into public use in the United States more than two years prior to 
the application. But every patent granted for an invention which has been pre¬ 
viously patented by the same inventor in a foreign country will be so limited as to 
expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, at the 
same time with the one having the shortest unexpired term, but in no case will it be 
in force more than seventeen years. 

Applications. 

Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents. 
The applicant must also file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, 
and of the manner and process of making, constructing, compounding and using it, 
in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the 
art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to 
make, construct, compound and use the same ; and in case of a machine, he must 
explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated ap¬ 
plying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions, and particularly 
point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement or combination which he 
claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim must be signed 
by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. 

When the nature of the case admits of drawings, the applicant must furnish one 
copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, 
to be filed in the Patent Office. In all cases which admit of representation by 
model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish a model of 
convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or dis¬ 
covery. 

The applicant shall make oath that he verily believes himself to be the original 
and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition or 
improvement for which he solicits a patent; that he does not know and does not 
believe that the same was ever before known or used, and shall state of what coun¬ 
try he is a citizen. Such oath may be made before any person within the United 
States authorized by law to administer oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a 
foreign country, before any minister, charge d’affaires, consul or commercial agent, 

163 


HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 


holding commission under the Government of the United States, or before any 
notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be. 

On the filing of such application and the payment of the fees required by law, if, 
on such examination, it appears that the claimant is justly entitled to a patent 
under the law, and that the same is sufficiently useful and important, the Commis¬ 
sioner will issue a patent therefor. 

Assignments. 

Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument 
in writing ; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like 
manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any 
specified part of the United States. 

Reissues. 

A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the as¬ 
signees of the entire interest when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specifica¬ 
tion, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than 
he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or .invalid, pro¬ 
vided the error has arisen from inadvertance, accident or mistake, and without any 
fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents issued and assigned prior 
to July 8, 1870, the applications for reissue may be made by the assignees ; but in 
the cases of patents issued or assigned since that date, the applications must be 
made and the specifications sworn to by the inventors, if they be living. 

Caveats. 

A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office of the caveator’s 
claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same 
alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of the caveat without 
notice to the caveator. 

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and 
desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of a fee of $10, file in the 
Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics 
of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured 
his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office 
and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the 
filing thereof. 

An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States one year 
next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to be¬ 
come a citizen. 

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case 
admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single inven¬ 
tion or improvement. 

Fees. 

Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows: On filing each original appli¬ 
cation for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: 
For three years and six months, $10 ; for seven years, $15 ; for fourteen years, $30. 
On filing each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. On 
filing each disclaimer, $10. For certified copies of patents and other papers, in¬ 
cluding certified printed copies, 10 cents per hundred words. For recording every 
assignment, agreement, power of attorney or other paper, of three hundred words 
or under, $1 ; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, $2 ; of over 
one thousand words, $3. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
them. 


Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean. 

The greatest known depth of the ocean is midway between the 
islands of Tristan d’Acunha and the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. The bottom 
was here reached at a depth of 46,236 feet, or eight and three-fourths miles, 
exceeding by more than 13,000 feet the height of Mt. Hercules, the loftiest mountain 
in the world. The average depth of all the oceans is from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms. 

164 



PRINCIPAL POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. 


Congress must meet at least once a year. 

One State cannot undo the acts of another. 

Congress may admit as many new States as desired. 

The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial bj 

jU1 7-A 

A State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress 
alone. 

One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of an¬ 
other. 

Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already com¬ 
mitted. 

U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by 
joint ballot. 

Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge 
in another. 

The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail 
or cruel punishment. 

Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and 
ratified by the Senate. 

In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal 
voice with New York. 

When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the 
State laws on that subject. 

Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United 
States. There must be an overt act. 

Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a per¬ 
son convicted of crime or misdemeanor. 

The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has 
the right of debate, but not the right to vote. 

The Vice-J^resident, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, 
has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot. 

An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President’s 
veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses. 

An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, 
order or honor without the permission of Congress. 

Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Govern¬ 
ment. Registering a letter does not insure its contents. 

It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the 
President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation. 

If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Con¬ 
gress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature. 

Silver coin of denominations less than $i is not a legal tender 
. 155 



POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. 

for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal 
tender. 

The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman 
may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents 
may wish. 

Amendments to the Constitution require a two-thirds vote of 
each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least -three- 
fourths of the States. 

When the militia is called out in the service of the General 
Government, they pass out of the control of the various States 
under the command of the President. 

The President of the United States must be 35 years of age; a IJ. 
S. Senator, 30 ; a Congressman, 25. The President must have 
been a resident of the United States fourteen years. 

A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side 
of a case. It simply decides whether there is good reason to 
hold for trial. It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom 
may indict. 

A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the United States. A male child born abroad of Ameri¬ 
can parents has an equal chance to become President with one 
born on American soil. 

Curious By-Products from Coal. —The Pittsburgh I)is- 

patch mentionssome chemical developments from coal that are new. There are a 
good many products from coal that the majority of the people know nothing of. 
Their number will go into the thousands, and research into this particular branch 
of inorganic chemistry is bringing new and rich rewards to scientists each year. One 
of the hydrocarbons distinctly produced from coal tar is benzole. This is the base 
of magenta red and blue coloring matters and of the oil of bitter almonds. This oil 
formerly came entirely from the vegetable product from which it takes its name but 
now it is, to a large extent, made from benzole, and a chemically pure product is 
secured. The vegetable oil of bitter almonds contains a certain amount of prussic 
acid, which is a poisonous substance. Toluene, or tolulo, is another product from 
coal tar, which is the base of a great many chemicals. Benzoic acid, which used to 
be made almost entirely from plants, is now readily made from toluene. Carbolic 
acid is anothe.'product of tolulo. The latter is a colorless fluid with a smell very 
much like crude petroleum, while carbolic acid and salicylic acid, two of its prod¬ 
ucts, are far from being sweet-smelling compounds. Yet this same tolulo is the 
basis of a number of very fragrant products. Wintergreen oil, much purer than from 
the plant, and generally preferred by confectioners and others wh > use it, is one ; 
oil of cinnamon, cinnamic acid, and oil of cloves are among the middle products 
which are in great demand. As yet thd products of coal tar have not been made use 
of for medicines to any great extent, except as disinfectants, but, from experiments 
now going on, it is hoped to produce pure quinine from chinolene, one of the coal- 
tar products, and scientists say that it is only a question of time when all alkaloids 
known, and probably others not now known, will be made from coal tar. It would 
take a good-sized book to even begin to give an idea of the commercial products 
alone of coal tar. Nearly every known color, except cochineal r d and indigo blue, 
is made, and the latter was produced after nine years of experiment by the eminent 
German scientist Byer of Munich, but the manufacture was so expensive that it has 
never been done except for scientific purposes. The logwood and madder dyes ot 
our grandmothers’ days are rarely seen in the market now, owing to the cheapness 
with which they are manufactured. Red ink, which formerly was made almost ex¬ 
clusively from carmine, is now made from eosine, one of the numerous coal-tar 
progeny. 156 



VOTING AND NATURALIZATION. 


The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State 
gift. Naturalization is a Federal right, and is a gift of the 
Union, not of any one State. In nearly one-half the Union 
aliens who have declared intentions vote and have the right to 
vote equally with naturalized or native-born citizens. In the 
other half only actual citizens may vote. The Federal natural¬ 
ization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no 
alien male may be naturalized until after five years’ residence. 
Even after five years’ residence and due naturalization he is not 
entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege 
upon him, and he may vote in one State (Minnesota) four 
months after landing, if he has immediately declared his inten¬ 
tion, under United States law, to become a citizen. 

Naturalization. 

The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may 
be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are pre¬ 
scribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the 
United States. 

Declaration of Intention. —The alien must declare upon oath before a Circuit 
or District Court of the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Ter¬ 
ritories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction, 
and a seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is, boiia fide , 
his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all 
allegiance and fidelityito any foreign prince or State, and particularly to the one of 
which he may be at the time a citizen or subject. 

Oath on Application for Admission. —He must, at the time of his application 
to be admitted, declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, 
“that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely 
and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign 
prince, potentate. State or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, 
potentate. State or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject,” which 
proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court. 

Conditions for Citizenship. —If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court 
to which the alien has applied that he has resided continuously within the United 
States for at least five years, and within the State or Territory where such court is 
at the time held one year at least; and that during that time “he has behaved as a 
man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the 
United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same,” he 
will be admitted to citizenship. 

Titles of Nobility.—I f the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of 
nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the time of his ap¬ 
plication. 

Soldiers. —Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who has 
been in the armies of the United States and has been honorably discharged there¬ 
from, may become a citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration of in¬ 
tention, provided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous 
to his application, and is of good moral character. 

Minors. —Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the 
United States three years next preceding his arrivin;; at that age, and who has con¬ 
tinued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted » 
citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he 
has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his 
minority, be admitted a citizen ; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove 

157 



THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 


to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his 
bona fide intention to become a citizen. 

Children of Naturalized Citizens. —The children of persons who have been 
duly naturalized, being under the age of sixteen years at the time of the naturaliza¬ 
tion of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citi¬ 
zens thereof. 

Citizens’ Children Who Are Born Abroad.— The children of persons who now 
are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and 
jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. 

Protection Abroad to Naturalized Citizens. —Section 2000 of the Revised 
Statutes of the United States declares that “all naturalized citizens of the United 
States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Govern¬ 
ment the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born 
citizens.” 


When a Man Becomes of Age. 

The question sometimes arises whether a man is entitled to 
vote at an election held on the day preceding the twenty-first 
anniversary of his birth. Blackstone, in his Commentaries, 
book 1 , page 463 , says : “Full age in male or female is 21 years, 
which age is completed on the day preceding the anniversary of 
a person’s birth, who, till that time, is an infant, and so styled in 
law.” The late Chief Justice Sharswood, in his edition of Black- 
stone’s Commentaries, quotes Christian’s note on the above as 
follows : “If he is born on the 16 th day of February, 1608 , he 
is of age to do any legal act on the morning of the 15 th of Feb¬ 
ruary, 1629 , though he may not have lived twenty-one years by 
nearly forty-eight hours. The reason assigned is that in law 
there is no fraction of a day ; and if the birth were on the last 
second of one day and the act on the first second of the preced¬ 
ing day twenty-one years after, then twenty-one years would be 
complete ; and in the law it is the same whether a thing is done 
upon one moment of the day or another.” The same high 
authority (Sharswood) adds in a note of his own : “A person 
is of full age the day before the twenty-first anniversary of his 
birthday.” 


THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 

The President and Vice-President of the United States are 
chosen by officials termed “Electors” in each State, who are, 
under existing State laws, chosen by the qualified voters thereof 
by ballot, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem¬ 
ber in every fourth year preceding the year in which the Presi¬ 
dential term expires. 

• The Constitution of the United States prescribes that each 
State shall “appoint,” in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of 

158 




THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.' 

Senators and Representatives to which the State may be en¬ 
titled in Congress ; but no Senator or Representative or person 
holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall 
be an elector. The Constitution requires that the day when 
electors are chosen shall be the same throughout the United 
States. At the beginning of our Government most of the elect¬ 
ors were chosen by the Legislatures of their respective States, 
the people having no direct participation in their choice; and one 
State, South Carolina, continued that practice down to the break¬ 
ing out of the Civil War. But in all the States now the Presi¬ 
dential electors are, under the direction o( State laws, chosen by 
the people. 

The manner in which the chosen electors meet and ballot for 
a President and Vice-President of the United States is provided 
for in Article XII. of the Constitution. The same article pre¬ 
scribes the mode in which the Congress shall count the ballots 
of the electors, and announce the result. 

The procedure of the two houses, in case the returns of the 
election of electors from any State are disputed, is provided 
in the “Electoral Count” Act, passed by the Forty-ninth Con¬ 
gress. 

The Constitution defines who is eligible for President of the 
United States, as follows : 

No person except a natural-born citizen or a citizen of the 
United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution 
shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any 
person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to 
the age of 35 years. " 

The qualifications for Vice-President are the same. 

The “Electoral Count” Act directs that the Presidential elect¬ 
ors shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in 
January next following their election. It fixes the time when 
Congress shall be in session to count the ballots as the second 
Wednesday in February succeeding the meeting of the electors. 

The Presidential succession is fixed by chapter 4 of the acts of 
the Forty-ninth Congress, first session. In case of the removal, 
death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice- 
President, then the - Secretary of State shall act as President 
until the disability of the President or Vice-President is removed 
or a President is elected. If there be no Secretary of State, then 
the Secretary of the Treasury will act; and the remainder of 
the order of succession is : The Secretary of War, Attorney- 
General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the Navj', and Secre¬ 
tary of the Interior. The acting President must, upon taking 
office, convene Congress, if not at the time in session, in extra¬ 
ordinary session, giving twenty days’ notice. 

159 


Qualifications of Voters in the States. 


States. 

Requirement as to 
Citizenship. 

Alabama.. . 
Arkansas.. . 
California .. 
Colorado.... 
Connecticut. 
Delaware.. . 

Florida .... 

Georgia .... 
Illinois. 

Citizen or declared intent. 
Citizen or declared intent. 

Actual citizens. 

Citizen or declared intent. 

Actual citizens.. 

Actual county taxpayers.. 

J U. S. citizens or de- | 

I dared intention.) 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens . 

Indiana... . 
Iowa. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky .. 
Louisiana... 
Maine. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 
Citizen or declared intent. . 
Citizen or declared intent.. 
Actual citizens. 

Maryland. 
Massach ’ tts 
Michigan... 
Minnesota.. 
Mississippi.. 

Missouri.... 

Nebraska . . 
Nevada .... 
N. Ham’sh’e 
New Jersey. 
New York.. 
N. Carolina. 
Ohio. 

Actual citizens. 

Citizens. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 
Citizen or declared intent.. 
Actual citizens. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 
Citizen or declared intent.. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens.. ... 

Oregon... . 
Pennsylv’n’a 

R. Island... 

S. Carolina. 

Tennessee.. 
Texas. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual tax-paying citizens.. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Actual citizens. 

Citizen or declared intent.. 

Vermont. .. 
Virginia.. .. 
W. Virginia. 
Wisconsin... 


Residence in 

State 

Co’ty 

Pre- 


CINCT. 

ly 

3 m 

1 m 

ly 

6 m 

1 m 

ly 

90 d 

30 d 

6 m 

.... 

• • • • 

ly 

6 m 

6 m 

ly 

1 m 

.... 

ly 

6 m 

.... 

ly 

6 m 


ly 

90 d 

30 d 

6 m 

60 d 

30 d 

6 m 

60 d 

• • • • 

6 m 

• • • • 

30 d 

2 y 

ly 

60 d 

ly 

6 m 

30 d 

3 m 

• • « • 

.... 

ly 

6 m 

• • • ■ 

ly 

.... 

6 m 

3 m 

.... 

10 d 

4 m 


10 d 

6 m 

1 m 

... 

ly 

60 d 

.... 

6 m 

• • • • 

• • • • 

6 m 

30 d 

6 m 

ly 

5 m 

1 y 

4 m 

30 d 

ly 

90 d 


ly 

.... 

.... 

6 m 

.... 

.... 

ly 

.... 

2 m 

ly 

.... 

6 m 

ly 

60 d 

• • • . 

ly 

6 m 

.... 

1 y 

6 m 

6 m 

ly 

.... 

.... 

ly 

• . • . 

3 m 

ly 

60 d 

• • • • 

ly 

.... 

.... 


Registration. 


Legis. may regulate 
Prohib. as bar to suf 
Required by law 
Req. by constitution 
Required by law 
No reg. required 

Req. by constitutio 

Legis. may regulate 
Required by law 
No law for reg 
Required by law 
Req. in cities only 
No reg. required 
Legis may regulate 
Required by law 
Req. by constitution 
Required by law 
Required by law 
Required by law 
Req. by constitution 
( Req by ccnstitu- 
) tion in cities only 
Required by law 
Req. by constitution 
Required by law 
Req. cities of 10,000 
Req. cities of 10,000 
Req. by constitution 
No reg. required 


Req. by constitution 
Required by law 
Req. by constitution 
No reg. required 
Prohibited 
Required by law 
Required by law 
Prohibited 
Required by law 


State elections are held in the various States as follows: Ala¬ 
bama and Kentucky, first Monday in August; Arkansas, first 
Monday in September; Georgia, first Wednesday in October; 
Louisiana, Tuesday after third Monday in April; Maine, second 
Monday in September; Oregon, first Monday in June; Rhode 
Island, first Wednesday in April; Vermont, first Tuesday in 
September. All others are on Tuesday after first Monday in 
November. State Presidential elections are all on Tuesday after 
first Monday in November. 

Roderigo de Triana was the name of the sailor with Col¬ 
umbus who first saw the “New World”—at 2 A. m., Oct. 12, 
1492, on board the Pinta. 


160 

















































THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT SYSTEM. 

What is termed the Australian Ballot System, the professed 
purposes of which are to secure the secrecy of the ballot and 
prevent the intimidation or corrupting of the voter, was prac¬ 
tically introduced into the United States recently by its adoption 
by law in the State of Massachusetts and the city of Louisville, 
Ky. Agitation for the adoption of this plan of voting is now 
rife in many States. 

Its substantial requirements are as follows : Ballots are to be 
provided at public expense ; none but these ballots are to be 
used ; on them are to be printed the names of all candidates 
who are nominated either, by conventions or petitions a short 
period prior to the election ; the ballots are to be distributed 
only by sworn ballot clerks, at the polls, to voters, and for actual 
and immediate use in voting; the voter is allowed five minutes 
in which to retire into a booth conveniently arranged, where he 
secretly marks his choice of candidates upon the face of the bal¬ 
lot, or, if he prefers, writes the names of candidates of his own 
nomination in place of those whose names are already printed ; 
having done this he proceeds directly to the ballot-box, and, 
without exposing the face of the ballot, or communicating with 
any one, deposits the ballot as his vote. For the benefit of the 
blind and illiterate, such a voter is permitted to select one of the 
two ballot clerks, who, under oath of fidelity and secrecy, assists 
him to mark his ballot. 


POPULAR VOTE. 

For Presidential candidates frotn *1824 to and including 1888 . 
Prior to 1824 electors were chosen by the Legislatures of the 
different. States. 


1824—-J. Q. Adams had 105,321 to 155,- 
872 for Jackson, 44,282 for Crawford, 
and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson over 
Adams, 50,551. Adams less than 
combined vote of others, 140,869. Of 
the whole vote Adams had 29.92 per 
cent., Jackson 44.27. Clay 13.23, 
Crawford 13.23. Adams elected by 
House of Representatives. 

1828—Jackson had 647,231 to 509,097 for 
J. Q. Adams. Jackson’s majority, 
138,134. Of the whole vote Jackson 
had 55.97 per cent., Adams 44.03. 

1832—Jackson had 687,502 to 530,189 
for Clay, and 33,108 for Floyd ana 
Wirt combined. Jackson’s majority, 
124,205. Of the whole vote Jackson 
had 54.96 per cent.. Clay 42.39, and 
the others combined 2.65. 

1836—Van Buren had 761,549 to 736,656, 
the combined vote for Harrison. 


White, Webster and Maguin. Van 
Buren’s majority, 24,893. Of the 
whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per 
cent., and the others combined 49.17. 

1840—Harrison had 1,275,017 to 1,128,- 
702 for Van Buren, and 7,059 foi 
Birney. Harrison’s majority, 139,256. 
Of the whole vote Harrison had 52.89 
per cent., Van Buren 4682 and Bir¬ 
ney .29. 

1844—Polk had 1,337,243 to 1,299,068 
for Clay and 62,300 for Birney. Polk 
over Clay, 38,175. Polk less than 
others combined, 24,125. Of the 
whole vote Polk had 49.55 per cent.. 
Clay 48.14 and Birney 2.21. 

1848—Taylor had 1,360,101 to 1 220,544 
for Cass, and 291,263 for Van Buren. 
Taylor over Cass, 139,577. Taylor 
less than others combined, 151,706. Of 
the whole vote Taylor had 47.36 per 


161 




Popular Vote.— Concluded. 


cent., Cass 42.50 and Van Buren 
10.14. 

*852—Pierce had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 
for Scott and 156,149 for Hale. Pierce 
overall, 58,747. Of the whole vote 
Pierce had 50.90 per cent., Scott 44.10 
and Hale 4 97. 

1856—Buchanan had 1,838,16910 1,341,- 
264 for Fremont and 874,534 for Fill¬ 
more. Buchanan over Fremont, 496,- 
905. Buchanan less than combined 
vote of others, 377,629. Of the whole 
vote Buchanan had 45.34 per cent., 
Fremont 33.09 and Fillmore 21.57. 

t86o—Lincoln had 1,866,352 to 1,375,- 
157 for Douglas, 845,763 for Brecken- 
ridge and 589,581 for Bell. Lincoln 
over Breckenridge, 491,195. Lincoln 
less than Douglas and Breckenridge 
ccanbined, 354,568. Lincoln lessthan 
combined vote of all others, 944,149. 
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 
per cent., Douglas29 40,Breckenridge 
18.08 and Bell 12 61. 

1864—Lincoln had 2,216,067 to 1,808,- 
725 for McClellan felcven States not 
voting, viz: Alabama, Arkansas, 
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis¬ 
sippi, North Carolina, South Caro¬ 
lina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia). 
Lincoln’s majority, 408,342. Of the 
whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per 
cent, and McClellan 44.94. 

t868—Grant had 3,015071 to 2,709,613 
for Seymour (three States not voting, 
viz : Mississippi, Texas and Virginia). 
Grant’s majority, 305,458. Of the 
whole vote Grant had 52.67 per cent, 
and Seymour 47.33. 

1872—Grant had 3,597,070 to 2,834,079 
for Greeley, 29,408 for O’Conor and 
5,608 for Black. Grant’s majority, 
729,975. Of the whole vote Grant 
had 55.63 per cent., Greeley 43.83, 
O’Conor .15, Black .09. 

1876—Hayes had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 
for Tilden, 81,740 for Cooper, 9,522 
for Smith and 2,636 scattering. Til- 


den’s majority over Hayes, 250,935. 
Tilden’s majority of the entire vote 
cast, 157,037. Hayes less than the 
combined vote of others, 344,833. Of 
the whole vote cast Hayes had 47.95 
per cent., Tilden 50.94, Cooper .97, 
Smith .11, scattering .03. 

1880—Garfield had 4,449,053 to 4,442,- 
035 for Hancock, 307,306 for Weaver 
and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over 
Hancock, 7,018. Garfield less than 
the combined vote cf others, 313,864. 
Of the popular vote Garfield had 
48.26 per cent., Hancock 48.25, Weav¬ 
er 3.33, scattering , 13. 

1884 —Cleveland had 4,874,986 to 4,851,- 
981 for Blaine, 150,369 for St. John, 
173,370 for Butler. Cleveland had 
over Blaine 23,006. Cleveland had 
48.48 per cent., Blaine 48.22, St. John 
1.49, Butler 1.74. 

1888—Harrison had 5,441,902 to 5,538,- 
560 for Cleveland, 249,937 for Fisk, 
147,521 for Streeter, 5,673 for Cowdrey, 
1,591 for Curtis and 9,845 scattering. 
I892—Cleveland had 5,556,562 to 5, 162,- 
874 for Harrison, 1,055,424 for Wea¬ 
ver (People’s), and 264,066 for Bid- 
well (Prohibition). 

Of the Presidents, Adams, Federalist: 
Polk Buchanan and Cleveland, Demo¬ 
crats; Taylor, Whig; Lincoln, Hayes, 
Garfield and Harrison, Republicans, 
did not, when elected, receive a majority 
of the popular vote. The highest per¬ 
centage of popular vote received by any 
President was 55.97 for Jackson, Demo¬ 
crat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for 
Lincoln, Republican, in i860; Harrison, 
Republican, next lowest, with 47.83 
Hayes and Harrison, with the exception 
of John Quincy Adams, who was chosen 
by the House of Representatives, were 
the only Presidents ever elected who 
did not have a majority over their princi¬ 
pal competitors, and Tilden and Cleve¬ 
land the only defeated candidates who 
had a majority over the President-elect. 


Candle-Power.—T he candle-power of a light may be ap¬ 
proximately calculated by comparing the shadow cast by a rod 
in the light of a standard candle, with the shadow cast by the 
light to be tested. By moving the latter toward or away from 
the rod, a point will be reached at which the shadow cast by 
both lights will be of the same intensity. The intensities of the 
two lights are directly proportional to the squares of their dis¬ 
tances from the shadows ; for example, suppose the light to be 
tested is three times the distance of the candJe i f s illuminating 
power is nine times as great. 


162 





THE CIVIL SERVICE. 


The officials and clerks—over 120,000 in all—by whom the 
people’s business in the administration of government is carried 
on, constitute the Civil Service. About 5,000 of these are ap¬ 
pointed by the President, alone or with the consent of the Sen¬ 
ate ; about 15,000 under what are known as the “Civil Service 
Rules,” but the great body of officeholders are appointed by 
heads of departments. 

Those employed in the civil service have always been theo¬ 
retically entitled to serve “during good behavior,” but practically, 
until within a few years, their positions have depended upon 
their allegiance to the political party in power. 

In 1883 Congress passed a law for the improvement of the 
civil service of the United States. This act provides for the 
appointment by the President of three commissioners to have gen¬ 
eral charge of filling the vacancies in the civil service depart¬ 
ment, and stipulates that the fitness of all applicants for all sub¬ 
ordinate positions in the departments at Washington, and in all 
custom-houses and postoffices having as many as 50 officeholders, 
shall be tested by examinations, and the positions assigned with 
reference to the capacity, education and character of the appli¬ 
cants, regardless of political preferences. 

According to this, no absolute appointment to office can be 
made until the applicant has proven his or her ability to fill the 
position satisfactorily by six months’ service ; no person habitu¬ 
ally using intoxicating beverages to excess shall be appointed to, 
or retained in, any office ; no recommendation which may be 
given by any Senator or member of the House of Representa¬ 
tives, except as to character and residence, - shall be considered 
by the examiners; men and women shall receive the same pay 
for the same work. 

The general competitive examinations for admission to the 
service are limited to the following subjects : 1 . Orthography, 

penmanship and copying. 2 . Arithmetic—fundamental rules, 
fractions and percentage. 3 . Interest, discount, and the elements 
of bookkeeping and of accounts. 4 . Elements of the English 
language, letter writing, and the proper construction of sen¬ 
tences. 5 . Elements of the geography, history and government 
of the U. S. 

A standing of 65 per cent, in the first three branches is neces¬ 
sary to qualify an applicant for appointment. Where special 
qualifications are necessary for specific work the examinations 
are adapted to test the knowledge of the applicant in that par¬ 
ticular line. 

No applicant will be examined who cannot furnish proof that 
he is of good moral character and in good health. 

There is a board of examiners in each of the principal cities of 

163 



LAND MEASURE—PUBLIC LANDS. 

■ 

the U. S., and several examinations are held each year. Appli¬ 
cations must be made on the regular “application paper,” which 
can be obtained of the commissioners, or any board of ex¬ 
aminers. 

Several of the States have adopted the principles laid down in 
the civil service act and applied them to the State civil service, 
and it is probably only a question of time when Civil Service 
Reform will be consummated throughout the U. S., and the 
public service will thereby be rendered much more efficient. 


United States Land Measure and Homestead Law. 

A township is 36 sections, each a mile square. A section 
is 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. 
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a 
quarter of a mile wide, is 80 
acres. A sixteenth section, a 
quarter of a mile square, is 40 
acres. 

The sections are all num¬ 
bered 1 to 36 , commencing at 
north-east corner, thus: 

The sections are all divided 
in quarters, which are named 
by the cardinal points, as in 
section 1 . The quarters are 
divided in the same way, as 
shown in the smaller dia¬ 
gram. The 
de s c r i p- 
tion of a 

forty-acre lot would read: The south half 
of the west half of the south-west quarter of 
section 1 in township 24 , north of range 7 
west, or as the case might be; and some¬ 
times will fall short and sometimes over¬ 
run the number of acres it is supposed to 
contain. 


Titles to the Public Lands—How Acquired. 

The public lands of the United States still unsold and open to 
settlement are divided into two classes, one class being sold by 
the Government for $ 1.25 per acre as the minimum price, the 
other at $ 2.50 per acre, being the alternate sections reserved by 
the United States in land grants to railroads, etc. Such tracts 
are sold upon application to the Land Register, Heads of 

1«4 


N W 

N.E 

N:W 

N.E 

N W 

NW 

N E 

N E 

S W 

SE 

S W 

si 

N W 

N W 

N E 

N E 

N W 

N E 

N W 

N E 

S W 

SW 

SE 

SE 

s w 

SiE 

s w 

SE 

sw 

s w 

S E 

SE 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

NW NE 

SW SE 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 






























STAGE FAVORITES. 

tamilies, or citizens over twenty-one years, who may settle 
upon any quarter section (or 160 acres) have the right under the 
pre-emption law of prior claim to purchase, on complying with 
the regulations. 

U nder the homestead laws, any citizen, or intending citizen, 
has the right to 160 acres of the $ 1.25 land, or 80 acres of the 
$ 2.50 land, after an actual settlement and cultivation of the same 
for five years. Under the timber culture law, any settler who 
has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees of an 
80 -acre homestead, or ten acres of a homestead of 160 acres, is 
entitled to a free patent for the land at the end of eight years. 


STAGE FAVORITES. 

The following is a carefully prepared list of stage favorites, 
giving the professional and private name of each: Fanny Dav* 
enport, Mrs. McDowell; Louise Pomeroy, Mrs. Arthur Elli¬ 
ott; Maggie Mitchell, Mrs. Henry Paddock; Rose Eytinge, Mrs. 
Cyril Searle; Rose Coghlan, Mrs. E. H. Edgerly; Margaret 
Mather, Margaret Miles; Kate Claxton, Mrs. Charles Steven¬ 
son; Effie Ellsler, Mrs. Frank Weston; Lillian Russell, Mrs. 
Edward Solomon; Agnes Booth, Mrs. John B. Schoeffel; Ida 
Mulle, Mrs. Benjamin Tuthill; Kate Castleton, Mrs. Harry 
Phillips; Lotta, Miss Charlotte Crabtree; Alice Atherton, Mrs. 
Willie Edouin; Minnie Maddern, Mrs. Le Grand White; Irene 
Perry, Mrs. Albert Weber; Minnie Palmer, Mrs. John R. 
Rogers; Marie Wainright, Mrs. Louis James; Marie Jansen, 
Mrs. James Barton; Laura Joyce, Mrs. Digby Bell; Minnie 
Conway, Mrs. Osmund Tearle; Dickie Lingard, Mrs. David 
Dalziell; Kittie Blanchard, Mrs. McKee Rankin; Louise Daven¬ 
port, Mrs. W. E. Sheridan; Louise Thorndyke, Mrs. D. Bouci- 
cault; Agnes Robertson, Mrs. D. Boucicault; Maude Granger, 

Mrs. Albert Follin; Marie Prescott, Mrs.-Perzel; Caroline 

Hill, Mrs. Herbert Kelcey; Minnie Hauk, Mrs. G. Von Hesse 
Wartegg; Lily West, Mrs. Harry Brown; Ellie Wilton, Mrs. 
Frank Wilton; Helen Dauvray, Mrs. J. M. Ward; Fay Temple¬ 
ton, Mrs. Howell; Modjeska, Mme. Helena Benda; Janauschek, 
Mrs. E. J. Pillott; Emma Abbott, Mrs. Eugene Wetherell; 
Marian Elmore, Mrs. Frank Losee; Ada Gray, Mrs. Charles 
Watkins; Lottie Church, Mrs. John A. Stevens; Sydney Cow¬ 
ell, Mrs. Geo. Giddens; Annie Pixley, Mrs. Robert Fulford; 
Clara Morris, Mrs. F. C. Harriott; Julia Wilson, Mrs. Charles 
Fox; Dora Wiley, Mrs. Richard Golden; Lizzie May Ulmer, 
Mrs. George Ulmer; Mattie Vickers, Mrs. Charles Rogers; 
Theresa Vaughn, Mrs. William Mestayer; Albina de Mer, Mrs. 
M. B. Curtis; Alfa Norman, Mrs. Charles Byrne; Lizzie Harold, 
Mrs. W. S. Cornlay. 


165 




POINTS OF CRIMINAL LAW. 


You cannot lawfully condone an offense by receiving back 
stolen property. 

The exemption of females from arrest applies only in civil, not 
in criminal matters. 

Every man is bound to obey the call of a Sheriff for assistance 
'n making an arrest. 

The rule “Every man’s house is his castle” does not hold good 
when a man is accused of crime. 

Embezzlement can be charged only against a clerk or servant, 
or the officer or agent of a corporation. 

Bigamy cannot be proven in law if one party to a marriage has 
been absent and not heard from for five years. 

Grand larceny is when the value of property stolen exceeds 
$ 25 . 00 —when less than that, the offense is petit larceny. 

Arson to be in the first degree must have been committed at 
night and the buildings fired must have been inhabited. 

Drunkenness is not a legal excuse for crime, but delirium 
tremens is considered by the law as^a species of insanity. 

In a case of assault it is only necessary to prove an “offer or 
attempt at assault.” Battery presumes physical violence. 

Mayhem, although popularly supposed to refer to injury to 
the face, lip, tongue, eye, or ear, applies to any injury done a 
limb. 

A felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment in a State 
prison ; an “infamous” crime is one punishable with death or 
State prison. 

A police officer is not authorized to make an arrest without a 
warrant unless he has personal knowledge of the offense for 
which the arrest is made. 

An accident is not a crime, unless criminal carelessness can be 
proven. A man shooting at a burglar and killing a member of 
his family is not a murderer. 

Burglary in the first degree can be committed only in the 
night time. Twilight, if dark enough to prevent distinguishing 
a man’s face, is the same as “night” in law. 

Murder to be in the first degree must be willful, premeditated 
and malicious, or committed while the murderer is engaged in a 
felonious act. The killing of a man in a duel is murder, and it is 
a misdemeanor to accept or give a challenge. 

False swearing is perjury in law only when willfully done, 
and when the oath has been legally administered. Such quali¬ 
fying expressions as “to the best of my belief,” “as I am in¬ 
formed,” may save an averment from being perjured. The law 
is that the false statement sworn to must be absolute. Suborna¬ 
tion of perjury is a felony. 


166 



THE TARIFF. 


CUSTOMS AVERAGES AND TARIFF LEGISLATION 

FOR 100 YEARS. 

The first Tariff Act was signed by President Washington on 
July 4, 1789. The new Government had just been established, and the object 
of the law was to put money into the empty Treasury of the Republic. Alexan¬ 
der Hamilton was the author of the measure, which was modeled on the 5 per 
cent, import duty that the Congress of the Confederation had tried in vain to 
impose. This first law imposed specific duties on forty-seven articles and ad 
valorem rates of 7 %, io, 12^ and 15 per cent, on four commodities or small 
groups. The unenumerated goods were compelled to pay 5 per cent. The 
second Tariff Act passed the House by a vote of 39 to 13, and passed the Senate 
without a division. It was approved by the President on August 10,1790. This 
Act was longer than its predecessor and the scale of duties was higher. Then 
followed the Act of May 2, 1792, which became operative in the following July. 
It raised the duty on unenumerated merchandise to 7% per cent; and that on 
many articles paying 7^ to 10 per cent. Another Tariff bill was passed on 
June 7, 1794, going into effect on July 1. It imposed numerous rates in addition 
to those already jpayable, some of them specific and others 2and 5 per cent, 
ad valorem. Additional tariff measures were enacted on March 3 and July 8, 
1797, and on May 13, 1800. These Acts imposed additional rates, and there 
was a further increase of 2 *4 per cent, on March 26, 1804, on all imports then 
paying ad valorem rates. 

The whole industrial situation of the country was changed suddenly and 
radically in 1807-8. Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan decrees were followed by 
the English Orders in Council, and Mr. Jefferson’s administration retaliated 
for the outrages on our commerce by the celebrated Embargo in December, 
1807. This was followed by the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809, and by a declara¬ 
tion of war against England in 1812. During the progress of hostilities all 
commercial intercourse with Great Britain was, of course, suspended, and all 
import duties were doubled as a war measure. 

This is known as the “ Tariff of 1812.” It passed the House of Representa¬ 
tives by a vote of 76 to 48, and received the sanction of the Senate by 20 votes 
in its favor to 9 against it. Amendments to it were adopted on February 25, 
and again on July 29, 1813. On February 15, 1816, the additional duties imposed 
by the Act of 1812 were repealed, and additional duties of 42 per cent., to take 
effect on July 1, were substituted, but the law did not go into operation. From 
18x2 to 1816 the average rate on all imports was 32.73 per cent., the range being 
from 6.84 per cent, in 1815 to 69.03 in 1813. 

THE LOWNDES-CALHOUN BILL. 

The next great Tariff measure is known as the Lowndes-Calhoun 
bill. It was approved April 27, 1816, took effect the following July, and may 
be said to be the first of the protective tariffs. It was not wholly set aside 
until 1842, under the administration of Mr. Polk. The ad valorem duties under 
it ranged from 7J4 to 33 per cent. The unenumerated goods paid 15 per cent., 
the manufacturers of iron and other metals generally 15 per cent., tlxe majority 


167 



THE TARIFF. 


of woolen goods 25 per cent., cotton goods 25 per cent., “with clauses estab¬ 
lishing ‘minimums’”—that is, in reckoning duties, 25 cents per square yard 
was to be deemed the minimum cost of cotton cloth; unbleached and uncolored 
yarn, 60 cents, and bleached or colored yarn, 75 cents per pound. These rates 
became practically prohibitory on the cheaper goods. The law was amended 
April 20, 1818, and again on March 3,1819. It had the support of New England 
and the Middle States, but the South was opposed to it. From 1817 to 1820 
the average rate on imports was 26.52 per cent.; from 1821 to 1824, 35.02 per 
cent.; and from 1821 to 1824, on dutiable goods only, 36.88 per cent. This 
general increase of duties was due to the necessity of providing for the interest 
on the heavy debt incurred by the second war with England. 

The Clay Tariff followed in 1824. The vote in the House was close—107 to 
102; and there was a majority of only 4 in the Senate. New England and the 
South voted against the measure, while on the other side were ranged the West 
and Middle States. It received the President’s signature on May 22, 1824, and 
went into effect July 1 It remained in force in almost its entirety until 1842. 
It raised the duty on woolen goods from 25 to 30 per cent, for one year, and 
then to 33% per cent. There was a “minimum” of 30 cents per square yard 
on cotton cloth. Wool over 10 cents a pound was rated at 20 per cent, until 
June 1, 1825, then 25 per cent, for one year, and then 30 per cent. The average 
rate on all imports from 1825 to 1828 was 47.17 per cent, and on dutiable goods 
50.29 per cent. 

THE “TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS.” 

The “Tariff of Abominations,” as it is called, was approved 
May 19, 1828, and went into operation part the following July and part in Sep¬ 
tember. In the House 105 members voted for it and 94 members, mostly from 
New England and the South, against it. In the Senate the vote was 26 to 21. 
It had special reference to iron, wool and manufactures of wool. The duty on 
wool was four cents per pound and 40 per cent, for one year; then four cents 
and 45 per cent, for a year; then four cents and 50 per cent. Somewhat lower 
duties were provided for in an Act passed on May 24, 1828, again in May, 1830, 
and still again on July 13, 1832. The average duty on all goods from 1829 to 
1832 was 47.81 per cent, and on all dutiable articles 51.55 per cent. 

The Modifying Tariff of 1832 was intended “ to correct the inequalities of 
that of 1828.” It was passed by the Whigs, or National Republicans, and 
levied high duties on cotton and woolen goods and other articles to which 
protection was meant to be applied. The vote in the House was 132 to 65 and 
in the Senate 32 to 16, the votes in favor of it coming from all sections of the 
country. The New England vote in the House was a tie. It was approved on 
July 14, and took effect on March 3, 1833. The existing duties were superseded 
by the Act, some of them reduced and a few raised. In a separate Act of the 
same date railroad iron was made free. Under its operation the average rate 
on imports in 1832-33, during the ten months it was in force, was 28.99 per 
cent, and dutiable articles 38.25 per cent. 

The Compromise Tariff of 1833 provided for taking off one-third of the duties 
each year until a uniform rate on all of 20 per cent, should be reached. It 
passed the House by 119 to 85 and the Senate by 29 to 16. New England then 
joined the Middle States in voting for high protective duties. It was approved 
on March 2, 1833, the day before the Tariff of 1832 went into operation, and 
took effect on January 1, 1834. The terms of the compromise were that all 
duties which in the Tariff of 1832 exceeded 20 per cent, should have, one-tenth 
of the excess over 20 per cent, taken off on January 1, 1834; one-tenfh more on 
January 1, 1836; again one-tenth in 1838, and another one-tenth in 1840; so that 
by 1840 four-tenths of the excess over 20 per cent, would be disposed of. Then 
on January 1, 1842, one-half of this remaining excess was to be taken off, and 
on July 1, 1842, the other half of the remaining excess was to go. There would, 
therefore, after July 1, 1842, have been a uniform rate of 20 per cent, on all 
articles. The average duty on all imports from 1834 to 1842 was 19.25 per cent, 
and on dutiable articles 34.73 per cent. 

168 


THE TARIFF. 


# THE TARIFF OF 1842. 

The Tariff of 1842 was passed by the Whigs as a party measure, 
and was avowedly protective. It took effect on August 30, 1842, changed all 
existing rates, was amended in March, 1843, and died December 1, 1846. New 
England and the Middle States gave it strong support. The South was earnest 
in opposition and the West was a tie. The average rate on all imports under 
it was 26.92 per cent, and on dutiable articles 33.47 per cent. 

The Polk-Walker Tariff of 1846 is one of the most noteworthy acts in the 
fiscal history of our government. 

Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, who was President Polk’s Secretary of the 
Treasury, laid down these principles as a basis for revenue reform in his 
celebrated report of 1845: 

“ No more money shall be collected than is needed for economical adminis¬ 
tration. 

“The duty on no article should exceed the lowest rate which will yield the 
largest revenue. 

“ Below such rate discrimination may be made, or for imperative reasons 
an article may be made free. 

'* Luxuries should be taxed at the minimum rate for revenue. 

il Duties should be all ad valorem, and never specific. 

“ Duties should be so imposed as to operate as equally as possible through¬ 
out the Union, without respect to class or section.” 

The Ml framed on this basis was approved by Mi. Polk on July 30, 1846. It 
passed the House by 114 to 95, the East being in opposition and the West and 
South in support. The vote in the Senate on a third reading was a tie, and 
Vice-President Dallas gave the casting vote in the affirmative. The Senate 
on the final passage stood 28 to 27. This Act superseded the Whig tariff, and 
remained in force until 1861. It swept away specific and compound duties. 
It divided all dutiable merchandise into eight classes, which introduced 
greater simplicity into the whole system of customs regulations. The average 
duty on all imports was, from 1847 to 1857, 23.20 per cent, and on dutiable 
articles 26.22 per cent. 

The Tariff of 1857, which was the next in order, made a still further reduc¬ 
tion in duties. It was approved on March 3, 1857, took effect on July 1, and 
remained in force until April 1, 1861. New England united with the South in 
giving it 123 votes to 72 in the House, and in the Senate 33 to 12. The average 
duty on all goods, from 1858 to 1861, was 15.66 per cent, and on dutiable 
articles 20.12 per cent. 

THE MORRILL TARIFF. 

The Morrill Tariff of I861 differed from all its predecessors in 
that it provided for a general system of compound and differential duties, 
specific and ad valorem, and also made a distinction between goods imported 
from different parts of the world. It passed the House on May 11, i860, by a 
vote of 105 to 64, and the Senate on February 20, 1861, by a vote of 25 to 14. 
From the first, through all the cumbrous legislation that has followed in its 
wake, it has been avowedly protective. It was frequently changed during the 
War of the Rebellion, ostensibly for purposes of revenue. At an early period 
in its history the number of rates ran up to over two thousand. From 1861 to 
1869 every year produced some enlargement of the original scheme. In 1870 
there was some modification of rates, generally in the line of reduction. Tea 
and coffee, taxed since 1861, were then put on the free list, and the duties on 
cotton and woolen goods, wool, iron, paper, glass and leather were lowered 
about 10 per cent. The free list was somewhat enlarged, but the reduction 
was rescinded in the Act of March 3, 1875. The duty on quinine was abolished 
on July 1, 1879. The average duty on all imports, from 1862 to 1883, was 34.16 
per cent, and on dutiable articles 42.74 per cent. 

The Commission Tariff was passed by the House on March 3, 1883, by a 


169 


THE TARIFF. 


vote of 152 to 1 16, and passed the Senate on March 2, the vote being 32 to 
31. This was the tariff which was in force until October 6, 1890, when it 
was superseded, except as to tobacco and tin-plate, by the operation of*the 
McKinley bill. 

Under it the average had been put by Senator Carlisle at 45I2 per cent., 
while Senator Aldrich insisted that the average was 45.13 per cent. As to 
the average rate under the Tariff of 1890, or McKinley_ Tariff, Senators Aid 
rich and Carlisle again differed, the former estimating it at about 41 per cent., 
while Mr. Carlisle computed it at 60 per cent.—the highest in the history of 
the Government. It passed the House by a vote of 152 to 81, and the Senate 
by a vote of 33 to 27. 


Bovines vs. Equines.— The differences anatomically and 
physiologically between the cattle tribe (Bos) and the horse 
family (Equus) is an interesting study. In parallel tables these 
can be seen at a glance. They have been condensed with a view 
of bringing the whole matter into a nutshell, so they may be 
understood at a glance: 


Cattle— 

Have two toes. 

Horned. 

Have no mane. 

Long hair in a tuft at end of tail 
Pawing with fore-feet denotes anger 

Seize forage with the tongue. 

Lips slightly movable.. 

Have no upper incisor teeth. 

Lie down fore parts first.... ...... 

Rise on hind-legs first.. 

Four stomachs. 

They chew the cud.. 

Have gall bladder. 

Mouth generally open when wearied, 

Defense by goring. 

Bellow or moo. 

Do not sweat. 

Have dewlap. 

No warts on inside of hind-legs. 

Never use teeth in fighting. 

Do not retract the ears. 

Very rough tongue. 

Short, broad head. 

Wide, drooping ears.. 

Limbs formed for strength. 

Do not roll in the dust... 

Sleep with both ears alike. 

Lie down to sleep. 

Eat and lie down to ruminate........ 

Shoulders straight. 


Horses— 

Have one toe. 

Without horns. 

Have flowing mane. 

Tail covered with long hair. 

Pawing with fore-feet denotes hunger. 
Gather food with the lips. 

Lips very movable. 

. Have upper and lower incisors. 

Lie down hind parts first. 

.Rise on fore-legs first. 

• One stomach. 

. Do not chew the cud. 

.Have no gall bladder. 

Mouth never open from exhaustion. 
Defense by kicking. 

.Neigh or whinny. 

.Perspire easily. 

Have no dewlap. 

Hard, oval warts inside hind-legs. 

Use the teeth in fighting. 

Retract the ears when angry. 

• Soft, smooth tongue. 

Long, narrow head. 

Erect, narrow ears. 

Limbs formed for speed. 

Do roll in the dust. 

.Sleep with one ear forward. 

Often sleep standing. 

Never ruminate. Eat little and often. 
.Shoulders sloping. 


Monarchs and Their End.— The world has had 2,550 

kings or emperors of whom records are known, and who have reigned over seventy- 
four peoples. Of these rulers, 300 were overthrown, sixty-four were forced to abdi¬ 
cate, twenty-eight committed suicide, twenty-three became mad or imbecile, 100 
were killed in battle, 123 were captured by the enemy, twenty-five were tortured to 
death, 151 were assassinated, and 108 were executed. 

170 


































STOCK INVESTMENTS EXPLAINED. 


T HE CAPITAL of corporations is always divided into 
shares, usually of $100 each. These are known as stocky 
and represent an interest in the property and profits 
of the company. A dividend is the distribution of the profits, 
proportionate to number of shares held among the stockholders. 
Stock certificates are written instruments, signed by the proper 
officers of the company, and certifying that the holder is the 
owner of a certain number of shares. These are transferable, 
and may be bought and sold the same as other property. The 
sum for which each share or certificate was issued is the par 
valuey and the amount for which it can be sold the market value. 

Preferred Stock takes preference of the ordinary stock of 
a corporation, and the holders are entitled to a stated per cent, 
annually out of net earnings before a dividend can be declared 
on common stock. Preferred stocks are generally the result of 
reorganization, although sometimes issued in payment of floating 
or unsecured debts. 

Watering Stock. —Sometimes the charter of a corporation 
forbids the declaring of a dividend exceeding a certain per cent, 
of the par value of its stock. In this case the directors may find 
it desirable to “water” the stock—that is, issue additional shares. 
This increase in the number of shares of course reduces the per¬ 
centage of dividend, although the same profit in the aggregate is 
secured to the stockholders. 

Dealing in Stocks. 

The person employing a broker to buy the stock is required to 
advance at the outset a certain per cent, of the purchase price of 
the stock, as security for possible losses by reason of a decline of 
the stock while in the broker’s hands. The amount of the mar¬ 
gin required is generally io per cent., but may be more or less, 
and frequently is nothing at all, depending on the broker’s confi¬ 
dence in his customer’s readiness to meet losses, if there be any. 

The broker then goes into the stock exchange and buys of 
some selling broker the stock indicated, the buying broker him¬ 
self advancing the purchase money. 

The relation existing between the customer and the broker in 
a transaction of this kind may be briefly stated as follows: 

The broker agrees: i. That he will buy for his customer the 
stock indicated, at its market value. 2. That he will hold the 
stock for the benefit of his customer so long as the necessary 
margin is advanced, and kept paid, or until notice is given by 
either party that the transaction must be closed. 3. That he 
will at all times have the stock in his possession or under his con¬ 
trol; or an equal amount of other shares of the same stock, sub- 

171 



STOCKS AND BONDS. 


ject to the call of the customer. 4. That he will sell the shares 
on the order of the customer, on payment to him of the pur¬ 
chase price advanced by the broker, accounting to the customer 
for the proceeds of the sale. 5. That he will exercise proper 
care and competent skill in the services which he undertakes to 
perform. 

The customer agrees: 1. To pay the margin called for at the 
outset. 2. To keep good such margin according to the fluctua¬ 
tion of the market. 3. To take the stock purchased by his order 
when requested to do so by the broker, paying the latter the dif¬ 
ference between the margin advanced and the sum paid for the 
stock by the broker, together with his commissions for doing the 
business. 

Although the broker’s money bought the stock, it belongs to 
the customer, together with all its earnings and dividends, while 
in the broker’s possession, and the customer is entitled to the 
possession of the stock on payment to the broker of the sum of 
money to which he is entitled. 

The broker may pledge the stock, or use it in his business, as 
collateral, but he must have it ready w'hen called for by the cus¬ 
tomer, or other shares of the same stock equivalent in value. 

The customer and the broker may make an express agreement 
that the broker may sell the stock without notice to the customer 
in the case of a threatened decline. 

Generally speaking, when there are no directions as to selling, 
the broker will be protected if he can show that he followed the 
usual custom of brokers in like circumstances. 

If the customer fails to advance the necessary margin when 
called for on reasonable notice, the broker may sell for his own 
protection. 

The reasonable notice may be an hour, a day, or a week, de¬ 
pending on the condition of the market for that particular stock. 

If a broker fraudulently converts the stock to his own use, he 
is guilty of embezzlement. 

Bonds. 

A bond is in the nature of a promissory note—the obligation 
of a corporation, state, county or city to pay a certain sum of 
money at a certain time, with interest payable at fixed periods or 
upon certain conditions. 

The bond of a company may be a perfectly safe investment, 
when the stock is not; and the stock of a prosperous and suc¬ 
cessful company, paying large dividends or having a large sur¬ 
plus, may- sell at a higher price than the bonds of the same com¬ 
pany, the income from which is limited to the agreed rate of in¬ 
terest which they bear. A much closer scrutiny should be made 

172 


BROKERAGE AND COMMISSION . 


of a company’s standing when one thinks of investing in its 
share capital, than when it is the intention to loan the company 
money on its mortgage bonds. 

Generally the bonds of business corporations are secured by 
mortgage, but some classes of bonds are dependent on the solv¬ 
ency or good faith of the company issuing them. 

The coupons attached to bonds represent the different install¬ 
ments of interest, and are to be cut off and collected from time 
to time as the interest becomes payable. Bonds are sometimes 
issued without coupons, and are then called registered bonds. 
Such bonds are payable only to the registered owner, and the in¬ 
terest on these is paid by check. Convertible bonds are such as 
contain provisions whereby they may be exchanged for stock, 
lands or other property. 

Bonds are known as First Mortgage, Second Mortgage, etc., 
Debentures, Consols, Convertible Land Grant, Sinking Fund, 
Adjustment, Income or otherwise, according to their priority of 
lien, the class of property upon which they are secured, etc. In¬ 
come bonds are generally bonds on which the interest is only 
payable if earned, and ordinarily are not secured by mortgage. 
Bonds are also named from the rate of interest they bear, or 
from the dates at which they are payable or redeemable, or from 
both; as, U. S. 4’s 1907, Virginia 6’s Western Union 7’s, coupon, 
1900, Lake Shore reg. 2d, 1903. 

Brokerage and Commission. 

A commission merchant, or factor, is an agent intrusted by 
his principal with goods to be sold, with the authority to deduct 
from the proceeds of the sales a certain sum agreed upon as com¬ 
pensation for his services, remitting the balance to his principal. 

Such an agent impliedly agrees to perform his duties in a care¬ 
ful and diligent manner, and to obey the orders and instructions 
which he receives from his principal so far as he is able. 

He is bound to exercise his judgment and discretion to the best 
advantage of his principal, and to render just and true accounts. 

In the absence of special instructions to the contrary, he has 
an implied authority to sell at such times, and at such prices, as 
in the exercise of his discretion he may deem for the best inter¬ 
ests of his principal. 

He may sell on credit, if it is customary so to do, among those 
in the same business, unless he has received orders to the con¬ 
trary. 

All profits made by him in handling his principal’s property or 
money, beyond his ordinary compensation, are for the benefit of 
the principal. 

He cannot himself be the purchaser of the goods intrusted to 

X73 


TERMS USED ON ’ CHANGE. 

him to sell, unless he deals openly and fairly with his principal, 
and acquaints him with all the facts and circumstances material 
for him to know. 

Bankruptcy. 

Laws have been enacted in nearly all the States for the pur¬ 
pose of distributing the property of an insolvent debtor ratably 
among his creditors and discharging the debtor from further 
liability. Proceedings may be instituted by the debtor himself 
or by a creditor. As a general rule, proceedings in one State 
are not binding on a creditor residing in another State; but if 
Congress were to pass a national bankrupt law, this would annul 
all State laws on the subject, and proceedings under the national 
law would bind creditors in all the States and Territories. 

Insolvency proceedings are generally commenced by a peti¬ 
tion to the Judges of the court of insolvency, setting forth 
among other things the debtor’s inability to pay all his debts in 
full, and his desire to surrender all his property for the benefit 
of his creditors. 

If satisfied of the truth of matters alleged in the petition, the 
judge issues an order commanding the proper officer to take the 
debtor’s property and hold it until a certain time, when the cred¬ 
itors meet and choose an assignee. 

The assignee then takes charge of the property, turns it into 
money, and declares a dividend for the creditors. 

Pending the proceedings, the debtor may be examined on oath 
for the purpose of making him disclose all matters concerning 
his property and the disposal thereof. 

If the debtor has conformed to the insolvent law in all re¬ 
spects, he is entitled to a discharge from his debts, which is 
given him by the judge on the debtor’s obtaining the requisite 
assent from the creditors. 

In nearly all the States an insolvent debtor may, with the con¬ 
sent of his creditors, and in some States without such consent, 
assign all his property to a trustee for the benefit of his cred¬ 
itors, who converts it into money, dividing it pro rata among the 
creditors. 

Terms Used on ’Change. 

Accommodation Paper.—N otes or bills not representing an actual sale or trade 
transaction, but merely drawn to be discounted for the benefit of drawer, acceptor 
or indorsers, or all combined. 

Balance of Trade.—D ifference in value between total imports and exports oi 
a country. 

Ballooning.—T o work up a stock tar beyond its intrinsic worth by favorable 
stories or fictitious sales. 

Bear.—O ne who strives to depress the price of stocks, etc., and for this reason 
“ goes short.” 

Buying Long.—B uying in expectation of a rise 

Breadstuffs.—A ny kind of grain, corn or meal. 

174 


THE INTER-STATE COMMERCE LAW 

Broker.— An agent or factor; a middleman paid by commission. 

Brokerage. —A percentage for the purchase or sale of money and stocks. 

Bull. —A broker or dealer who believes that the value of stocks or breadstuff's 
•nil rise, and speculates for a rise. 

Call. —Demand for payment of installments due on stocks. 

Call. —A privilege given to another to “ call” for delivery at a time and price 
fixed. 

Clique. —A combination of operators controlling large capital in order to unduly 
expand or break down the market. 

Collaterals. —Any kind of values given In pawn when money is borrowed. 

Corners. —The buying up of a large quantity of stocks or grain to raise the price. 
When the market is oversold, the shorts, if compelled to deliver, find themselves in 
a “ corner.” 

Curbstone Brokers. —Brokers or agents who are not members of any regular 
organization, and do businessmainly on the sidewalk. 

Delivery. —When stock or grain is brought to the buyer in exact accordance with 
the rules of the Exchange, it is called a good delivery. When there are irregulari¬ 
ties, the delivery is pronounced bad, and the buyer can appeal to the Exchange. 

Differences —The price at which a stock is bargained for and the rate or day of 
delivery are nc. usually the same, the variation being termed the difference. 

Factor. —An agent appointed to sell goods on commission 

Factorage. —Commissions allowed factors. 

Flat. —Inactive; depressed; dull. The fiat value of bonds and stocks is the 
value without interest. 

Flyer. —A small side operation, not employing one’s whole capital. 

Forcing Quotations is where brokers wish to keep up the price of a stock and to 
prevent its falling out of sight. This is generally accomplished by a small sale. 

Gunning a stock is to use every art to produce a break when it is known that a 
certain house is heavily supplied and would be unable to resist an attack. 

Kite-Flying. —Expanding one’s credit beyond wholesome limits. 

Lame Duck. —Stock-brokers’ slang for one unable to meet his liabilities. 

Long. —One is long when he carries stock or grain for a rise. 

Pointer. —A theory or fact regarding the market on which one bases a specula¬ 
tion. 

Pool. —The stock or money contributed by a clique to carry through a corner. 

Price Current.—T he prevailing price of merchandise, stock or securities. 

Selling Short. —To “ sell short” is to sell for future delivery what one has not 
got, in hopes that prices will fall. 

Watering a stock is the art of doubling the quantity of stock without improving 
its quality. . ... _ 

THE INTER-STATE COMMERCE LAW. 

The Inter-State Commerce Act is a law passed by Congress in 
1887, for the regulation of rates and the management of inter¬ 
state commerce. It applies to carriers engaged in the transpor¬ 
tation of passengers or property wholly by railroad or partly by 
railroad and partly by water, from one State, Territory or District 
of the United States to any other State, Territory or District, or 
to or from a foreign country. It provides for the appointment of 
a board of five commissioners, empowered to enquire into the 
management of the carriers and determine the reasonableness 
of their rates. A carrier whose line is entirely within a State is 
subject to the act so far as it makes or accepts through rates 
on inter-State commerce. 

Among other things the act requires that all charges shall be 
just and reasonable; that charges for a shorter distance shall not 

175 



THE LA WS OF CHANCE . 


exceed those for a longer distance on the same line in the same 
direction, when the circumstances and conditions are similar; 
that there shall be no unjust discrimination as between persons 
or classes of traffic or localities, in the charges made or in the 
service rendered; that the rates charged for transportation shall 
be printed, filed with the Commission and kept for public 
inspection at the several stations, and that the carriers shall an¬ 
nually make a complete exhibit of their business to the Commis¬ 
sion. 

The act makes exceptions from its provisions of the carriage 
of property for the United States or for any State or municipal 
government, or for charitable purposes, or to or from fairs and 
expositions, and it allows of the issuing of mileage, excursion or 
commutation tickets, and admits of the giving of reduced rates to 
ministers of religion and free transportation to the officers and 
employes of the carrier, and to the principal officers of other 
carriers. 


The Laws of Chance. —Card-players who are continually 
bewailing their ill-luck of always receiving the same poor cards, 
will, perhaps, be reassured by knowing that the fifty-two cards, 
with thirteen to each of the four players, can be distributed in 
53,644,737,756,488,792,839,237,440,000 different ways, so that there 
would still be a good stock of combinations to draw from, even 
if a man from Adam’s time had devoted himself to no other 
occupation than that of playing at cards. 


The Place Where the Sun Jumps a Day. —Chatham 
Island, lying off the coast of New Zealand, in the South Pacific 
Ocean, is peculiarly situated, as it is one of the habitable points 
of the globe where the day of the week changes. It is just in 
the line of demarkation between dates. There, at high 12 Sun¬ 
day, noon ceases, and instantly Monday meridian begins. Sun¬ 
day comes into a man s house on the east side and becomes 
Monday by the timr it pasce out the western door. A man sits 
down to his noonday ’.inner n Sunday, and it is Monday noon 
before he finishes it. There Saturday v Sunday and Sunday is 
Monday, and Monday becomes suddenly transferred into Tues¬ 
day. It is a good place for people who have lost much time, for 
by taking an early start they can always get a day ahead on 
Chatham Island. It took philosophers and geographers a long 
time to settle the puzzle of where Sunday noon ceased and 
Monday noon began with a man traveling west fifteen degrees 
an hour, or with the sun. It is to be hoped that the next 
English arctic expedition will settle the other mooted question: 
“Where will one stop who travels northwest continually?” 

176 




INSURANCE 


A STOCK Insurance Company is one whose capital is 
owned by stockholders, they alone sharing the profits 
and they alone being liable for losses. The business of 
such a company, and also of a mixed company, is managed by 
directors chosen by the stockholders. Policy-holders, unless at 
the same time stockholders, have no voice in the management 
of the company’s business or in the election of its officers. 

A. Mutual Insurance Company is one in which the profits 
and losses are shared among the policy-holders (the insured.) 

Alixed Companies are a combination of the foregoing. In a 
mixed company all profits above a certain fixed dividend are 
usually divided among the policy-holders. 

Some mutual and mixed companies, issue M r hat are called non- 
participating policies. The holders of these do not share in the 
profits or losses. 

FIRE INSURANCE. 

Policies for fire insurance are generally issued for a period of 
one to five years. Ordinarily, in case of loss by fire, the 
insured will be paid the extent of his loss up to the amount of 
insurance, unless the insurance company prefer to replace or re¬ 
pair the damaged property, which privilege is usually reserved. 
If the policy contains the “average clause” the payment will 
cover onlj'- such portion of the loss as the amount of insurance 
bears to the value of the property insured. 

A Floating Policy is one which covers property stored in 
several buildings or places. The name is applied more particu¬ 
larly to policies which cover goods whose location may be 
changed in process of manufacture, or in the ordinary course of 
business. The “average clause” is a usual condition of policies 
of this class. 

Short Rates are rates for a term less than a j'ear. If an insur¬ 
ance policy is terminated at the request of the policy-holder, 
the company retains the customary “short rates” for the time 
the policy has been in force, as shown bj r the following tables: 


Policy for 

1 year. 

Policy for 

2 years. 

Policy for 

3 years. 

Policy for 

4 years. 

Policy for 

5 years. 

Charge this pro¬ 
portion of whole 
Premium. 

1 mo. 

2 mo. 

3 mo. 

4 mo. 

5 mo. 

20 per cent. 

2 “ 

4 


C “ 

8 “ 

10 “ 

30 

44 

3 “ 

6 

f« 

9 “ 

12 “ 

15 “ 

40 

44 

4 “ 

8 

II 

12 “ 

16 “ 

20 “ 

50 

44 

5 “ 

10 

II 

15 “ 

20 “ 

25 “ 

60 

44 

6 “ 

12 

II 

18 “ 

24 “ 

30 “ 

70 

44 

7 “ 

14 

U 

21 “ 

28 “ 

35 “ 

75 

44 

8 " 

16 

44 

24 " 

32 “ 

40 “ 

80 

If 

9 “ 

18 

44 

27 “ 

36 “ 

45 “ 

.85 

If 

10 “ 

20 

l< 

30 “ 

40 “ 

50 “ 

90 

i 4 

11 •• 

22 

44 

33 “ 1 

44 “ 

55 “ 

95 

*4 X 77 















INSURANCE. 


When a policy is terminated at the option of the company, a 
ratable portion of the premium is refunded for the unexpired 
term. 

LIFE INSURANCE. 

In ordinary life policies a certain premium is to be paid 
every year until the death of the insured, when the policy 
becomes payable to the beneficiary. There are other kinds of 
policies, however, and these are described below: 

Limited Payment Life Policy. —Conditions: Premiums to be paid annually for a 
certain fixed number of years, or until the death of the insured, should that occur 
prior to the expiration of this period. Policy payable at death of the insured. 
Advantages: Payments on this kind of policy may all be made while the insured is 
best able to make them, and, if he live to an old age, the policy will not be a con¬ 
tinual burden, but will rather be a source of income, as the yearly dividends may be 
taken out in cash or added to the arfiount of insurance. 

Term Life Policy. —In this method of insurance, the insurance company agrees 
to pay to the beneficiaries a certain sum on the death of the insured, should that 
event occur within a fixed term. 

Endowment Policy. —A combination ot a Term Life Policy and a Pure Kndow- 
ment. These policies are issued for endowment periods of io, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35 
years, and may be paid up by a single payment, by an annual premium during the 
endowment period, or by five or ten annual payments. Conditions: 1. Insurance 
during a stipulated period, payable at the death of the insured, should that event 
happen within said period. 2. An endowment of the same amount as the policy, 
payable to the insured, if still living at th*' end of the period fixed. Advantages: 
Limited term of payments; insurance during the time when the death of the insured 
would cause most embarrassment to his family: provision for old age, as the amount 
of the policy will be paid to the insured if still living, at a time when advanced age 
may make it of great benefit. 

Annuity Policies are secured by a single cash payment and insure the holder the 
yearly payment of a certain sum of money during life. 

Joint Life Policy. —An agreement to pay a certain sum on the death ot any one 
of two or more persons thus insured. 

Non forfeiting Policies do not become void for non-payment of premiums. In 
some companies all limited payment life policies, and all endowment policies, after 
premiums for three (or two) years have been paid, and the original policy is sur¬ 
rendered within a certain time, provide for paid-up assurance for as many parts of 
the original amount assured as there shall have been complete annual premiums 
received in cash by the company. Some companies voluntarily apply all credited 
dividends to the continuance of the insurance. Others apply the legal reserve to 
the purchase of term insurance at regular rates. 

Special Forms. —The Reserve Endowment, Tontine Investment and other special 
policies guarantee to the holder a definite surrender value at the termination of 
certain periods. The surrender value of a policy is the amount in cash which the 
company will pay the holder of a policy on its surrender—the legal reserve less a 
certain per cent, for expenses. 

The Reserve of life insurance policies is the present value of 
the amount to be paid at death less the present value of all the 
net premiums to be paid in the future. 

The Reserve Fund of a life insurance company is that sum 
In hand which, invested at a given rate of interest, together with 
future premiums on existing policies, should be sufficient to meet 
all obligations as they become due. It is the sum of the separate 
reserves of the several policies outstanding. 

The Expectation of Life is the number of years which one 

178 


INSURANCE. 


may probably live. This average number of years has been de¬ 
termined from the experience of insurance companies. 


Age. 

Expecta¬ 
tion in 
years. 

Age. 

Expecta¬ 
tion in 
years. 

Age. 

Expecta¬ 

tion in 
years. 

Age. 

Expecta¬ 
tion in 
years. 

Age. 

Expecta¬ 
tion in 
years. 

0 

2S.15 

20 

34.22 

40 

26.04 

60 

15.45 

80 

5.85 

1 

36.78 

21 

33.84 

41 

25.61 

61 

14.86 

81 

5.50 

2 

38.74 

22 

33.46 

42 

25-19 

62 

14.26 

82 

5.16 

3 

40.01 

23 

33.08 

43 

24.77 

63 

13.66 

83 

4.87 

4 

40.73 

24 

32.70 

44 

24.35 

64 

13-05 

84 

4-66 

5 

40.88 

25 

32.33 

45 

23.92 

65 

12.43 

85 

4.57 

6 

40.69 

>26 

31.93 

46 

23.37 

66 

11.96 

86 

4.21 

7 

40.47 

27 

31.50 

47 

22.83 

67 

11.48 

87 

3.90 

8 

40.14 

28 

31.08 

48 

22.27 

68 

11.01 

88 

3.67 

9 

39.72 

29 

30.66 

49 

21.72 

69 

10.50 

89 

3.56 

10 

39.23 

30 

30.25 

50 

21.17 

70 

10.06 

90 

3.43 

11 

38.64 

31 

29.83 

51 

20.61 

71 

9.60 

91 

3.32 

12 

38.02 

32 

29.43 

52 

20.05 

72 

9.14 

92 

3.12 

13 

37.41 

33 

29.02 

53 

19.49 

73 

8.69 

93 

2.40 

14 

36.79 

34 

28.62 

54 

18.92 

74 

8.25 

94 

1.98 

15 

36.17 

35 

28.22 

55 

18.35 

75 

7.83 

95 

1.62 

16 

35.76 

36 

27.78 

56 

17.78 

76 

7.40 



17 

35.37 

37 

27.34 

57 

17.20 

77 

6.99 



18 

34.98 

38 

26.91 

58 

16.63 

78 

6.59 



19 

34.59 

39 

26.47 

59 

16.04 

79 

6.21 




MARINE AND TRANSIT INSURANCE. 

Insurance of vessels and their cargoes against the perils of 
navigation is termed Marine Insurance. 

Inland and Transit Insurance refer to insurance of merchan¬ 
dise while being transported from place to place either by rail 
or water routes, or both. 

Insurance Certificates, showing that certain property has 
been insured and stating the amount of the insurance and the 
name of the party abroad who is authorized to make the settle¬ 
ment, are issued by marine companies. They are negotiable 
and are usually sent to the consignee of the merchandise to 
make the loss payable at the port of destination. 

The adjustment of marine policies in case of loss is on the 
same principle as the adjustment of fire policies containing the 
“average clause.” 

Open Policies are such upon which additional insurances 
may be entered at different times. 

Number of families in the United States (census of 1880), 
9,945,916; average number to a square mile, 3.43. Number of 
dwellings, 8,955,842; average to the square mile, 3.02, Number 
of acres to a family, 186.62. Number of persons to a family, 
5.04. Number of persons to a dwelling, 5.6. 

Number of farms in the United States in 1880, 4,008,907; in 
1870, 2,659,985; in i860, 2,044,077; in 1850, 1,449,073. 

179 


















INTERNAL REVENUE. 

The internal revenue of the U. S. includes the taxes on 
spirits, tobacco, etc., and most of the receipts from national 
taxes, except customs duties and the receipts from the sale of 
public lands, patent fees, postal receipts, etc. 

The Constitution declares that Congress has the power “to 
lav and collect taxes, duties, imports and excises,” and that they 
shall be uniform throughout the U. S., and provides that direct 
taxes shall be apportioned among the States only in proportion 
to the population. 

At the close of the revolution raising money by internal 
taxation was hardly thought of, and at that time the condition of 
the people and manufactures would not warrant it. The first in¬ 
ternal revenue tax imposed by Congress was that of March 3, 
1791, on distilled spirits of domestic manufacture, the enforce¬ 
ment of which led to the whiskey insurrection. In 1798 the first 
direct tax of the kind, one of $2,000,000, was apportioned among 
the States, and it was proposed that it should be levied on 
dwelling-houses, slaves and land. 

All internal taxes were repealed in 1802 in accordance with 
the recommendation of President Jefferson, and no others were 
authorized until 1813, when the war with England necessitated an 
increased revenue. These taxes were continued a few years after 
the war, but were abolished, and none were levied until 1861. 

The civil war forced a renewal of the internal revenue system, 
and in 1861 a direct tax of $20,000,000 was apportioned among 
the States. On July 1, 1862, an act was passed levying taxes on 
all sorts and kinds of articles too numerous to mention. A few 
industries were taxed out of existence and all were more or less 
tlisturbed, but the people submitted without opposition. Great 
reductions were made after the war ceased, and at the present 
time the only subjects of internal revenue taxation are tobacco, 
spirits, fermented liquors, bank circulation and oleomarga¬ 
rine 

The following have always been exempt from taxation in the 
U. S.: 

Public property of both State and nation; the property of in¬ 
corporated institutions of learning; houses of worship; cemeteries 
and the personal property of individuals, so far as to cover the 
lecessities of life. 

In 1792 the amount raised by internal revenue was $208,942; in 
*866, $309,226,813; in 1887, $118,837,301. 

You Cannot Count a Trillion. —It is impossible to count 
.1 trillion. Had Adam counted continuously from his creation 
to the present day, he would not have reached that number, for 
it would take him over 9,512 years. At the rate of 200 a minute, 
there could be counted 12,000 an hour, 288,000 a day, and 105,* 
120,000 a year. IgO 



HINTS TO ADVERTISERS. 

The first thing for an advertiser to decide is the mediums 
which reach the desired class of customers. Cheap mediums do 
not, as a rule, bring good returns, neither does it follow that a 
periodical claiming a large circulation takes precedence over one 
with a less circulation. The tone of the publication and charac¬ 
ter of its readers determine much. A first class periodical with 
a bona fide paid circulation is far more desirable than a much 
larger sample copy circulation. People who think enough of a. 
publication to buy it are very apt to read it. 

Except in special cases, hand-bills and dodgers are of little or 
no account. 

The advertisement must be attractive, and if lasting results be 
desired, the goods must be as represented, and the advertisement 
honestly worded. 

The occasional advertiser reaps but meager results; ’tis the 
constant, persistent advertiser who reaps the most benefit. 

The secret of success in advertising lies largely in keeping the 
name and goods constantly before the eye of the public. 

Printer’s ink is beneficial to any business, but common sense 
and good judgment are absolutely necessary. The shrewd ad¬ 
vertiser and successful business man exercises as much care and 
discretion in placing his advertisement as he does in buying his 
goods. 

KOW TO COLLECT A DEBT. 

Thousands of dollars are lost every day through negligence or 
carelessness of creditors. 

If there is a fixed date for payment, be on hand promptly to re¬ 
ceive it. 

If not paid, follow it up closely. 

If party cannot pay now, get a promise for another date of 
payment. Pleasant words and a genial bearing invariably are 
more effective than threats of legal measures. 

If the debtor lives near, call and express your urgent needs of 
money, etc. 

If you cannot get it all, take a part, and get a note for the bal¬ 
ance. Notes are more easily handled and collected than open 
accounts. 

If the debtor is irresponsible, get him to secure an indorser, so 
that you “ can get the money on it at the bank,” etc. 

If possible, “know your man.” 

With some it is absolutely necessary to be sharp and positive, 
while the man who honestly intends to pay can be handled better 
by pleasant words, though frank and business-like. 

If a debtor is at a distance, write a courteous letter, inclosing 
bill or statement, requesting prompt settlement. 

If necessary, a second or third letter should be written. 

181 


HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY. 

Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much 
money were already counted out, then add to amount of 
purchase enough small change to make even dollars, counting 
out the even dollars last until full amount is made up. 

If the purchase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $2.00 
in payment, countout 43 cents first to make an even dollar. Then 
lay out the other dollar. 

Should the purchase be $3.69, to be taken out of $20,00, begin 
with $3.69 as the basis and make up even $4.00 by laying out 31 
cents. This 31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will 
consider as $4.00, and count out even dollars to make up the 
$20.00 which the customer has handed in. 


MERCHANTS’ COST AND PRICE MARKS. 

All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling 
price of goods. The cipher is usually made up from some short 
word or sentence of nine or ten letters, as: 

CORNELIUS, A. 

123456789 0. 

Five dollars, according to this key, would be eaa. But gen¬ 
erally an extra letter is used to prevent repeating the mark for 0. 
If the sign for a second 0 in this case were y , we would have 
eay instead of eaa. 


TIME IN WHICH MONEY DOUBLES. 


Per 

Cent. 

Simple Int. 

Comp. Int. 

Per 

Cent. 

Simple Int. 

Comp. Int. 

2 

50 years. 

35 years. 

5 

20 years. 

14 yrs. 75 da. 

2^ 

40 years. 

28 yrs. 26 dai 

6 

16 yrs. 8mos. 

11 yrs. 327 da. 

3 

33 yrs. 4 mos. 

23 yrs. 164 da. 

7 

14 yrs. 104 da. 

10 yrs. 89 da. 

3 X 

28 yrs. 208 da. 

20 yrs. 54 da. 

8 

1234 years. 

9 yrs. 2 da. 

4 

25 years. 

17 yrs. 246 da. 

9 

11 yrs. 40 da. 

8 yrs. 16 da. 

4 K 

22 yrs. 81 da. 

15 yrs. 273 da. 

10 

10 years. 

7 yrs. 100 da. 


“ A Dollar Saved, a Dollar Earned. 

The way to accumulate money is to save small sums with 
regularity. A small sum saved daily for fifty years will grow at 


the following rate: 


Daily Savings. Result. 

One cent .$ 950 

Ten cents. 9,504 

Twenty cents. 19,006 

Thirty cents. 28,512 

Forty cents. 38,015 

Fifty cents.. 47,520 


Daily Savings. Result. 

Sixty cents .$ 57,024 

Seventy cents....... 66,528 

Eighty cents. 76,032 

Ninety cents... 85,537 

One Dollar. 475,208 


182 





























SHORT INTEREST RULES. 

To find the interest on a given sum for any number of days, 
at any rate of interest, multiply the principal by the number of 
days and divide as follows: 

At 3 per cent., by . 

At 4 per cent., by . 

At 5 per cent., by . 

At 6 per cent., by . 

At 7 per cent., bj^ . 

At 8 per cent., by 

TRADE DISCOUNTS. 


. 120 

At 

9 

per 

c<yib, 

by . . 

. . 40 

. . 90 

At 

10 

per 

cent., 

by. . 

. . 36 

. 72 

At 

12 

per 

cent., 

by . , 

, . 30 

. . 60 

At 

15 

per 

cent., 

by . . 

. . 24 

. 52 

At 

20 

per 

cent., 

by . , 

. . 18 

. . 45 








Wholesale houses usually invoice their goods to retailers at 
‘list” prices. List prices were once upon a time supposed to be 
retail prices, but of late a system of “long” list prices has come 
into vogue in many lines of ti*ide—that is, the list price is made 
exorbitantly high, so that wholesalers can give enormous dis¬ 
counts. These discounts, whether large or small, are called 
trade discounts, and are usually deducted at a certain rate per 
cent, from the face of invoice. 

The amount of discount generally depends upon size of bill or 
terms of settlement, or both. Sometimes two or more discounts 
are allowed. Thus 30% and 5% is expressed 30 and 5, meaning 
first a discount of 30% and then 5% from the remainder. 

3c and 5 is not 35%, but $$%%• I0 > 5 and 3 °ff means three 

successive discounts. 

A wholesale house allowing 10, 5 and 3 off gets more for- its 
goods than it would at 18 off. 


HOW TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT MONEY. 


Ir. the space at disposal here, it is impossible of course to give 
a complete illustrated counterfeit detector, but the following 
simpie rules, laid down by Bank Note Examiner Geo. R. Baker, 
will be found extremely valuable: 

Examine the form and features of all human figures; if graceful, and features 
distinct, examine the drapery. Notice whether the folds lie naturally, and observe 
whether the fine strands of the hairare plain anddistinct. 

Examine the lettering. In a genuine bill it is absolutely perfect. There has 
never been a counterfeit put out but was more or less defective in the lettering. 

Counterfeiters rarely, if ever, get the imprint or engraver’s name perfect. The 
shading in the background of the vignette and over and around the letters forming 
the name of the bank, on a good bill, is even anu perfect; on a counterfeit it is un¬ 
even and imperfect. 

The die work around the figures of the denomination should be of the same 
character as the ornamental work surrounding it. 

Never take a bill deficient in any of these points. 

Big Trees. —Of ninety-two redwood trees in Calaveras Grove, 
Cal., ten are over thirty feet in diameter, and eighty-two have a 
diameter of from fifteen to thirty feet. Their ages are estimated 
at from 1,000 to 3,500 years. Their height ranges from 150 to 
237 feet. 


183 




BANKERS’ TIME TABLE. 

To Find, the Number of Days Between Any Two Dates of the Same Year, or Two Con* 

secutive Years, 

Consult the following table. The numbers in black letter at head of the columns represent the months:—I, January; 2, February, 

etc. In leap years, add one to the corresponding numbers of all dates after February 28 . 



=-g 3 ^ 90 s? 2 £ 2 2 2 •£ £ £ 2 2 ^ S3 eS <3 C§ £i S 8 ^ 

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r£>CDO ^D> ^D 'D <D w ^ 00 CD<D>CD*x> cd^d 0 *x >0 • 

IO 

0JOH(NJ0'^»0'vDN00GO’^C^C0^r iCOl'-00 Ji -D T S3 £r££ r 

# c* 4-5 ^ 5 ^ ^ ^ ** -f .Q 10 »C to *o 10 »o IQ o »o *o cd o <£ -d *>D eg o ; 

<x^cc-CD | 


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[184] 











































































FACTS ABOUT RAILROADS AND TRANSPORTATION. 



Twenty Points on American Railroading, 

I. There are in the United States 150,600 miles of railway— 
about half the mileage of the world. 2. The estimated cost is 
$9,000,000,000. 3.' The number of people employed by Ameri¬ 
can railways is more than 1,000,000. 4. The fastest time made 

by a train is 422 6-10 miles in 7 hours, 23 minutes (443 minutes), 
one mile being made in 47 11-29 seconds, on the West Shore 
Railr oad, New York. 5. The cost of a high-class eight-wheel 
passenger locomotive is about $8,500. 6. The 

longest mileage operated by a single system is 
ythat of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe—about 
| 3 ,oqo miles. 7. The cost of a palace sleeping-car 
*is about $15,000, or $17,000 if “vestibuled.” 8. 
The longest railway bridge span in the United 
States is the Cantilever span in Poughkeepsie 
bridge—548 feet. 9. The highest railroad bridge in the United 
States is the Kinzua viaduct on the Erie road—305 feet high. 10. 
The first locomotive in the United States was built by Peter 
Cooper. 11. The road carrying the largest number of passengers 
is the Manhattan Elevated Railroad, New York—525,000 a day, 
or 191,625,000 yearly. 12. The average daily earning of an Ameri¬ 
can locomotive is about $100. 13. The longest American railway 

tunnel is the Hoosac, on the Fitchburgh railway—4% miles. 14. 
The average cost of constructing a mile of railroad at the pres¬ 
ent time is about $30,000. 15. The first sleeping-car was used 

upon the Cumberland Valley Railroad of Pennsylvania; from 
1836 to 1848. 16. The chances of fatal accident in rail¬ 

way travel are very slight—one killed in ten million. Statistics 
show more are killed by falling out of windows than in rail¬ 
way accidents. 17. The line of railway extending farthest east 
and west is the Canadian Pacific, running from Quebec to the 
Pacific Ocean. 18. A steel rail, with average wear, lasts 
about eighteen years. 19. The road carrying the largest number 
of commuters is the Illinois Central at Chicago—4,828,128 com¬ 
mutation fares in 1887. 20. The fastest time made between 

Jersey City and San Francisco is 3 days, 7 hours, 39 minutes and 
16 seconds. Special theatrical train, June, 1876. 

Train Management. 

(“Standard Code.”) 

A train while running must display two green flags by day 
and two green lights by night, one on each side of the rear of 

the train. 

After sunset, or when obscured by fog or other cause, must 
display headlight in front and two red lights in rear. 

185 



RAILROADS AND TRANSPOR TA TION. 

Two green flags by day and two green lights by night, dis¬ 
played in the places provided for that purpose on the front of 
an engine, denote that the train is followed by another train 
running on the same schedule and entitled to the same time-table 
rights as the train carrying the signals. 

Two white flags by day and two white lights by night, carried 
in the same manner, denote that the train is an extra. 

A blue flag by day and a blue light by night, placed on the 
end of a car, denotes that car inspectors are at work under or 
about the car or train and that it must not be coupled to or 
moved until the blue signal is removed. 


Swinging Lamp Signals. 

I. A lamp swung across the track is the signal to stop. 2. A 
lamp raised and lowered vertically is the signal to move ahead. 
3. A lamp swung vertically in a circle across the track, Avhen 
the train is standing, is the signal to move back. 4. A lamp 
swung vertically in a circle at arm’s length across the track, 
when the train is running, is the signal that the train has 
parted. 

*** A flag, or the hand, moved in any of the directions given 
above, will indicate the same signal as given by a lamp. 

Colored Flag or Lantern Signals—Torpedoes. 

(“Standard Code.’") 

Red signifies danger. 

Green signifies caution, go slow’ly. 

White signifies safety. 

Green and white signifies stop at flag stations for passengers 
or freight. 

One cap or torpedo on rail means stop immediately. 

Two caps or torpedoes on rail means reduce speed immedi¬ 
ately and look out for danger signal. 

186 











Locomotive Whistle Signals. 

Just one long blast on the whistle, --this style. 

Is a sign of nearing town, 

A railroad crossing or junction, maybe, 

And this —, the brakes whistled down. 

Two long-are just the reverse ot the last. 

And this-the engine’s reply 

When word comes from the conductor to stop, — 

A sort of cheerful “Aye! aye!” 

These three-will show when the train comes apart. 

This-means two different things: 

That the train will back, or asks you to note 
Some special signal it brings. 

These four-belong to the flagman alone. 

And these-are meant for the crew; 

But this one-, when crossing a road at grade. 

More nearly interests you. 

Five short ones-say to the flagman on guard, 

“Look out for a rear attack!" 

And a lot like this-that a heedless cow 

Or a deaf man is on th * track! 

D. B. Barnard. 

Speed on Railroads. 

Speed is hard to average. An average of 48 3-10 miles per 

hour is the fastest regular time in the United States. This is made on the Pennsyl¬ 
vania “ limited ” in its run from Jersey City to Philadelphia, 90 miles, in 1x2 min¬ 
utes. The Flying Dutchman train is supposed to make the fastest time in the 
world, between London and Bristol, 118% miles, in less than two hours. The 
average, however, of even this fast train is only 59^4 miles per hour. There are 
several other trains noted for remarkably fast time on short distances. Sometimes 
a straight and even grade for a distance of 20 miles will permit a train to run at the 
rate of more than a mile a minute. One train on the Canadian Pacific road, from 
Cotaneau to Ottawa, averages 50 miles an hour for a distance ot 78 miles. An aver¬ 
age of 38^4 miles an hour is considered fast traveling. 

The largest and fastest passenger engine ever built is said to have been turned 
out of the Rhode Island Locomotive Works, at Providence, for the New York, Pro¬ 
vidence & Boston Railroad Company. She was designed to make the run from 
Providence to Groton, Conn., a distance of 62 x / 2 miles, including a dead stop at 
Mystic draw-bridge, as required by the statutes of Connecticut, in just 62% minutes, 
pulling at the same time eight cars, four of them Pullmans. 


Steam boating. 

The first idea of steam navigation was contained in a patent 

obtained in England by Hulls in 1736. 

Fitch experimented in steam navigation on the Delaware river in 1783-4. 

Oliver Evans was the next experimenter in steam navigation in 1785-6. 

Ramsey was also an experimenter in Virginia in steam navigation in 1787. 

W. Symington made a trial on the Forth and Clyde with a small but rudely con¬ 
structed model of a steamer in 1789. 

Chancellor Livingston built a steamer on the Hudson in 1797. 
The first experiment in steamboating on the Thames, Eng¬ 
land, was in 1801. 

Mr. Symington repeated his experiments on the Thames with 
isuccessin 1802. 

Fulton built the steamer, the North River, and in 1807 made 
Ta passage up the Hudson river to Albany from New York in 
thirty-three hours—the first steam navigation on record. 

The next steamboat was the Car of Neptune, in 1808. 

Fulton built the Orleans at Pittsburgh—the first steamer on 

187 













FACTS ABOUT TTIE THERMOMETER , 


western rivers. Ytwas completed, and made the voyage to New Orleans, a, oco 
miles, in 1811. 

The first steam vessels of Europe commenced plying on the Clyde in 1812. 

The Savannah, the first steamer to cross the ocean, was of 350 tons burden, and 
sailed for Liverpocl front Savannah, Ga.,July 15, 1819. 

Capt. Johnson was paid £10,000, or §50,000, for making the first steam voyage to 
India. The voyage was made on the steamer Enterprise, which sailed from Fal¬ 
mouth, England, Aug. 16, 1825. 

The first war steamer was built in England in 1838. 


Capacity of a Ten-Ton Freight Car. 


Whisky. . . 

.60 barrels. 

Lumber, 

green. 

6,000 feet. 

Salt. 

.70 “ 

Lumber, 

dry. .. 

10,000 feet. 

Lime. 

.70 “ 

Barley.. 


300 bush 

Flour . 

.. 90 M 

Wheat . 


340 “ 

Eggs. 

.. . 130 to 160 “ 

Apples.. 


370 “ 

Flour . 

.200 sacks. 

Corn . . . 


400 “ 

Cattle. 

.18 to 20 head. 

Potatoes 


430 44 

Hogs. 

.e;o to 60 44 

Oats ... 


680 44 

Sheep. 

... .80 to IOO “ 

Bran . . . 


1,000 14 


Facts About the Thermometer. 



Reaumur. 

Centigrade. 

Fahrennen. 

Freezing Point . 

0 

0 

32 

Vine Cultivation. 

8 

10 

50 

Cotton Cultivation. 

1G 

20 

G8 

Temperature of Brazil.. 

.. 24 

30 

87 - 

Hatching Eggs. 

.. 32 

40 

104 

• 40 

50 

122 


48 

CO 

140 


56 

70 

158 


G 4 

80 

17 G 


72 

90 

194 

Water boils . 

.. 80 

100 

212 


Ice melts at 32 0 ; temperature of globe, 50 0 ; blood heat, 98°; alcohol boils, 174''; 
water boils, 212 0 ; leadmelts, 594 0 ; heat of common fire, 1,140°; brass melts, 2,233°; 
Iron melts, 3,479°. 

Comparison of Thermometric Scales. 

To convert the degrees of Centigrade into those of Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, 
divide by 5, and add 32. 

To convert degrees of Centigrade into those of Reaumur, multiply by 4, and 
divide by 5. 

To convert degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Centigrade, deduct 32, multiply by 
5, and divide by 9. 

To convert degrees of Fahrenheit into those of Reaumur, deduct 32, divide by 
9, and multiply by 4. 

To convert degrees of Reaumur into those of Centigrade, multiply by 5, and 
divide by 4. 

To convert degrees of Reaumur into those of Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide 
by 4, and add 32. 

In De Lisle’? thermometer, used in Russia, the gradation begins at boiling point, 
which is marked zero, and the freezing point is 150. 

188 

























FREEZING, FUSING AND BOILING POINTS, 


Substances. 

Reaumur. 

Centi¬ 

grade. 

Fahren¬ 

heit. 

Freezing— 




Bromine freezes at. . . 

—16° 

—200 

— 40 

Oil Anise. 

8 

10 

50 

“ Olive.. 

8 

10 

50 

“ Rose.. 

12 

15 

60 

Quicksilver. 

—31.5 

—39.4 

—39 

Water.. 

— 1 

0 

32 

Fusing— 




Bismuth metal fuses at. 

200 

264 

507 

Cadmium. . 

248.8 

315 

592 

Copper. 

874.6 

1093 

2000 

Gold... 

961 

1200 

2200 

Iodine. 

92 

115 

239 

Iron .. 

1230 

1538 

2800 

Lead. 

255.5 

325 

617 

Potassium.... 

46 

58 

136 

Phosphorus. 

34 

44 

111 

Silver. 

816.8 

1021 

1870 

“ Nitrate... 

159 

198 

389 

Sodium... 

72 

90 

194 

Steel. 

1452 

1856 

3300 

Sulphur. 

72 

90 

194 

Tin .. .. . ... . . 

173 

230 

446 

Zinc .. 

328 

410 

770 

Boiling— 




Alcohol boils at.,. 

63 

78 

173 

Bromine.„ „ . 

50 

53 

145 

Ether... 

28 

35 

95 

“ Nitrous. 

11 

14 

57 

Iodine. 

140 

175 

347 

Olive Oil . 

252 

315 

600 

Quicksilver. . 

280 

350 

662 

W ater . 

80 

100 

212 


Dangers of Foul Air.—I f the condensed breath collected 
on the cool window panes of a room where a number of persons 
have been assembled be burned, a smell as of singed hair will 
show the presence of organic matter, and if the condensed breath 
be allowed to remain on the windows for a few days, it will be 
found, on examination by the microscope, that it is alive with 
animaculae. It is the inhalation of air containing such putrescent 
matter which causes half of the sick-headaches, which might be 
avoided by a circulation of fresh air. 

189 












































FREEZING MIXTURES WITHOUT ICE. 

Use water not warmer than 50 0 Fahrenheit. 


Mixtures. 


Down 

to 

Change 

Nitrate Ammonia, )_, , ) 

Water, each one part.}• 

50 ° 

40 

46 ° 

Muriate Ammonia, [ . ) 

Nitrate of Potash, \ each hve P arts .[ 

50 

10 

40 

Water, sixteen parts.) 




Muriate Ammonia, ) . 1 

Nitrate of Potash, \ eactl nve P arts ’ *' 1 

50 ' 


46 

Sulphate of Soda, eight parts.f 

Water, sixteen parts.j 

Sulphate of Soda, three parts. ) 

Dilute Nitric Acid, two parts . \ 

Nitrate of Ammonia, ) ) 

4 

— 3 

50 

53 




Carbonate Soda, V each one part . . . V 

Water, ) ) 

Phosphate Soda, nine parts .f 

Dilute Nitric Acid, four parts.f 

50 

— 7 

57 

50 

—12 

62 

Sulphate of soda, five parts.) 

Dilute Sulphuric Acid, four parts.) 

Sulphate of Soda, six parts."J 

Muriate Ammonia, four parts.( 

Nitrate of Potash, two parts .f 

Dilute Nitric Acid, four parts.J 

Sulphate of Soda, six parts.. ) 

50 

3 

47 




50 

—10 

60 

Nitrate of Ammonia, five parts. V 

Dilute Nitric Acid, four parts.) 

50 

—14 

64 


THE HEBREW RACE. 

The Hebrew race is distributed over the Eastern continent as 
follows : 

In Europe there are 5,400,000; in France, 63,000; Germany, 
562,000, of which Alsace-Loraine contains 39,000 ; Austro- 
Hungary, 1,544,000; Italy, 40,000; Netherlands, 82,000; Rou- 
mania, 265,000; Russia, 2,552,000 ; Turkey, 105.000, and in other 
countries 35,000, Belgium containing the smallest number, only 
3,000. 

In Asia there are 319,000 ; Asiatic Turkey, 47,000, in Palestine 
there being 25,000 ; Asiatic Russia, 47,000 ; Persia, 18,000 ; Mid¬ 
dle Asia, 14,000; India, 19,000, and China, 1,000. 

Africa contains 350,000 ; Egypt, 8,000 ; Tunis, 55,000; Algiers, 
35,000; Morocco, 60,000 ; Tripoli, 6,000, and Abyssinia, 200,000. 

The entire number of Hebrews in the world is nearly 6,300,000. 

190 




























PHYSICAL EXERCISE 


^FAHE principal methods of developing the physique now pre¬ 
scribed by trainers are exercise with dumbbells, the bar bell 
and the chest weight The rings and horizontal and paral¬ 
lel bars are also used,but not nearly to the extent that they formerly 
were. The movement has been all in the direction of the sim¬ 
plification of apparatus; in fact, one well-known teacher of the 
Boston Gymnasium when asked his opinion said: “Four bare 
walls and a floor, with a well-posted instructor, is all that is 
really required for a gymnasium.” 

Probably the most important as well as the simplest appliance 
for gymnasiilm work is the wooden dumbbell, which has dis¬ 
placed the ponderous iron bell of former days. Its weight is 
from three-quarters of a pound to a pound and a half, 
and with one in each hand a variety of motions can be gone 
through, which are of immense benefit in building up or toning 
down every muscle and all vital parts of the body. 

The first object of an instructor in taking a beginner in hand 
is to increase the circulation. This is done by exercising the ex¬ 
tremities, the first movement being one of the hands, after 
which come the wrists, then the arms, and next the head and 
feet. As the circulation is increased the necessity for. a larger 
supply of oxygen, technically called “oxygen-hunger,” is created, 
which is only satisfied by breathing exercises, which develop 
the lungs. After the circulation is in a satisfactory condition, 
the dumbbell instructor turns his attention to exercising the 
great muscles of the body, beginning with those of the back, 
strengthening which holds the body erect,thus increasing the chest 
capacity, invigorating the digestive organs, and, in fact, all the 
vital functions. By the use of very light weights an equal and 
symmetrical development of all parts of the body is obtained, 
and then there are no sudden demands on the heart and lungs. 

After the dumbbell comes exercise with the round, or bar 
bell. This is like the dumbbell, with the exception that the bar 
connecting the balls is four or five feet, instead of a few inches 
in length. Bar bells weigh from one to two pounds each, and 
are found most useful in building up the respiratory and diges¬ 
tive systems, their especial province being the strengthening of 
the erector muscles and increasing the flexibility of the chest. 

Of all fixed apparatus in use the pulley weight stands easily 
first in importance. These weights are available for a greater 
variety of objects than any other gymnastic appliance, and can 
be used either for general exercise or for strengthening such 
muscles as most require it. W ith them a greater localization is 
possible than with the dumbbell, and for this reason they are 
recommended as a kind of supplement to the latter. As chest de- 

191 




i. The bar bell—chest expander. 2. Anterior muscular de¬ 
veloper. 3. Developing loins and lumbar region—aid to diges¬ 
tion. 4. Side and loin development. 5. Giant pulley exercise 
—for elevating right side of chest. 6. Developing muscles that* 
j hold the shoulders back. 7. Developing muscles of front upper 
^8. Posterior development—to make one erect. [192 


[chesV 


























































PHYSICAL EXERCISE , 


velopers and correctors of round shoulders they are most effec¬ 
tive. As the name implies, they are simply weights attached to 
ropes, which pass over pulleys, and are provided with handles. 
The common pulley is placed at about the height of the shoulder 
of an average man, but recently those which can be adjusted to 
any desired height have been very generally introduced. 

When more special localization is desired, than can be ob¬ 
tained by means of the ordinary apparatus, what is known as the 
double-action chest weight is used. This differs from the or¬ 
dinary kind in being provided with several pulleys, so that the 
strain may come at different angles. Double-action weights 
may be divided into three classes—high, low and side pulleys— 
each with its particular use. 

The highest of all, known as the giant pulleys, are made es¬ 
pecially for developing the muscles of the back and chest, and by 
stretching or elongating movements to increase the interior 
capacity of the chest. If the front of the chest is full and the 
back or side chest deficient, the pupil is set to work on the giant 
pulley. To build up the side-walls he stands with the back to 
the pulley-box and the left heel resting against it; the handle is 
grasped in the right hand if the right side of the chest is lacking 
in development, and then drawn straight down by the side; a 
step forward with the right foot, as long as possible, is taken, the 
line brought as far to the front and near the floor as can be done, 
and then the arm, held stiff, allowed to be drawn slowly up by 
the weight. To exercise the left side the same process is gone 
through with, the handle grasped in the left hand. Another 
kind of giant pulley is that which allows the operator to stand 
directly under it, and is used for increasing the lateral diameter 
of the chest. The handles are drawn straight down by the sides, 
the arms are then spread arid drawn back by the weights. Gen¬ 
erally speaking, high pulleys are most used for correcting high, 
round shoulders; low pulleys for low, round shoulders; side pul¬ 
leys for individual high or low shoulders, and giant pulleys for 
the development of the walls of the chest and to correct spinal 
curvature. 

The traveling rings, a line of iron rings covered with rubber 
and attached to long ropes fastened to the ceiling some ten feet 
apart, are also valuable in developing the muscles of the back, 
arms and sides. The first ring is grasped in one hand and a 
spring taken from *in elevated platform. The momentum carries 
the gymnast to the next ring, which is seized with the free hand, 
and so the entire length of the line is traversed. The parallel 
bars, low and high, the flying rings, the horizontal bar and the 
trapeze all have their uses, but of late years they have been rele¬ 
gated to a position of distinct inferiority to that now occcupied 
by the dumbbells and pulley weights 


MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 


Diseases and tleir Remedies—Presorintions by Eminent Practitioners. 

I T should be clearly understood, that in all cases of disease, 
the advice of a skillful physician is of the first importance. 
It is not, therefore, intended by the following information 
to supersede the important and necessary practice of the medi¬ 
cal man; but rather, by exhibiting the treatment required, to 
shovy in what degree his aid is imperative. In cases, however, 
where the disorder may be simple or transient, or in which re¬ 
mote residence, or other circumstances, may deny the privilege 
of medical attendance, the following particulars will be found 
of the utmost value. Moreover, the hints given upon what 
should be avoided will be of great service to the patient, since 
the physiological is no less important than the medical treatment 
of disease. The numbers refer to prescriptions on pp. 315-318. 

Apoplexy —Lay the head upon a bag of pounded ice, imme¬ 
diate and large bleeding from the arm, cupping neck, leeches to the temples, aperi¬ 
ents Nos. 1 and 7, one or two drops of cotton oil rubbed or dropped on the tongue. 
Avoid excesses, intemperance, animal food. 

Bile, Bilious,or Liver Complaints —Abstinence from malt 

liquor, cool homoeopathic cocoa for drink, no tea or coffee, few vegetables, no broths 
or soups; lean juicy meat not overcooked for dinner, with stale bread occasionally 
and a slice of toasted bacon for breakfast; Nos. 44 and 45. 

Chicken Pox— Mild aperients, No. 4, succeeded by No. 7, and 

No. 8, if much fever accompany the eruption. 

Chilblains —Warm, dry woolen clothing to exposed parts in 
cold weather, as a preventive. In the first stage, friction with No. 48, used cold. 
When ulcers form they should be washed twice daily with carbolic soap and dressed 
with benzoted zinc ointment. Or, chilblains in every stage, whether of simple in¬ 
flammation or open ulcer, may always be successfully treated by Goulard’s extract, 
used pure or applied on lint twice a day. 

Common Continued Fever —Aperients; in the commence¬ 
ment No. 1, followed by No. 7; then diaphoretics. No. 8, and afterwards tonics. No 
13, in the stage of weakness. Avoid all excesses. 

Common Cough —The linctus, No 42 or No. 43, abstinence 

from malt liquor, and protection from cold, damp air. Avoid cold, damp, and 
draughts. 

Constipation —The observance of a regular period of evac¬ 
uating the bowels, which is most proper in the morning after breakfast. The use of 
mild aperients. No. 37, and brown bread instead of white. There should be an entire 
change in the dietary for a few days while taking opening medicine. 

Consumption— The disease may be complicated with various 
morbid conditions of the lungs and heart, which require appropriate treatment. 
Take cod liver oil, malt and whisky. To allay the cough, No. 32 is an admirable 
remedy. Avoid cold, damp, excitement and over-exertion. 

Convulsions (Children)— If during teething, free lancing 

of the gums, the warm bath, cold applications to the head, leeches to the temples, an 
emetic, and a laxative clyster. No. 20. 

Croup —Leeches to the throat, with hot fomentations as long 
as the attack lasts; the emetic, No. 16, afterwards the aperient, No. 5. Avoid cold 
and damp. Keep the air in the sick-room moistened with steam. 

A Simple Croup Remedy. —Take the white of an egg, stir it 



MEDICINE AND HTGIENE . 


thoroughly into a small quantity of sweetened water, and give it in repeated doses 
until a cure is effected. If one egg is not sufficient, a second, or even a third should 
be used. 

Dropsy —Evacuate the water by means of No. io, and by rub¬ 
bing camphorated oil into the body night and morning. 

Epilepsy —If accompanied or produced by fullness of the ves¬ 
sels of the head, leeches to the temples, blisters, and No. i and No. 7. If from de¬ 
bility or confirmed epilepsy, the mixture No. 18. Avoid drinking ryid excitement. 
Let the patient alone during the convulsion. 

Eruptions on the Face —The powder, No. 30, internally, 

sponging the face with the lotion No. 31. Avoid excesses in diet. 

Erysipelas —Aperients, if the patient be strong, No. 1, fol¬ 
lowed by No. 7, then tonics, No. 27. No. 27 may be used from the commencement 
for weak subjects. 

Faintness— Effusion of cold water on the face, stimulants to 
the nostrils, pure air, and the recumbent position; afterwards, avoidance of the excit¬ 
ing cause. Avoid excitement. 

Frost-bite and Frozen Limbs—N o heating or stimulating 

liquors must be given. Rub the parts affected with ice, cold, or snow water, and 
lay the patient on a cold bed. 

Gout —The aperients No. 1, followed by No. 24, bathing the 

parts with gin-and-water; for drink, weak tea or coffee. Warmth by flannels. Ab¬ 
stain from wines, spirits, and animal food. 

Gravel— No. 5, followed by No. 7, the free use ot magnesia as 

an aperient. The pill No. 22. Abstain from fermented drinks and hard water. 
Another form of gravel must be treated by mineral acids, given three times a day. 

Whooping Cough —Whooping cough may be complicated 
with congestion or inflammation of the lungs, or convulsions, and then becomes a 
serious disease. If uncomplicated, No. 43. 

Hysterics —The fit may be prevented by the administration 

of thirty drops of laudanum, and as many of ether. When it has taken place, open 
the windows, loosen the tight parts of the dress, sprinkle cold water on the face, etc. 
A glass of wine or cold water when the patient can swallow. Avoid excitement and 
tight lacing. 

Indigestion — The pills No. 2, with the mixture No. 18, at the 

same time abstinence from veal, pork, mackerel, salmon, pastry, and beer; for drink, 
homoeopathic cocoa, a glass of cold spring water the first thing every morning. 
Avoid excesses. 

Inflammation of the Bladder —Aperients No. 5 and No. 

7, the warm bath, afterwards opium; the pill No. n, three times a day till relieved. 
Avoid fermented liquors, etc. Large quantities of water should be taken, especially 
spring water containing lithia. 

Inflammation of the Bowels —Leeches, blisters, fomenta¬ 
tions, hot baths, iced drinks, the pills No. 19; move the bowels with clysters, if neces¬ 
sary, No. 20. Avoid cold, indigestible food, etc. 

Inflammation of the Brain—A pplication of cold to the 

head, bleeding from the temples or back of the neck by leeches or cupping; aper¬ 
ients No. 1, followed by No. 7, No. 15. Avoid excitement, study, intemperance. 

Inflammation of the Kidneys —Leeches over the seat of 
pain, aperients No. 5, followed by No. 49; the warm bath. Avoid violent exercise, 
rich living. 

Inflammation of the Liver —Leeches over the right side, 

the seat of pain, blisters, aperients No. t, followed by No. 7, afterwards the pills No. 
19, till the gums are slightly tender. Avoid cold, damp, intemperance, and anxiety. 

Inflammation of the Lungs— Leeches to seat of pain, 

, 195 


MEDICINE AND HTGIENE. 

succeeded by a blister; the demulcent mixture. No. 14, to allay the cough, with the 
powders No. 15, whisky and milk. Avoid cold, damp, and draughts. 

Inflammation of the Stomach —Leeches to the pit of the 

stomach, followed by fomentations, cold iced water for drink, bowels to be evacuated 
by clysters; abstinence from all food except cold gruel, milk and water. Avoid ex¬ 
cesses and condiments. 

Inflammatory Sore Throat —Leeches and blisters ex¬ 
ternally, aperients No. 1, followed by number 7; gargle to clear the throat. No. 17. 
Avoid cold, damp, and draughts. 

Inflamed Eyes —The bowels to be regulated by No. 5, drop 

5 % cocaine solution in the eye every three or four hours, the eye to be bathed with 
No. 35. 

Influenza —No. 4 as an aperient and diaphoretic. No. 14 

to allay fever and cough. No. 28 as a tonic, when weakness only remains. Avoid 
cold and damp, use clothing suited to the changes of temperature. 

Intermittent Fever, or Ague —Take No. 13 during the 

Intermission of the paroxysm of the fever; keeping the bowels free with a wine glass 
of No. 7. Avoid bad air, stagnant pools, etc. 

Itch —The ointment No. 28, or lotion No. 29. 

Jaundice —The pills No. 1, afterwards the mixture No. 7, 

drinking freely of dandelion tea. 

Looseness of the Bowels (English Cholera) —One pill 

No. 19, repeated if necessary; afterwards the mixture No. 21. Avoid unripe fruits, 
acid clrinks, ginger beer; wrap flannel around the abdomen. 

Measles —A well-ventilated room, aperients No. 4, with 
No. 14 to allay the cough and fever. 

Menstruation (Excessive) —No. 40 during the attack, 

with rest in the recumbent position; in the intervals, No. 39. 

Menstruation (Scanty) —In strong patients, cupping the 

loins, exercise in the open air, No. 40, the feet in warm water before the expected 
period, the pills No. 38; in weak subjects No. 39. Gentle and regular exercise. 
Avoid hot rooms, and too much sleep, in cases of this description it is desirable to 
apply to a medical man for advice. It may be useful to many to point out that penny¬ 
royal tea is a simple and useful medicine for inducing the desired result. 

Menstruation (Painful) —No. 41 during the attack; in 

tfie intervals. No. 38 twice a week, with No. 39. Avoid cold, mental excite¬ 
ment, etc. 

Mumps —Fomentation with a decoction of camomiles and 
poppy heads; No. 4 as an aperient, and No. 9 during the stage of fever. Avoid 
cold, and attend to the regularity of the bowels. 

Nervousness —Cheerful society, early rising, exercise in the 
open air, particularly on horseback, and No. 12. Avoid excitement, study, and late 
meals. 

Palpitation of the Heart —The pills No. 2, with the 

mixture No. 12. 

Piles —The paste No. 34, at the same time a regulated diet. 

When the piles are external, or can be reached, one or two applications of Goulard’s 
extract, with an occasional dose of lenitive electuary, will generally succeed in cur¬ 
ing them. 

x Quinsy —A blister applied all around the throat; an emetic, 
No. 16, commonly succeeds in breaking the abscess; afterwards the gargle No. 17. 
Avoid cold and damp. 

Rheumatism —Bathe the affected parts with No. 23, and take 
internally No. 24, with No. 25 at bedtime, to ease pain, etc. Avoid damp and cold, 
wear flannel. 


196 


MEDICINE AND IITGIENE. 

Rickets —The powder No. 33, a dry, pure atmosphere, a 

nourishing diet. 

Ringworm —The lotion No. 32, with the occasional use of the 

powder No. 5. Fresh air and cleanliness. 

Scarlet Fever —Well-ventilated room, sponging the body 

when hot with cold or tepid vinegar, or spirit and water; aperients. No. 4; diapho¬ 
retics, No. 8. If dropsy succeed the disappearance of the eruption, frequent purg¬ 
ing with No. 5, succeeded by No. 7. 

Scrofula —Pure air, light but warm clothing, diet of fresh 
animal food; bowels to be regulated by No. 6 and No. 26, taken regularly for a con¬ 
siderable time. 

Scurvy —Fresh animal and vegetable food, and the free use 
of ripe fruits and lemon juice. Avoid cold and damp. 

Smallpox —A well-ventilated apartment, mild aperients; if 
fever be present, No. 7, succeeded by diaphoretics No. 8, and tonics No. 13 in the 
stage of debility, or decline of the eruption. 

St. Vitus Dance —The occasional use, in the commence¬ 
ment, of No. 5, followed by No. 7, afterwards No. 46. 

Thrush —One of the powders No. 6 every other night: in the 

intervals a dessertspoonful of the mixture No. 18 three times a day; white spots to 
be dressed with the honey of borax. 

Tic Doloreux —Regulate the bowels with No. 3, and take, 

in the intervals of pain. No. 27. Avoid cold, damp, and mental anxiety. 

Toothache —Continue the use of No. 3 for a few alternate 
days. Apply liquor ammoniae to reduce the pain, and when that is accomplished, 
fill the decayed spots with silver succedaneum without delay, or the pain will re¬ 
turn. A drop of creosote, or a few drops of chloroform on cotton, applied to the 
tooth, or a few grains of camphor placed in the decayed opening, or camphor moist¬ 
ened with turpentine, will often afford instant relief. 

Typhus Fever —Sponging the body with cold or tepid water, 

a well-ventilated apartment, cold applications to the head and temples. Aperients 
No. 4, with refrigerants No. 9, tonics No. 13 in the stage of debility. 

Water on the Brain —Local bleeding by means of leeches, 

blisters, aperients No. 5, and mercurial medicines, No. 15. 

Whites —The mixture No. 36, with the injection No. 37. 

Clothing light but warm, moderate exercise in the open air, country residence. 

Worms in the Intestines —The aperient No. 5, followed 
by No. 7, afterwards the free use of lime water and milk in equal parts, a pint daily. 
Avoid unwholesome food. 


PRESCRIPTIONS. 

To be used in the cases enumerated under the head “Diseases ” 

{pages 312-315.) 

The following prescriptions, originally derived from various 
preservers’ Pharmacopoeias, and now carefully revised, embody 
the favorite remedies employed by the most eminent physicians: 

1. Take of powdered aloes, nine grains; extract of colocynth, 

compound, eighteen grains; calomel, nine grains; tartrate of antimony, two grains; 
mucilage, sufficient to make a mass, which is divided into six pills; two to be taken 
every twenty-four hours, till they act thoroughly on the bowels; in cases of inflam¬ 
mation, apoplexy, etc. 

2. Powdered rhubarb, Socotrine aloes, and gum mastic, each 

one scruple; make into twelve pills; one before and one after dinner. 

197 



MEDICINE AND IITGIENE. 

3. Compound extract of colocynth, extract of jalap, and Castile 

soap, of each one scruple; make into twelve pills. 

4 . James’ powder, five grains; calomel, three grains, in levers, 
for adults. For children, the following: Powdered camphor, one scruple: calomel 
and powdered scammony, of each nine grains; James’ powder, six grains; mix, and 
divide into six powders. Half of one powder twice a day for an infant a year old; a 
whole powder for two years; and for four years, the same three times a day. 

5. James’ powder, six grains; powdered jalap, ten grains, mix, 
and divide into three or four powders, according to the child’s age: jn one powder if 
for an adult. 

6. Powdered rnubarb, four grains; mercury and chalk, three 

grains; ginger in powder, one grain; an alterative aperient for children. 

7. Fluid extract cascara, six drams; tincture aloes four 
drams; tincture hyoscyamus, four drams; neutralizing cordial, two ounces; 
dessertspoonful every four hours until the bowels move freely. 

8. Nitrate of potass, one dram and a half; spirits of nitric 
ether, half an ounce; camphor mixture.and the spirit of mindererus, each four ounces; 
in fevers, etc.; two tablespoonfuls, three times a day, and for children a dessert¬ 
spoonful every four hours. 

9. Spirit of nitric ether, three drams; dilute nitric acid, two 
drams; syrup, three drams; camphor mixture, seven ounces; in fevers, etc., 
with debility; dose as in preceding prescription. 

10. Decoction of broom, half a pint; cream of tartar, one 

ounce; tincture of squills, two drams; in dropsies; a third part three times a day. 

11. Pills of soap and opium, five grains for a dose, as directed. 

12. Ammoniated tincture of valerian, six drams; camphor 
mixture, seven ounces; a fourth part three times a day; in spasmodic and hysterical 
disorders. 

13. Bisulphate of quinia, half a dram; dilute sulphuric acid, 
twenty drops; compound infusion of roses, eight ounces; two tablespoonfuls every 
four hours, in intermittentand other fevers, during the absence of the paroxysm. 

14. Almond mixture, seven ounces and a half; wine of an¬ 
timony and ipecacuanha, of each one dram and a half; a tablespoonful every four 
hours; in cough with fever, etc. 

15. Calomel, one grain, powdered white sugar, two grains; 
to make a powder to be placed on the tongue every two or three hours. Should the 
calomel act on the bowels, powdered kino is to be substituted for the sugar. 

16. Antimony and ipecacuanha wines, of each an ounce; a 
teaspoonful every ten minutes for a child till vomiting is produced; but for an adult 
a large tablespoonful should be taken. 

17. Compound infusion of roses, seven ounces; tincture of 

myrrh, one ounce. 

18. Infusion of orange peel, seven ounces; tincture of hops, 

half an ounce; and a dram of carbonate of soda; two tablespoonfuls twice a day. 
Or infusion of valerian, seven ounces; carbonate of ammonia, two scruples; compound 
tincture of bark, six drams; spirits of ether, two drams; one tablespoonful every 
twenty-four hours. 

19. Blue pill, four grains; opium, half a grain; to be taken 

three times a day. 

20. For a Clyster—A pint and a half of gruel or fat broth, 

a tablespoonful of castor oil, one of common salt, and a lump of butter; mix, to be in¬ 
jected slowly. A third of this quantity is enough for an infant. 

21. Chalk mixture, seven ounces; aromatic and opiate con¬ 
fection, of each one dram: tincture of catechu, six drams; two tablespoonfuls 
every two hours. 


198 


MEDICINE AND HTGIENE. 

22. Carbonate of soda, powdered rhubarb, and Castile soap, 

each one dram; make thirty-six pills; three twice a day. * 

23. Lotion—-Common salt, one ounce; distilled water, seven 

ounces; spirits ot wine, one ounce; mix. 

24. Dried sulphate of magnesia, six drams; heavy carbon¬ 
ate of magnesia, two drams; wine of colchicum, two drams; water, eight 
ounces; take two tablespoonfuls every four hours. 

25. Compound powder of ipecacuanha, ten grains; powdered 

guaiacum, four grains; in a powder at bedtime. 

26. Brandish’s solution of potash; thirty drops twice a dav in a 

wineglass of beer. 

27. Bisulphate of quinia, half a dram; dilute sulphuric acid. 

ten drops; compound infusion of roses, eight ounces; two tablespoonfuls every eight 
hours, and as a tonic in the stage of weakness succeeding fever. 

28. Flowers of sulphur, two ounces; hog’s lard, four ounces; 

white hellebore powder, half an ounce; oil of lavender, sixty drops. 

29. Iodide of potass, two drams; distilled water, eight 

ounces. 

30. Flowers of sulphur, half a dram; carbonate of soda, a 
scruple; tartarized antimony, one-eighth of a grain; one powder night and morning, 
in eruptions of the skin or face. 

31. Milk of bitter almonds, seven ounces; bichloride of mer¬ 
cury, four grains; spirits of rosemary, one ounce; bathe the eruption with this lotion 
three times a day. 

32. Sulphate of zinc, two scruples; sugar of lead, fifteen grains; 
distilled water, six ounces; the parts to be washed with the lotion three times a 
day. 

33. Carbonate of iron, six grains; powdered rhubarb, four 

grains; one powder night and morning. 

34. Aromatic powder and pepsin, each one dram; make 

twelve powders; one three or four times a.day. 

35. Sulphate of zinc, twelve grains; wine of opium, one 

dram; rosewater, six ounces. 

36. Sulphate of magnesia, six drams; sulphate of iron, ten 
grains; diluted sulphuric acid, forty drops; tincture of cardamoms (compound), halt 
an ounce; water, seven ounces; a fourth part night and morning. 

37. Decoction of oak bark, a pint; dried alum, half an ounce; 

for an injection; a syringe full to be used night and morning. 

38. Compound gamboge pill and a pill of asafoetida and aloes; 

of each half a dram; make twelve pills; two twice or three times a week. 

39. Griffith’s mixture—one tablespoonful three times a 

day. 

40. Ergot of rye, five grains; in a powder, to be taken every 

four hours. This should only be taken under medical advice and sanction. 

41. Powdered opium, half a grain; camphor, two grains, in a 

pill; to be taken every three or four hours whilst in pain. 

42. Syrup of balsam of tolu, two ounces; the muriate of mor¬ 

phia, two grains; muriatic acid, twenty drops; a teaspoonful twice a day. 

43. Salts of tartar, two scruples; twenty grains of powdered 
cochineal; % lb of honey; water, half a pint; boil and give a tablespoonful three 
times a day. 

44. Calomel, ten grains; Castile soap, extract of jalap, extract 
ofcolocynth, of each one scruple; oil of juniper, fivedrops; make into fifteen pills; 
one three times a day. 


199 


MEDICINE AND HYGIENE. 

45 . Infusion of orange peel, eight oupces; carbonate of soda, 
^ne dram; and compound tincture of cardamoms, half an ounce; take a table* 
spoonful three times a day succeeding the pills. 

46. Carbonate of iron, three ounces; syrup of ginger sufficient 

to make an electuary; a teaspoonful three times a day. 

47. Take of Castile soap, compound extract of colocynth, com¬ 
pound rhubarb pill and the extract of jalap, each one scruple; oil of caraway, ten 
drops; make into twenty pills, and take one after dinner every day whilst neces¬ 
sary. 

48. Spirit of rosemary, five parts; spirit of wine, or spirit ot 

turpentine, one part. 

49. Take of thick mucilage, one ounce; castor oil, twelve 

drams; make into an emulsion; add mint water, four ounces; spirit of nitre, 
three drams; laudanum, one dram; mixture of squills, one dram; and syrup, 
seven drams; mix; two tablespoonfuls every six hours. 

Rules for the Preservation of Health. 

Pure Atmospheric Air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and 
a very small proportion of carbonic acid gas. Air once breathed has lost the chief 
part of its oxygen and acquired a proportionate increase of carbonic acid gas. 
Therefore, health requires that we breathe the same air once only. 

The Solid Part of our Bodies is continually wasting and 

requires to be repaired by fresh substances. Therefore, food which is to repair the 
loss should be taken with due regard to the exercise and waste of the body. 

The Fluid Part of our Bodies also wastes constantly; 

there is but one fluid in animals, which is water. Therefore, water only is neces¬ 
sary, and no artifice can produce a better drink. 

The Fluid of our Bodies is to the solid in proportion as nine 

to one. Therefore, a like proportion should prevail in the total amount of food 
taken. 

Light Exercises an Important Influence upon the 

growth and vigor of animals and plants. Therefore, our dwellings should freely 
admit the solar rays. 

Decomposing Animal and Vegetable Substances yield 

various noxious gases which enter the lungs and corrupt the blood. Therefore, 
all impurities should be kept away from our abodes, and every precaution be ob¬ 
served to secure a pure atmosphere. 

Warmth is Essential to all the bodily functions. Therefore, 

an equal bodily temperature should be maintained by exercise, by clothing or by 
fire. 

Exercise Warms, Invigorates and purifies the body; cloth¬ 
ing preserves the warmth the body generates; fire imparts warmth externally. 
Therefore, to obtain and preserve warmth, exercise and clothing are preferable to 
fire. 

Mental and Bodily Exercise are equally essential to the 

general health and happiness. Therefore, labor and study "should succeed each 
other. 

Man will live most Healthily upon simple solids and 

fluids, of which a sufficient but temperate quantity should be taken. Therefore, ovc ,- 
indulgence in strong drinks, tobacco, snuff, opium, and all mere indulgences, should 
be avoided. 

Sudden Alternations of Heat and Cold are dangerous 

(especially to the young and the aged). Therefore, clothing, in quality and quantity, 
should be adapted to the alternations of night and day and of the seasons; and 
drinking cold water when the body is hot, and hot tea and soups when, cold, are 
productive of many evils. 


200 


MEDICINE AND IITGIENE. 


The Skin is a Highly Organized Membrane full of 

minute pores, cells, blood vessels and nerves; it imbibes moisture or throws it off, ac¬ 
cording to the state of the atmosphere and the temperature of the body. It also 
“breathes,” as do the lungs (though le* actively). All the interna! organs sympa¬ 
thize with the skin. Therefore, it should be repeatedly cleansed. 

Fire Consumes the Oxygen of the air and produces noxious 

gases. Therefore, the air is less pure in the presence of candles, gas or coal fire, 
than otherwise, and the deterioration should be repaired by increased ventilation. 

Late Hours and Anxious Pursuits exhaust the nervous 
system and produce disease and premature death. Therefore, the hours of labor 
and study should be short. 

Moderation in Eating and drinking, short hours of labor 

and study, regularity in exercise, recreation and rest, cleanliness, equanimity of 
temper and equality of temperature—these are the great essentials to that which 
surpasses all wealth, health of mind and body. 

HOMCEOPATHY, 

Principles of Homceopathy-. —As homoeopathy is now prac¬ 
ticed so widely, and, indeed, preferred to the older sj-stem in 
many families, this department could scarcely lay claim to be 
considered complete without a brief mention of the principal 
remedies used and recommended by homoeopathic practitioners, 
and the disorders for which these remedies are especially appli¬ 
cable. The principle of homoeopathy is set forth in the Latin 
words “similia similibus curantur ,” the meaning 4}f which is 
“likes are cured by likes.” The homoeopathist, in order to cure 
a disease, administers a medicine which would produce in a per¬ 
fectly healthy subject symptoms like but not identical with, or 
the same as, the symptoms to counteract which the medicine is 
given. He, therefore, first makes himself thoroughly acquainted 
with the symptoms that are exhibited by the sufferer; having 
ascertained these, in order to neutralize them and restore the 
state of the patient’s health to a state of equilibrium, so to speak, 
he administers preparations that would produce symptoms of a 
like character in persons in good health. It is not said, be it 
remembered, that the drug can produce in a healthy person the 
disease from which the patient is suffering; it is only advanced 
by homceopathists that the drug given has the power of pro¬ 
ducing in a person in health symptoms similar to those of the 
disease under which the patient is languishing, and that the cor¬ 
rect mode of treatment is to counteract the disease symptoms 
by the artificial production of similar symptoms by medical 
means, or, in other words, to suit the medicine' to the disorder, 
by the previously acquired knowledge of the effects of the drug 
by experiment on a healthy person. 

Homceopathic Remedies are given in the form of globules 
or tinctures, the latter being generally preferred by homceopathic 
practitioners. When contrasted with the doses of drugs given by 
allopathists, the small doses administered by homceopathists 

201 


NO MCE OP A TJITC REMEDIES. 

must at first sight appear wholly inadequate to the purpose for 
which they are given; but homoeopathists, whose dilution and 
trituration diffuse the drug given throughout the vehicle in 
which it is administered, argue thfit by this extension of its sur¬ 
face the active power of the drug is greatly increased. Large 
doses of certain drugs administered for certain purposes will pass 
through the system without in any way affecting those organs 
which will be acted on most powerfully by the very same drugs 
when administered in much smaller doses. Thus a small dose 
of sweet spirit of nitre will act on the skin and promote perspi¬ 
ration, but a large dose will act as a diuretic only and exert no 
influence on the skin. 

Great stress is laid by homoeopathists on attention to diet, but 
not so much so in the present day as when the system was first in¬ 
troduced. The reader will find a list of articles of food that may 
and may not be taken in a succeeding page. Below are given 
briefly a few of the more common ailments “that flesh is heir 
to,” with the symptoms by which they are indicated and the 
medicines by which they may be alleviated and eventually 
cured. 

Asthma, an ailment which should be referred in all cases to 

the medical practitioner. Symptoms. Difficulty in breathing, with cough, either 
spasmodic and without expectoration, or accompanied with much expectoration. 
Medicines. Aconitum napellus, especially with congestion or slight spitting of 
blood; Antimonium tartaricum for rattling and wheezing in the chest; Arsenicum for 
chronic asthma; Ipecacuanha; Nux vomica. 

Bilious Attacks, if attended with diarrhoea and copious 

evacuations of a bright yellow color. Medicines. Bryonia, if arising from sedentary 
occupation, or from eating and drinking too freely; or Nux vomica and Mercurius in 
alternation, the former correcting constipation and the latter nausea, fullness at the 
pit of the stomach and a foul tongue. 

Bronchitis. Symptoms. Catarrh, accompanied with fever; ex¬ 
pectoration, dark, thick, and sometimes streaked with blood; urine dark, thick and 
scanty. Medicines. Aconitum napellus; especially in earlier stages; Bryonia for 
pain in coughing and difficulty in breathing; Antimonium tartaricum, loose cough, 
with much expectoration, and a feeling of, and tendency to, suffocation; ipecacu¬ 
anha, accumulation of phlegm in bronchial tubes and for children. 

Bruises and Wounds. —For all bruises, black eyes, etc., apply 

Arnica lotion; for slight wounds, after washing well with cold water, apply Arnica 
plaster; to stop bleeding, when ordinary means fail, and for larger wounds apply 
concentrated tincture of Calendula. 

Cold in the Head or Catarrh. Symptoms . Feverish 

feeling generally, and especially about the head, eyes, and nose, running from, and 
obstruction of nose;soreness and irritation of the throat and bronchial tubes. Medicines. 
Aconitum napellus for feverish symptoms; Belladonna for sore throat and headache 
with inclination to cough; Mercurius for running from nose and sneezing; Nux 
vomica for stoppage of nostrils; Chamomilla for children and women, for whom 
Pulsatilla is also useful in such cases. 

Chilblains. Sy?nptoms. Irritation and itching of the skin, 
which assumes a bluish red color. Medicines. Arnica montana, taken internally 
or used as outward application, unless the chilblain be broken, when Arsenicum 
should be used. If the swelling and irritation (*? ECi yield to tbe.se remedies, use 
Belladona and Rhus toxicodendron. 


202 


HOMCEOPA THIC REMEDIES. 


Cholera, i. Bilious cholera. Symptoms. Nausea, proceed¬ 
ing to vomiting, griping of the bowels, watery and offensive evacuations, in which 
much bile is present, accompanied with weakness and depression. Medicines. 
Bryonia, with ipecacuanha at commencement of attack. 2. Malignant or Asiatic 
cholera. Symptoms as in bilious cholera, but in a more aggravated form, followed 
by what is called the “cold stage,” marked by great severity of griping pain in stomach 
accompanied with frequent and copious watery evacuations, and presently with cramps 
in all parts of the body; after which the extremities become chilled, the pulse 
scarcely discernible, the result of which is stupor and ultimately death. Medicines. 
Camphor in the form of tincture, in frequent doses, until the sufferer begins to feel 
warmth returning to the body, and perspiration ensues. In the latter stages, 
Cuprum and Veratrum. 

Tincture of Camphor is one of the most useful of the homoeo¬ 
pathic remedies in all cases of colic, diarrhoea, etc. In ordinary cases fifteen drops 
on sugar may be taken every quarter of an hour until the pain is allayed. In more 
aggravated cases, and in cases of cholera, a few drops maybe taken at intervals of 
from two to five minutes. A dose of fifteen drops of camphor on sugar tends to 
counteract a chill if taken soon after premonitory symptoms show themselves, and 
act as a prophylactic against cold. 

Colic or Stomach Ache. —This disorder is indicated by 

griping pains in the bowels, which sometimes extend upwards into and over the 
region of the chest. Sometimes the pain is attended with vomiting and cold per¬ 
spiration. A warm bath is useful, and hot flannels, or ajar or bottle filled with hot 
water should be applied to the abdomen. Medicines. Aconitum napellus, especially 
when the abdomen is tender to the touch, and the patient is feverish; Belladonna for 
severe griping and spasmodic pains; Bryonia for bilious colic and diarrhoea; Chamo- 
milla for children. 

Constipation. —Women are more subject than men to this 

confined state of the bowels,which will, in many cases, yield to exercise, plain, nutri¬ 
tious diet, with vegetables and cooked fruit, and but little bread, and an enema of 
milk and water, or thin gruel if it is some time since there has been any action of the 
bowels. Medicines. Bryonia, especially for rheumatic patients, and disturbed state 
of the stomach; Nux vomica, for persons of sedentary habits, especially males; Pul¬ 
satilla, for women; Sulphur, for constipation that is habitual or of long continuance. 

Convulsions. —For convulsions arising from whatever cause, 
a warm bath is desirable, and a milk and water enema, if the child’s bowels are con¬ 
fined. Medicines. Belladonna and Chamomilla, if the convulsions are caused 
by teething, with Aconitum napellus if the little patient be feverish; Aconitum 
napellus, Cina, and Belladonna, for convulsions caused by worms; Aconite and Cof- 
foea, when they arise from fright; Ipecacuanha and Nux vomica, when they have 
been caused by repletion, or food that is difficult of digestion. 

Cough. —For this disorder, a light farinaceous diet is desirable, 

with plenty of out-door exercise and constant use of the sponging-bath. Medicines. 
Aconitum napellus, for a hard, dry, hacking cough; Antimonium, for cough with 
wheezing and difficulty of expectoration; Belladonna, for spasmodic cough, with 
tickling in the throat, or sore throat; Bryonia, for hard, dry cough, with expectora¬ 
tions streaked with blood; ipecacuanha, for children. 

Croup. —As this disorder frequently and quickly terminates 

fatally, recourse should be had to a duly qualified practitioner as soon as possible. 
The disease lies chiefly in the larynx and bronchial tubes, and is easy recognizable 
by the sharp, barking sound of the cough. A warm bath and mustard poultice will 
often tend to give relief. Medicines. Aconitum napellus, in the earlier stages of 
the disorder, and Spongia and Hepar sulphuris, in the more advanced stages, the 
latter medicine being desirable when the cough is not so violent and the breathing 
easier. 

Diarrhcea.— The medicines to be used in this disorder are 
those which are mentioned under colic and bilious attacks. 

Dysentery is somewhat similar to diarrhoea, but the symp- 

203 


HOMCEOPA THIC REMEDIES: 


toms are more aggravated in character, and the evacuations are chiefly mucus streaked 
with blood. As a local remedy hot flannels or a ston^jar filled with hot water and 
wrapped in flannel should be applied to the abdomen. Medicines. Colocynthis 
and Mercurius in alternation. 

Dyspepsia or Indigestion arises from weakness of the 

digestive organs. Symptoms. Chief among these are habitual costiveness, heartburn 
and nausea, disinclination to eat, listlessness and weakness, accompanied with f atigue 
after walking etc., restlessness and disturbed sleep at night, bad taste in the 
mouth, with white tongue, especially in the morning, accompanied at times with 
fullness in the region of the stomach,and flatulence, which causes disturbance of the 
heart. The causes of indigestion are too numerous to be mentioned here, but they 
may be inferred when it is said that scrupulous attention must be paid to diet (see 
p. 324); that meals should be taken at regular and not too long intervals; that 
warm drinks, stimulants and tobacco should be avoided; that early and regular 
hours should be kept, with a cold or chilled sponge bath every morning; and that 
measures should be taken to obtain a fair amount of exercise, and to provide suita¬ 
ble occupation for both body and mind during the day. Medicines. Arnica montana 
for persons who are nervous and irritable, and suffer much from headache; Bryonia 
for persons who are bilious and subject to rheumatism, and those who are listless and 
disinclined to eat, and have an unpleasant bitter taste in the mouth; Hepar sulphuris 
for chronic indigestion and costiveness, attended with tendency to vomit in the 
morning; Mercurius in cases of flatulence, combined with costiveness; Nux vomica 
for indigestion that makes itself felt from 2 a. m. to 4 a. m., or thereabouts, with loss 
of appetite and nausea in the morning, and for persons with a tendency to piles, and 
those who are engaged in sedentary occupations; Pulsatilla for women generally, 
and Chamomilla for children. 

Fevers.— For all fevers of a serious character, such as scarlet 
fever, typhus fever, typhoid fever, gastric fever, intermittent fever, or ague, etc., it 
is better to send at once for a medical man. Incases of ordinary fever, indicated 
by alternate flushes and shivering, a hot dry skin, rapid pulse, and dry, foul tongue, 
the patient should have a warm bath, take but little nourishment, and drink cold 
water. Medicine. Aconitum napellus. 

Flatulency.— This disorder, which arises from, and is a symp¬ 
tom of indigestion, frequently affects respiration, and causes disturbance and quick¬ 
ened action of the heart. The patient should pay attention to diet, as for dys¬ 
pepsia. Medicines. Cina and Nux vomica; Pulsatilla for women, and Chamo¬ 
milla for children. SeeT)vsPHrsiA. 

Headache.— This disorder proceeds from so many various 

causes, which require different treatment, that it is wiser to apply at once to a regu¬ 
lar homoeopathic practitioner, and especially in headache of frequent occurrence. 
Medicines. Nux vomica when headache is caused by indigestion; Pulsatilla being 
useful for women: Belladonna and Ignatia, for sick headache; Aconitum napellus 
and Arsenicum for nervous headache. 

Heartburn.— For this unpleasant sensation of heat, arising 
from the stomach, accompanied by a bitter taste, and sometimes by nausea, Nux 
vomica is a good medicine. Pulsatilla may be taken by women. 

Indigestion.— See Dyspepsia. 

Measles.— This complaint, which seldom attacks adults, is in¬ 
dicated in its early stage by the usual accompaniments and signs of a severe cold in 
the head—namely, sneezing, running from the nose and eyelids, which are swol¬ 
len. The sufferer also coughs, does not care to eat, and feels sick and restless. 
About four days after the first appearance of these premonitory symptoms, a red 
rash comes out over the face, neck and body, which dies away, and finally disap¬ 
pears in about five days. The patient should be kept warm, and remain in one room 
during the continuance 01 the disorder, and especially while the rash is out, lest, 
through exposure to cold in any way, the rash may be checked and driven inwards. 
Medicines. Aconitum napellus, and Pulsatilla, which are sufficient for all ordinary 
cases. If there bo much fever. Belladonna; and if the rash be driven in by a chill, 
Bryonia. 


204 


HO MCE OP A THIC REMEDIES. 


Mumps. —This disorder is sometimes consequent on measles. 

It is indicated by the swelling of the glands under the ear and lower jaw. It is far 
more painful than dangerous. Fomenting with warm water is useful. Medicines. 
Mercurius generally; Belladonna may be used when mumps follow an attack of 
measles. 

N ettlerash. —This rash, so caUed because in appearance it re¬ 
sembles the swelling and redness caused by the sting of a nettle, is generally pro¬ 
duced by a disordered state ofthe stomach. Medicines. Aconitum napellus, Nux- 
vomica, or Pulsatilla, in ordinary cases; Arsenicum is useful if there is much fever; 
Belladonna if the rash is accompanied with headache. 

Piles. —The ordinary homoeopathic remedies for this painful 
complaint are Nux vomica and Sulphur. 

Sprains. —Apply to the part affected a lotion of one part of 
tincture of Arnica to two of water. For persons who cannot use Arnica, in conse¬ 
quence of the irritation produced by it, a lotion of tincture of Calendula may be 
used in the proportion of one part of the tincture to four of water 

Teething. — Infants and very young children frequently ex¬ 
perience much pain in the mouth during dentition, and especially when the tooth is 
making its way through the gum. The child is often feverish, the mouth and gums 
hot and tender, and the face flushed. There is also much running from the mouth, 
and the bowels are disturbed, being in some cases confined, and in others relaxed, 
approaching to diarrhoea. Medicines. These are Aconitum napellus, in ordinary 
cases; Nux vomica, when the bowels are confined; Chamomilla, when the bowels 
are relaxed; Mercurius, if the relaxed state of the bowels has deepened into diarrhoea; 
Belladonna, if there be symptoms of disturbance ofthe brain. 

W hooping Cough. —This disease is sometimes of long duration, 

for if it shows itselfin the autumn or winter months, the little patient will frequently 
retain cough until May or evenj une.when it disappears with return of warmer weather. 
Change of air when practicable is desirable, especially when the cough has been of 
long continuance. In this cough there are three stages. In the first the symptoms 
are those of an ordinary cold in the head and cough. In the second the cough be¬ 
comes hard, dry and rapid, and the inhalation ot the air, after or during the par¬ 
oxysm of the coughing, produces a peculiar“sound from which the disease is named. 
In the final stage the cough occurs at longer intervals, and the paroxysms are less 
violent and ultimately disappear. In this stage the disease is subject to fluctuation, 
the cough again increasing in frequency of occurrence and intensity if the patient 
has been unduly exposed to cold or damp, or if the weather is very changeable. 
Children suffering from whooping-cough should have a light nourishing diet and 
only go out when the weather is mild and warm. Medicines. Aconitum napellus 
in the very commencement of the disorder, followed by Ipecacuanha and Nux 
vomica when the second stage is just approaching and during its continuance. 
These medicines may be continued if necessary during the third stage. 

Worms. —The presence of worms is indicated by irritation of 

the membrane of the nose, causing the child to thrust its finger into the nostrils; by 
irritation of the lower part of the body; by thinness, excessive appetite and restless¬ 
ness in sleep. Children suffering from worms should eat meat freely and not take 
so much bread, vegetables, and farinaceous food as children generally do. They 
should have as much exercise as possible in the open air, and be sponged with cold 
water every morning. The worms that mostly trouble children are the thread 
worms, which are present chiefly in the lower portion of the intestines, and the 
round worm. Medicine, &c. Administer an injection of weak salt-and-water, and 
give Aconitum napellus, to be followed by Ignatia and Sulphur in the order in which 
they are here given. These are the usual remedies for thread worms. _ For round 
worms, whose presence in the stomach is indicated by great thinness, sickness and 
discomfort, and pain in the stomach, Aconitum napellus, Cina, Ignatia, and Sulphur 
are given. 

Extent of Doses in IIomceopathy.„ —Homoeopathic medi¬ 
cines are given in the form ot globules, pilules, or tincture, the last-named being 

205 


ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS. 


generally preferred. The average doses for adults are from half a drop to one drop of 
the tincture given in a tablespoonful of water, trom two to four pilules, or from three to 
six globules. In using the tincture it is usual to measure out a few tablespoonfuls of 
water and to add to it a certain number of drops regulated by the quantity of water 
that is used. For children medicine is mixed at the same strength, but a less quan¬ 
tity is given. The proper quantity for a dose is always given in books and manuals 
for the homoeopathic treatment of disease. Small cases of the principal medicines 
used in homoeopathy can be procured from most druggists, and with each case a little 
book showing the symptoms and treatment of all ordinary complaints is usually given. 

Diet in Homoeopathy. —The articles of food that are chiefly 

recommended when attention to diet is necessary are stale bread, beef, mutton, 
poultry, fresh game, fish, chiefly cod and flat fish, avoiding mackerel, etc., eggs and 
oysters. Rice, sago, tapioca, and arrowroot are permitted, as are also potatoes, car¬ 
rots, turnips, broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, French beans, and broad beans. 
Water, milk, cocoa and chocolate may be drunk. It is desirable to avoid all things 
that are not specified in the foregoing list. Ripe fruit may be eaten, but unripe 
fruit, unless cooked, should be scrupulously avoided. 

ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS. 

The following formula, by a physician of high standing, has 
been found beneficial in numerous cases where everything else 
failed to produce satisfactory results. In the author’s own fam¬ 
ily, it saved the life of an infant daughter who had been given 
up by an old practitioner, but who, it seems, was dying simply 
from lack of proper nourishment. She is now a rosv, robust 
child, in perfect health, and the pet of the household. The vir¬ 
tue of this formula consists in the fact that it most nearly corre¬ 
sponds to the natural nourishment from a healthy mother’s 
breast. In using this formula care should be taken to use only 
absolutely pure water, and all bottles and vessels should be scru¬ 
pulously clean. The cream and milk should be from one cow only: 

Take two tablespoonfuls of cream, two tablespoonfuls of lime 
water, one tablespoonful of good milk, three tablespoonfuls of a 
solution of sugar of milk containing eighteen drams to one pint 
of pure water. 

This quantity warmed is enough for once feeding a child of four months. For an 
older child add one teaspoonful of milk to the mixture for each month over four. 
For a younger child, diminish the quantity of milk in the same ratio. 

The child should be fed every two hours and a half during the day and 
evening and as little as possible at night. 

If the child be constipated, substitute barley water for lime water. In preparing 
the barley water a porcelain-lined kettle should be employed if possible. Use best 
pearl barley, and boil to a very thin gruel, which strain. 

Each feeding must, of course, be made fresh, although the barley water and the 
sugar-of-milk solution may be made in quantities. 

Cholera Mixture —Take equal parts of tincture of cayenne, 
tincture of opium, tincture of rhubarb, essence of peppermint, 
and spirits of camphor. Mix well. Dose, 15 to 30 drops in a 
wine-glass of water, according to age and violence of the attack. 
Repeat every fifteen or twenty minutes until relief is obtained. 

Cure for Hiccough —Sit erect and inflate the lungs fully. 
Then, retaining the breath, bend forward slowly until the chest 

U06 




C ON TA GIO US DISEA SES. 


meets the knees. After slowly arising again to the erect posi¬ 
tion, slowly exhale the breath. Repeat this process a second 
time, and the nerves will be found to have received an access of 
energy that will enable them to perform their natural functions. 

Choking— A piece of food lodged in the throat may some¬ 
times be pushed down with the finger, or removed with a hair¬ 
pin quickly straightened and hooked at the end, or by two or 
three vigorous blows on the back between the shoulders. 

Contagious Diseases. 


The following points will help to determine the nature of a 
suspicious illness: 


Disease. 

Rash or Eruption. 

Appearance. 

Durati’n 
in days. 

Remarks. 

Chicken-pox ... 

Small rose pimples 

2d day of fever 

6-7 

Scabs from about 


changing to vesi- 

or after 24 h’rs’ 


fourth day of 


cles. 

illness. 


fever. 

Erysipelas. 

Diffuse redness and 

2d or 3d day of 




swelling. 

illness. 



Measles. 

Small red dots like 

4th day of fever 

6-10 

Rash fades 0 n 


flea bites. 

or after 72 


7th day. 



hours’ illness. 



Scarlet Fever. 

Bright scarlet, dif- 

2d day of fever 

8-10 

Rash fades 0 n 


fused. 

or after 24 


5th day. 



hours’ illness.. 



Small-pox. 

Small red pimples 

3d day of fever 

14-21 

Scabs form 9th or 


changing to vesi- 

or after 48 


10th day, fall off 


cles, then pustules 

hours’ illness.. 


about 14 th. 

Typhoid Fever. 

Rose-colored spots 

nth to 14th day. 

22-30 

Accompanied by 


scattered. 



diarrhoea. 


It will often relieve a mother’s anxiety to know how-long 
there is danger of infection after a child has been exposed to a 
contagious disease. The following table gives the information 
concerning the more important diseases: 


Disease. 

Symptoms 

appear. 

Period 
ranges from 

Patient is Infectious. 

Chicken-pox. 

On 14th day 
“ 2d day 
" 14th day 
“ 19th day 
“ 14th day 
“ 4th day 
“ 12th day 
“ 21st day 
“ 14th day 

10-18 days 
2- 5 days 
10-14 days 
16-24 days 
12-20 days 
i~ 7 days 
1-14 days 
1-28 days 
7-14 days 

Until all scabs have fallen off. 

14 d’s after dis’pear’ce of membrane. 
Until scali’g and cough have ceas’d. 
14 days from commencement. 

10-14 days from commencement. 
Until all scaling has ceased. 

Until all scabs have fallen off. 

Until diarrhoea ceases. 

Six weeks from beginning to whoop. 

Diphtheria. 

Measles*. 

Mumps. 

Rotheln. 

Scarlet Fever. 

Small-pox. 

Typhoid Fever. 

Whooping Cough!. . 


♦In measles the patient is infectious three days before the eruption appears, 
tin whooping-cough the patient is infectious during the primary cough, which 
mav he three weeks before the whooping begins. 


207 









































ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 


WHAT TO DO. 

If an artery is cut , red blood spurts. Compress it above the 
wound. If a vein is cut, dark blood plows. Compress it below 
and above. 

If choked , go upon all fours and cough. 

For slight burns , dip the part in cold water; if the skin is 
destroyed , cover with varnish or linseed oil. 

For apoplexy , raise the head and body; for fainting , lay the 
person flat. 

Send for a physician when a serious accident of any kind 
occurs , but treat as directed until he arrives. 

Scalds and Burns— The following facts cannot be too 

firmly impressed on the mind of the reader, that in either of these accidents the 
first, best, and often the only remedies required, are sheets of wadding, fine wool, 
or carded cotton, and in the default of these, violet powder, flour, magnesia, or chalk. 
The object for which these several articles are employed is the same in each in¬ 
stance; namely, to exclude the air from the injured part; for if the air can be effec¬ 
tually shut out from the raw surface, and care is taken not to expose the tender part 
till the new cuticle is formed, the cure may be safely left to nature. The moment a 
person is called to a case of scald or burn, he should cover the part with a sheet, or 
a portion of a sheet, of wadding, taking care not to break any blister that may have 
formed, or stay to remove any burnt clothes that may adhere to the surface, but as 
quickly as possible envelop every part of the injury from all access of the air, laying 
one or two more pieces of wadding on the first, so as effectually to guard the burn 
or scald from the irritation of the atmosphere; and if the article used is wool or cot¬ 
ton, the same precaution, of adding more material where the surface is thinly cov¬ 
ered, must be adopted; a light bandage finally securing all in their places. Any of 
the popular remedies recommended below may be employed when neither wool, 
cotton, nor wadding are to be procured, it being always remembered that that ar¬ 
ticle which will best exclude the air from a burn or scald is the best, quickest, and 
least painful mode of treatment. And in this respect nothing has surpassed cotton 
loose or attached to paper as in wadding. 

If the Skin is Much Injured in burns, spread some linen 

E retty thickly with chalk ointment, and lay over the part, and give the patient some 
randy and water if much exhausted; then send for a medical man. If not much 
injured, and very painful, use the same ointment, or apply carded cotton dipped in 
lime water and linseed oil. If you please, you may lay cloths dipped in ether over 
the parts, or cold lotions. Treat scalds in same manner, or cover with scraped raw 
potato; but the chalk ointment is the best. In the absence of all these, cover the 
injured part with treacle, and dust over it plenty of flour. 

Body in Flames—L aj r the person down on the floor of the 

room, and throw the table cloth, rug, or other large cloth over him, and roll him 
on the floor. 

Dirt in the Eye —Place your forefinger upon the cheek-bone, 
having the patient before you; then slightly bend the finger, this will draw down 
the lower lid of the eye, and you will probably be able to remove the dirt; but if 
this will not enable you to get at it, repeat this operation while you have a netting- 
needle or bodkin placed over the eyelid; this will turn it inside out, and enable you 
to remove the sand, or eyelash, etc., with the corner of a fine silk handkerchief. As 
soon as the substance is removed, bathe the eye with cold water, and exclude the 
light for a day. If the inflammation is severe, let the patient use a refrigerant lotion. 

Lime in the Eye — Syringe it Avell with warm vinegar and 
water in the proprotion of one ounce of vinegar to eight ounces of water; exclude 
light. 


208 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 

Iron or Steel Spicul^e in the Eye— These occur while 

turning iron or steel in a lathe, and are best remedied by doubling back the upper 
or lower eyelid, according to the situation of the substance, and with the flat edge ot 
a silver probe, taking up the metallic particle, using a lotion made by dissolving six 
grains of sugar of lead and the same of white vitriol, in six ounces of water, and bath¬ 
ing the eye three times a day till the inflammation subsides. Another plan is—Drop 
a solution of sulphate of copper (from one to three grains of the salt to one ounce of 
water i into the eye, or keep the eye open in a wineglassful of the solution. Bathe 
with cold lotion, and exclude light to keep down inflammation. 

Dislocated Thumb—T his is frequently produced by a fall. 

Make a clove hitch, by passing two loops of cord over the thumb, placing a piece of 
rag under the cord to prevent it cutting the thumb; then pull in the same line as the 
thumb. Afterwards apply a cold lotion. 

Cuts and Wounds— Clean cut wounds, whether deep or 
superficial, and likely to heal by the first intention, should always be washed or 
cleaned, and at once evenly and smoothly closed by bringing both 
edges close together, and securing them in that position by 
adhesive plaster. Cut thin strips of sticking plaster, and bring the 
parts together; or if large and deep, cut two broad pieces, so as to look like the teeth 
of a comb, and place one on each side of the wound, which must be cleaned pre¬ 
viously. These pieces must be arranged so that they shall interlace one another; 
then, by laying hold of the pieces on the right side with one hand, and those on the 
other side with the other hand, and pulling them from one another, the edges of 
the wound are brought together without any difficulty. 

Ordinary Cuts are dressed by thin strips, applied by pressing 
down the plaster on one side of the wound, and keeping it there and pulling in the 
opposite direction; then suddenly depressing the hand when the edges of the wound 
are brought together. 

Contusions are best healed by laying a piece of folded lint, 

well wetted with extract of lead, or boracic acid, on the part, and, if there is 
much pain, placing a hot bran poultice over the dressing, repeating both, if neces¬ 
sary, every two hours. When the injuries are very severe, lay a cloth over the part, 
and suspend a basin over it filled with cold lotion. Put a piece of cotton into the 
basin, so that it shall allow the lotion to drop on the cloth, and thus keep it always 
wet. 

Hemorrhage, when caused by an artery being divided or 
torn, may be known by the blood issuing out of the wound in leaps or jerks, and 
being of a bright scarlet color. If a vein is injured, the blood is darker and flows 
continuously. To arrest the latter, apply pressure by means of a compress and 
bandage. To arrest arterial bleeding, get a piece of wood (part of a broom handle 
will do), and tie a piece of tape to one end of it; then tie apiece of tape loosely over 
the arm, and pass the other end of the wood under it; twist the stick round and 
round until the tape compresses the arm sufficiently to arrest the bleeding, and then 
confine the other end by tying the string around the arm. , A compress made by 
enfolding a penny piece in several folds of lint or linen should, however, be first 
placed under the tape and over the artery. If the bleeding is very obstinate, and it 
occurs in the arm, place a cork underneath the string, on the inside of the fleshy 
part, where the artery may be felt beating by any one; if in the leg, place a cork in 
the direction of a line drawn from the inner part of the knee towards the outer part 
of the groin. It is an excellent thing to accustom yourself to find out the position of 
these arteries, or, indeed, any that are superficial, and to explain to every person in 
your house where they are, and how to stop bleeding. If a stick cannot be got take 
a handkerchief, make a cord bandage of it, and tie a knot in the middle; the knot 
acts as a compress, and should be placed over the artery, while the two ends are to 
be tied around the thumb. Observe always to place the ligature between the 
wound and the heart. Putting your finger into a bleeding wound, and making 
pressure until a surgeon arrives, will generally stop violent bleeding. 

Bleeding from the Nose, from whatever cause, may gen¬ 

erally be stopped by putting a plug of lint into the nostrils; if this does not do, apply a 

209 


ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 


cold lotion to the forehead; raise the head, and place over It both arms, so that it will 
rest on the hands; dip the lint plug, slightly moistened, into some powdered gum 
arabic, and plug the nostrils again; or dip the plug into equal parts of powdered 
gum arabic and alum, and plug the nose. Or the plug may be dipped in Friar’s balsam, 
or tincture of kino. Heat should be applied to the feet; and, in obstinate cases, the 
sudden shock of a cold key, or cold water poured down the spine, will often instantly 
stop the bleeding. If the bowels are confined take a purgative. Injections of alum 
solution from a small syringe into the nose will often stop hemorrhage. 

Violent Shocks will sometimes stun a person, and he will re¬ 
main unconscious. Untie strings, collars, etc.; loosen anything that is tight, and in¬ 
terferes with the breathing; raise the head; see if there is bleeding from any 
part; apply smelling-salts to the nose, and hot bottles to the feet. 

In Concussion, the surface of the body is cold and pale, and 

the pulse weak and small, the breathing slow and gentle, and the pupil of the eye 
generally contracted or small. You can get an answer by speaking loud, so as to 
arouse the patient. Give a little brandy and water, keep' the place quiet, apply 
warmth, and do not raise the head too high. If you tickle the feet the patient 
feels it. 

In Compression of the Brain from any cause, such as apo¬ 
plexy, or a piece of fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss of sensation. If you 
tickle the feet of the injured person he does not feel it. You cannot arouse him so as 
to get an answer. The pulse is slow and labored; the breathing deep, labored, 
and snorting; the pupil enlarged. Raise the head, loosen strings or tight things, 
and send for a surgeon. If one cannot be got at once, apply mustard poultices to 
the feet and thighs, leeches to the temples, and hot water to the feet. 

Choking— When a person has a fish bone in the throat, insert 
the forefinger, press upon the root of the tongue, so as to induce vomiting; it this 
does not do, let him swallow a large piece of potato or soft bread; and if these fail, 
give a mustard emetic. 

Fainting, Hysterics, etc. — Loosen the garments, bathe the 

temples with water or eau-de-Cologne; open the window, admit plenty of fresh air, 
dash cold water on the face, apply hot bricks to the feet, and avoid bustle and exces¬ 
sive sympathy. 

Drowning— Attend to the following essential rules :— i. Lose 

no time. 2. Handle the body gently. 3. Carry the body face downwards, with 
the head gently raised, and never hold it up by the feet. 4. Send for medical as¬ 
sistance immediately, and in the meantime act as follows: 5. Strip the body; rub 
it dry, then wrap it in hot blankets, and place it in a warm bed in a warm room. 6. 
Cleanse away the froth and mucus from the nose and mouth. 7. Apply warm 
bricks, bottles, bags of sand, etc., to the armpits, between the thighs, and to the soles 
of the feet. 8. Rub the surface of the body with the hands inclosed in warm, dry 
worsted socks, 9. If possible, put the body into a warm bath. 10. To restore 
breathing, put the pipe of a common bellows into one nostril, carefully closing the 
other, and the mouth; at the same time drawing downwards, and pushing gently 
backwards, the upper part of the windpipe, to allow a more free admission of air; 
blow the bellows gently, in order to inflate the lungs, till the breast be raised a little; 
then set the mouth and nostrils free, and press gently on the chest; repeat this until 
signs of life appear. The body should be covered the moment it is placed on the 
table, except the face, and all the rubbing carried on under the sheet or blanket. 
When they can be obtained, a number of tiles or bricks should be made tolerably hot 
in the fire, laid in a row on the table, covered with a blanket, and the body placed 
in such a manner on them that their heat may enter the spine. When the patient 
revives, apply smelling-salts to the nose, give warm wine or brandy and water. 
Cautions. —1. Never rub the body with salt or spirits. 2. Never roll the body on 
casks. 3. Continue the remedies for twelve hours without ceasing. 

Hanging— Loosen the cord, or whatever it may be by which 
the person has been suspended. Open the temporal artery or jugular vein, or bleed 
from the arm; employ electricity, if at hand, and proceed as for drowning, taking the 
additional precaution to apply eight or ten leeches to the temples. 

210 


POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES . 


Apparent Death from Drunkenness—R aise the head; 

loosen the clothes, maintain warmth of surface, and give a mustard emetic as soon 
as the person can swallow. 

Apoplexy and Fits Generally— Raise the head; loosen all 

tight clothes, strings, etc.; apply cold lotions to the head, which should be shaved; 
apply leeches to the temples, bleed, and send for a surgeon. 

Suffocation from Noxious Gases, etc.— Remove to the 
fresh air; dash cold vinegar and water in the face, neck, and breast; keep up the 
warmth of the body; if necessary, apply mustard poultices to the soles of the feet and 
to the spine, and try artificial respirations as in drowning, with electricity. 

Lightning and Sunstroke— Treat the same as apoplexy. 


POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 

Always send immediately for a medical man. Save all fluids 
vomited, and articles of food, cups, glasses, etc., used by the 
pa +; ent before taken ill, and lock them up. 

As a rule give emetics after poisons that cause sleepiness and 
raving;—chalk, milk, eggs, butter, and warm water, or oil, after 
poisons that cause vomiting and pain in the stomach and bowels, 
with purging; and when there is no inflammation about the 
throat, tickle it with a feather to excite vomiting. 

Vomiting may be caused by giving warm water, 
with a teaspoonful of mustard to the tumblerful, well 
stirred up. Sulphate of zinc (white vitriol) may be 
used in place of the mustard, or powdered alum. 
Powder of ipecacuanha, a teaspoonful rubbed up with 
molasses, may be employed for children. Tartar 
emetic should never he given , as it is excessively 
depressing, and uncontrolable in its effects. The stomach pump 
can only be used by skillful hands, and even then with caution. 

Opium and other Narcotics —After vomiting has occurred, coid water should be 
dashed over the face and head. The patient must be kept awake, walked about be¬ 
tween two strong persons, made to grasp the handles of a galvanic battery, dosed 
with strong coffee, and vigorously slapped. Belladonna is an antidote for opium 
and for morphia, etc., its active principles; and, on the other hand, the latter 
counteract the effects of belladonna. But a knowledge of medicine is necessary for 
dealingwith these articles. 

Strychnia —After emetics have been freely and successfully given, the patient 
should be allowed to breathe the vapor of sulphuric ether, poured on a handker¬ 
chief and held to the face, in such quantities as to keep down the tendency to con¬ 
vulsions. Bromide of potassium, twenty grains at a dose, dissolved in syrup, may be 
given every hour. 

Alcoholic Poisoning should be combated by emetics, of which the sulphate of zinc, 
given as above directed, is the best. After that, strong coffee internally, and stim¬ 
ulation by heat externally, should be used. 

Acids are sometimes swallowed by mistake. Alkalies, lime water, magnesia, or 
common chalk mixed with water, may be freely given, and afterward mucilaginous 
drinks, such as thick gum water or flaxseed tea. 

Alkalies are less frequently taken in injurious strength or quantity, but sometimes 
children swallow lye by mistake. Common vinegar may be given freely, and then 
castor or sweet oil in full doses—a tablespoonful at a time, repeated every half hour 
or two. 

Nitrate of silver when swallowed is neutralized by common table salt freely given 
in solution in water. 

211 




DOSES OF MEDICINE\ 


-The salts of mercury or arsenic (often kept as bedbug poison), which are power¬ 
ful irritants, are apt to be very quickly fatal. Milk or the whites of eggs may be 
f reely given, and afterward a very thin paste of flour and water. In these cases an 
emetic is to be given after the poison is neutralized. 

Phosphorus paste, kept for roach poison or in parlor matches, is sometimes eaten 
by children, and has been willfully taken for the purpose of suicide. It is a power¬ 
ful irritant. The first thing to be done is to give freely of magnesia and water; then 
to give mucilaginous drinks, as flaxseed tea, gum water or sassafras pith and water; 
and lastly to administer finely-powdered bone-charcoal, either in pill or in mixture 
with water. 

In no case of poisoning should there be any avoidable delay in obtaining the advice 
of a physician, and, meanwhile, the friends or bystanders should endeavor to find 
out exactly what has been taken, so that the treatment adopted may be as prompt 
and effective as possible. 

DOSES OF MEDICINE. 


NAME OF DRUG. 


Aloes. 

Anise Oil. 

Aqua Ammonia(dilule) 

Balsam Copaiba. 

Balsam of Fir. 

Bismuth. 

Bromide of Potassium. 

Buchu Leaves. 

Calomel (as alterative) 

Castor Oil. 

Citrate of Iron. 

Citrate Iron & Quinine 

Cream of Tartar. 

Dover’s Powder.. 

Elecampane. 

Epsom Salts. 

Gallic Acid. 

Iodide of Potassium... 

Kino. 

Mandrake. 

Mercury with Chalk.. 

Morphine. 

Muriate of Ammonia.. 

Opium. 

Paregoric. 

Peppermint Essence.. 

Pepsin. 

Quinine... 

Rochelle Salts. 

Rhubarb. 

Saltpetre. 

Samonin. 

Syrup of Squills. 


Senna. 


DOSE. 

NAME OF DRUG. 

3 to 15 grains. 

Syrup of Sarsaparilla.. 

5 to 15 drops. 

it 

Seneka. ..... . 

io to 30 drops. 

44 

Rhubarb ..... 

10 to 40 drops. 

Tannic Acid. .... .... 

3 to 10 drops. 

Tinct. of Aconite Root 

5 to 40 grams. 

44 

Aloes .. 

5 to 40 grains. 

44 

Asafoetida . .. 

20 to 40 grains. 

4* 

Belladona... . 

1-12 to 1 grain. 

4 4 

Bloodroot.... 

1 to 8 teasp’fuls. 

44 

Columbo .... 

2 to 5 grains. 

44 

Camphor.. . . 

3 to 8 grains. 

it 

Cayenne. 

y to 3 teasp’fuls. 

44 

Castor. 

5 to io grains. 

44 

Catechu. 

20 to 60 grains. 

44 

Cinch. Comp. 

y to 1 ounce. 

44 

Colchicum... 

5 to 10 grains. 

44 

Digitalis. 

2 to 10 grains. 

44 

Ginger. 

10 to 30 grains. 

ii 

Gentian Com 

5 to 20 grains. 

44 

Guaiac . 

2 to 8 grains. 

44 

Kino . 

Y& to y grain. 

44 

Lobelia. 

5 to 20 grains. 

44 

Muriate Iron. 

l / 2 to 2 grains. 

44 

Myrrh. 

1 teaspoonful. 

44 

Nux Vomica. 

5 to 30 drops. 

44 

Opium 

1 to 5 grains. 


(Laudanum) 

1 to 10 grains. 

14 

Rhubarb. 

^ to 1 ounce. 

44 

“ & Senna 

5 to 30 grains. 

44 

Tolu. 

5 to 20 grains. 

44 

Valerian. 

2 to 5 grains. 

Turpentine. 

y 2 to 1 teasp'ful. 

Wine Ipecac (Diaph.). 

15 to 30 drops. 

44 

“ (Emetic). 

1 to 6 teasp’fnls. 

44 

Colchicum Root 


DOSE. 


i to 4 teasp’fuls. 
i to 2 teasp’fuls. 
i to 2 teasp’fuls. 
i to 5 grains, 
i to 5 drops, 
i to 8 teasp’fuls. 
y 2 to i teasp’ful. 
io to 30 drops. 

% to y 2 teasp’ful. 
1 to 2 teasp’fuls. 

5 to 60 drops. 

1 o to 60 drops. 
y 2 to 1 teasp’ful. 
y 2 to2 teasp’fuls. 
y to 4 teasp’fuls. 
15 to 60 drops. 

5 to 20 drops. 

% to 1 teasp’ful 
y 2 to 2 teasp’fuls. 
Y / 2 to 1 teasp’ful. 
y 2 to 2 teasp’fuls 
y to 1 teasp’ful. 

1 o to 30 drops. 
y to 1 teasp’ful. 
5 to 10 drops. 

10 to 25 drops. 

1 to 4 teasp’fuls. 

1 to 4 teasp’fuls. 
]4to 1 teasp’ful. 
y to 2 teasp’fuls. 
10 to 40 drops. 

10 to 30 drops. 

2 to 8 teasp’fuls. 


Table of Proportionate Doses. 


Age, years . 80 65 50 25-40 20 16 12 

Doses. sal! 7 s 

Age , months .12 

Doses.£ 


5 5 
t 3 

2 8 

6 2 

¥ T5 & 


212 





























































Largest Safe Doses off Poisonous Drugs. 

Every person should know the largest doses, which is safe to 
take, of p.ctive medicines. The following table shows the larg¬ 
est doses admissible, in grammes, and also the equivalent in 
grains for solids, and in minims for liquids. The doses are ex¬ 
pressed in fractions, thus: 1-13, 1 - 64 , meaning one-thirteenth, 
one-sixty-fourth. In non-professional hands it is the safest plan 
to strictly observe the rule of never giving the maximum dose of 


any medicine: 


Medicines. Grammes. Grains. 

Arsenious Acid. 

.. .005 

1-13 

Acid, Carbolic. 

.. .05 


“ Hydrocyanic. 

.. .06 


Aconita. 

.. .0041 

-16 

Aconite. Root. 

.. .15 

2*4 

Arsenic, Iodide. 

.. .025 

% 

Atropia. 

.. .001 

1-64 

Atropia Sulph.. 


1-64 

Barium, Chlor. 

.. .12 

1 % 

Belladonna, Herb. 

.. .2 

3 

“ Root. 

.. .1 

1 y* 

Codia. 

.. .05 

% 

Conia. 

.. .001 

1-64 

Digitalis. 

.. .3 

4 H 

Ext Aconite Leaves. 

.. .1 

1*4 

“ “ Root. 

.. .025 

% 

“ Belladonna. 

.. .1 

1*4 

“ Cannabis Indica.... 

.. .1 

1/4 

" Conium. 

.. .18 

2% 

•* Digitalis. 

.. 2 

3 

“ Nux Vomica, Ale... 

.. .05 

k 


Medicines. Grammes. Grains. 

Ext. Opium... 

. .1 

1*4 

“ Stramon, Seed.. 

. .05 

A 

Fowler’s Solution. 

.4 

6min. 

Lead, Sugar of. 

. .06 

9-10 

Mercury, Corrosive Chlor. 

. .03 

9-20 

“ Red Iodide. 

. .03 

9-20 

Morphia and its Salts. 

.03 

9 20 

Nitrate Silver. 

. .03 

9-20 

Oil, Croton.. 

. .06 

9-10 

Opium. 

15 

2*4 

Phosphorus.. 

. 015 

2-9 

Potassa, Arsenite. 

. .005 

1-13 

“ Cyanide. 

. .03 

9-20 

Santonine.. 

. .1 

1*4 

Soda, Arsenite. 

. .005 

1-13 

Strychnia and Salts. 

01 

1-6 

Tartar Emetic. 

V, 

3 

Veratria..... 

005 

1-13 

Veratrum Viride. 

3 

4*4 

Zinc, Chloride. 

015 

2-9 

“ Valeriante.. 

06 

9-10 


Relative Value off Food (Beef pari 

Oysters, 22; milk, 24; lobsters, 50; cream, 56; codfish, 68; eggs, 72; turbot, 84; 
mutton, 87; venison, 89; veal, 92; fowl, 94; herring, 100; beef, 100; duck, 104; sal¬ 
mon, 108; pork,' it 6; butter, 124; cheese, 155. 


Percentage off Carbon in Food. 

Cabbage, 3; beer, 4; carrots, 5; milk, 7; parsnips, 8; fish, 9; potatoes, 12; eggs, 16 ; 
beef, 27; bread, 27; cheese, 36; peas, 36; rice, 38; corn, 38: biscuit, 42; oatrpeal, 42; 
sugar, 42; flour, 46; bacon, 54; cocoa, 69; butter, 79. 


Foot-tons off Energy Per Ounce off Food. 

Cabbage, 16; carrots, 20; milk, 24; ale, 30; potatoes, 38; porter, 42; beef, 55; egg, 
57; ham, 65; bread, 83; egg (yolk), 127; sugar, 130; rice, 145; flour, 148; arrowroot, 
151; oatmeal, 152; cheese, 168; butter, 281. 

Loss off Meat in Cooking. 


100 lbs. raw beef 
100 “ 

400 “ raw mutton 


= 67 lbs. roast 
= 74 “ boiled 
= 75 “ roast 


100 lbs. raw fowl 
100 *' “ 

100 “ raw fish 


= 80 roast 
= 87 boiled 
= 94 boiled 


Tlie Percentage off Starch. 

In common grains is as follows, according to Prof. Yeomans: Rice flour, 84 to 85; 
Indian meal, 77 to8o; oatmeal, 70 to 80; wheat flour, 39 to 77; barley flour, 67 io 70; 
rye flour, 50 to 61; buckwheat, 52; peas and beans, 421043; potatoes (75 per cent 
water), 13 to 15. 

The Degrees off Sugar. 

In various fruits are: Peach, 1.6; raspberry, 4.0; strawberry, 5.7; currant, 6.*; 
gooseberry. 7.2; apple, 7.9; mulberry, 9.2; pear, 9.4; cherry, 10.8; grape, 14 . 9 . 


213 















































, 

Digestion of Various Foods* 

Easy of Digestion—Arrowroot, asparagus, cauliflower, baked 
apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, peaches. 

Moderately Digestible—Apples, raspberries, bread, puddings, 

rhubarb, chocolate, coffee, porter. 

Hard to Digest—Nuts, pears, plums, cherries, cucumbers, 
onions, carrots, parsnips. 


TIME REQUIRED FOR DIGESTION. 



Hrs. 

Min. 


Hrs. 

Min. 

Apples, sweet. 

.1 

30 

Mutton, roast. 


15 

“ sour. 

....2 

00 

“ broiled. 

. 3 

00 

Beans, pod, boiled. 

.2 

30 

jm | “ boiled. . 

. 3 

00 

Beef, fresh, rare, roasted.... 

. 3 

00 

CFjfsters, raw. 

.2 

55 

“ “ dried. 

.... 3 

30 

“ roast. 

. 3 

15 

“ “ fried. 

. 4 

00 

“ stewed. 

. 3 

30 

Beets, boiled. 

. 3 

45 

Pork, fat and lean, roast... 

. 5 

15 

Bread, wheat, fresh. 

....3 

30 

“ " “ boiled.. 

. 3 

15 

“ corn. 

. 3 

15 

“ “ “ raw. 

. 3 

00 

Butter (melted). . 

....3 

30 

Potatoes, boiled. 

. ...3 

30 

Cabbage, with vinegar, raw. 

.2 

00 

“ baked. 

.2 

30 

“ boiled. 

....4 

30 

Rice boiled. 

.1 

00 

Cheese (old, strong). 

. 3 

30 

Sago . 

... .1 

45 

Codfish. 

.2 

00 

Salmon, salted, boiled. 

. 4 

00 

Custard, baked. 

.2 

45 

Soup, beef, vegetable. 

....4 

00 

Ducks, domestic, roasted... 

. 4 

00 

“ chicken boiled. 

. 3 

00 

“ wild, “ _ 

....4 

30 

“ oyster “ . 

. 3 

30 

Eggs, fresh, hard, boiled_ 

. 3 

30 

Tapioca, boiled. 

O 

00 

“ *• soft “ .... 

. 3 

00 

Tripe, soused, boiled. 

.1 

00 

“ “ fried . 

....3 

30 

Trout, fresh, boiled or fried 

.1 

30 

Goose, roast... 

.2 

00 

Turkey, domestic, roast.... 

.2 

00 

Lamb, fresh, boiled. 

..2 

30 

“ wild, roast. 

.2 

18 

Liver, beef, boiled. 

.2 

00 

Turnips, boiled. 

_ 3 

30 

Milk, boiled. 

.2 

00 

Veal, fresh, broiled. 

. 4 

00 

4 4 raw. 

2 

15 

“ fresh, fried. 

. 4 

30 

Parsnips, boiled. 

2 

30 

Venison steak, broiled. 

.1 

&5 


Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of Food. 


IOO PARTS. 

Water. Muscle. Fat. 

IOO PARTS. 

Water. Muscle. 

Fat. 

Cucumbers. 

-... 97.0 

1.5 

1.0 

Mutton. 

. 44.0 

12.5 

40.0 

Turnips. 

... 94.4 

1.1 

4.0 

Pork. 

. 38.5 

10.00 

50 0 

Cabbage. 

.... 90.0 

4.0 

5 . 0 ' 

Beans. 

. 14.8 

24.0 

57.7 

Milk, cows’. 

....86.0 

5.0 

8.0 

Buckwheat. 

. 14-2 

8.6 

75.4 

Apples. 

.... 84.0 

5.0 

10.0 

Barley... 

.... 14.0 

15.0 

68.8 

Eggs, yolk of.... 

....790 

15.0 

27.0 

Corn . 

. 14.0 

120 

73.0 

Potatoes........ 

.... 75,2 

1.4 

22.5 

Peas. 

. 14.0 

23.4 

60.0 

Veal. 

.... 68,5 

10.1 

1.65 

Wheat. 

. 14.0 

14.6 

69.4 

Eggs, white of... 

.... 53.0 

17.0 

.0 

Oats. 


17.0 

66.4 

Lamb. 

... 50.5 

11.0 

35.0 

Rice. 

. 13 f> 

6.5 

65.0 

79.5 

19.0 

100.0 

Beef. 

Chicken. 

. 50.0 

. 46.0 

15.0 

18.0 

30.0 

32.0 

Cheese. 

Butter. 



Percentage of Nutrition in Various Articles of Food. 

Raw cucumbers, 2; raw mellons, 3; boiled turnips, 4%; milk, 7; cabbage, 7%; 
currants, 10; whipped eggs, 13; beets, 14; apples, 16; peaches, 20; boiled codfish, 
21; broiled venison, 22; potatoes, 22^ fried veal, 24; roast pork, 24; roast poul¬ 
try, 26; raw beef, 26; raw grapes, 27; raw plums, 29; broiled mutton, 30; oatmeal 
porridge, 75; rye bread, 79; boiled beans, 87; boiled rice, 88; barley bread, 88; 
wheat bread, 90; baked corn bread, 91; boiled barley, 92; butter, 93; boiled peas, 
93; raw oils, 94. 


214 
















































































USEFUL RECIPES, TRADE SECRETS, ETC 


Toothache Cure. Compound tinct. benzoin is said to be one 

of the most certain and speedy cures for toothache; pour a few drops on cotton, and 
press at once into the diseased cavity, when the pain will almost instantly cease. 

Toothache Tincture. Mix tannin, i scruple; mastic, 3 grains; 

ether, 2 drams. Apply on cotton wool, to the tooth, previously dried. 

Charcoal Tooth Paste. Chlorate of potash, % dram; mint 

water, 1 ounce. Dissolve and add powdered charcoal, 2 ounces; honey, 1 ounce. 

Excellent Mouth Wash. Powdered white Castile soap, 2 

drams; alcohol, 3 ounces; honey, 1 ounce; essence or extract jasmine, 2 drams. 
Dissolve the soap in alcohol and add honey and extract. 

Removing Tartar from the Teeth. This preparation is used by 

dentists. Pure muriatic acid, one ounce; water, one ounce; honey, two ounces; mix 
thoroughly. Take a toothbrush, and wet it freely with this preparation, and briskly 
rub the black teeth, and in a moment’s time they will be perfectly white; then im¬ 
mediately wash out the mouth well with water, that the acid may not act on the 
enamel of the teeth. This should be done only occasionally. 

Bad Breath. Bad breath from catarrh, foul stomach, or bad 
teeth, may be temporarily relieved by diluting a little bromo chloralum with eight 
or ten parts of water, and using it as a gargle, and swallowing a few drops before 
going out. A pint of bromo chloralum costs fifty cents, but a small vial will last a 
long time. 

Good Tooth Powder. Procure, at a druggist’s, half an ounce of 

powdered orris root, half an ounce of prepared chalk finely pulverized, and two or 
three small lumps of Dutch pink. Let them all be mixed in a mortar, and pounded 
together. The Dutch pink is to impart a pale reddish color. Keep it in a close box. 

Another Tooth Powder. Mix together, in a mortar, half an 
ounce of red Peruvian bark, finely powdered; a quarter of an ounce of powdered 
myrrh; and a quarter of an ounce of prepared chalk. 

A Safe Depilatory. Take a strong solution of sulphuret of 

barium, and add enough finely powdered starch to make a paste. Apply to the 
roots of the hair and allow it to remain on a few minutes, then scrape oft with the 
back edge of a knife blade, and rub with sweet oil. 

Quick Depilatory for Removing Hair. Best slacked lime, 6 

ounces; orpiment, fine powder, 1 ounce. Mix with a covered sieve and preserve in 
a dry place in closely stoppered bottles. In using mix the powder with enough 
water to form a paste, and apply to the hair to be removed. In about five minutes, 
or as soon as its caustic action is felt on the skin, remove, as in shaving, with an 
ivory or bone paper knife, wash with cold water freely, and apply cold cream. 

Tricopherous for the Hair. Castor oil, alcohol, each 1 pint; 

tinct. cantharides, one ounce; oil bergamot, % ounce; alkanet coloring, to color as 
wished. Mix and let it stand forty-eight hours, with occasional shaking, and then 
filter. 

Liquid Shampoo. Take bay rum, 2 }^ pints; water, % pint; 

glycerine, 1 ounce; tinct. cantharides, 2 drams; carbonate of ammonia, 2 drams 
borax, % ounce; or take of New England rum, pints; bay rum, 1 pint; water l / 2 
pint; glycerine, 1 ounce; tinct. cantharides, 2 drams; ammon. carbonate, 2 
drams; borax, y 2 ounce; the salts to be dissolved in water and the other ingredi¬ 
ents to be added gradually. 

Cleaning Hair Brushes. Put a teaspoonful or dessertspoonful 

or aqua ammonia into a basin half full of water, comb the loose hairs out of the 
brush, then agitate the water briskly with the brush, and rinse it well with clear 
water 

Hair Invigorator. Bay rum, two pints; alcohol, one pint; cas¬ 
tor oil, one ounce; carb. ammonia, half an ounce; tincture of cantharides, one 
ounce. Mix them well. This compound will promote the growth of the hair and 
prevent it from falling out. 


215 



USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

For Dandruff. Take glycerine, four ounces; tincture of can- 
tharides, five ounces; bay rum, four ounces; water, two ounces. Mix, and apply once 
a day, and rub well down the scalp. 

Mustache Grower. Simple cerate, i ounce; oil bergamot, io 

minims; saturated tinct. of cantharides, 15 minims. Rub them together thoroughly, 
or melt the cerate and stir in the tincture while hot, and the oil as soon as it is 
nearly cold, then run into molds or rolls. To be applied as a pomade, rubbing in 
at the roots of the hair. Care must be used not to inflame the skin by too frequent 
application. 

Razor-strop Paste. Wet the strop with a little sweet oil, and 

apply a little flour of emery evenly over the surface. 

Shaving Compound. Half a pound of plain white soap, dis¬ 
solved in a small quantity of alcohol, as little as can be used; add a tablespoonful 
of pulverized borax. Shave the soap and put it in a small tin basin or cup; place it 
on the fire in a dish of boiling water; when melted, add the alcohol, and remove 
from the fire; stir in oil of bergamot sufficient to perfume it. 

Cure for Prickly Heat. Mix a large portion of wheat bran 
with either cold or lukewarm water, and use it as a bath twice or thrice a day. 
Children who are covered with prickly heat in warm weather will be thus effectu¬ 
ally relieved from that tormenting eruption. As soon as it begin£ to appear on the 
neck, face, or arms, commence using the bran water on these parts repeatedly 
through the day, and it may probably spread no farther. If it does, the bran water 
bath will certainly cuYe it, if persisted in. 

To Remove Corns from Between the Toes. These corns are gen¬ 
erally more painful than any others, and are frequently situated as to be almost in¬ 
accessible to the usual remedies. Wetting them several times a day with hartshorn 
will in most cases cure them. Try it. « 

Superior Cologne Water. Oil of lavender, two drams; oil of 

rosemary, one dram and a half; orange, lemon and bergamot, one dram each 
of the oil; also two drams of the essence of musk, attar of rose ten drops, and a 
pint of proof spirit. Shake all together thoroughly three times a day for a week. 

Inexhaustible Smelling Salts. Sal tartar, three drams; mur¬ 
iate ammonia, granulated, 6 drams; oil neroli, 5 minims; oil lavender flowers, 5 mm- 
ims; oil rose, 3 minims; spirits ammonia, 15 minims. Put into the pungent a small 
piece of sponge filling about one-fourth the space, and pour on it a due proportion 
of the oils, then put in the mixed salts until the bottle is three-fourths full, and pour 
on the spirits of ammonia in proper proportion and close the bottle. 

Volatile Salts for Pungents. Liquor ammon., fort, 1 pint, oil 

lavender flowers, 1 dram, oil rosemary, fine, 1 dram, oil bergamot, dram, 
oil peppermint, 10 minims. Mix thoroughly and fill pungents or keep in well 
stoppered bottle. Another formula is, sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, small pieces, 10 
ounces, concentrated liq. ammonia, 5 ounces. Put the sesqui-carb. in a wide mouth 
jar with air-tight stopper, perfume the liquor ammonia to suit and pour over the car¬ 
bonate, close tightly the lid and place in a cool place, stir with a stiff spatula every 
other day for a week, and then keep it closed for two weeks, or until it becomes 
hard, when it is ready for use. 

Paste for Papering Boxes. Boil water and stir in batter of 

wheat or rye flour. Let it boil one minute, take off and strain through a colander. 
Add, while boiling, a little glue or powdered alum. Do plenty of stirring while the 
paste is cooking, and make of consistency that will spread nicely. 

Aromatic Spirit of Vinegar. Acetic acid, No. 8, pure, 8 

ounces; camphor, ounce. Dissolve and add oil lemon, oil lavender flowers, each 
two drams; oil cassia, oil cloves, % dram each. Thoroughly mix and keep in 
well stoppered bottle. 

Rose-Water. Preferable to the distilled for a perfume, or for 

culinary purposes: Attar of rose, twelve drops; rub it up with half an ounce of 
white sugar and two drams carbonate magnesia, then add gradually one quart of 
water and two ounces of proof spirit, and filter through paper. 

216 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

Bay Rum. French proof spirit, one gallon; extract bay, six 

ounces. Mix and color with caramel; needs no filtering. 

Fine Lavender Water. Mix together, in a clean bottle, a pint 

of inodorous spirit of wine, an ounce of oifof lavender, a teaspoonful of oil of berga¬ 
mot, and a tablespoonful of oil of ambergris. 

The Virtues of Turpentine. After a housekeeper fully realizes 
the worth of turpentine in the household, she is never willing to be without a sup¬ 
ply of it. It gives quick relief to burns, it is an excellent application for corns, it is 
good for rheumatism and sore throats, and it is the quickest remedy for convulsions 
or fits. Then it is a sure preventive against moths by just dropping a trifle in the 
bottom of drawers, chests and cupboards, it will render the garments secure from 
injury during the summer. It will keep ants and bugs from closets and store-rooms 
by putting a few drops in the corners and upon the shelves it is sure destruction to 
bedbugs, and will effectually drive them away from their haunts if thoroughly ap¬ 
plied to all the joints of the bedstead in the spring cleaning time, and injures neither 
furniture nor clothing. A spoonful of it added to a pail of warm water is excellent 
for cleaning paint. A little in suds washing days lightens laundry labor. 

A Perpetual Paste is a paste that may be made by dissolving 

an ounce of alum in a quart of warm water. When cold, add as much flour as will 
make it the consistency of cream, then stir into it half a teaspoonful of powdered re¬ 
sin, and two or three cloves. Boil it to a consistency of mush, stirring all the time. It 
will keep for twelve months, and when dry may be softened with warm water. 

Paste for Scrap Books. Take half a teaspoonful of starch, 

same of flour, pour on a little boiling water, let it stand a minute, add more water, 
stir and cook it until it is thick enough to starch a shirt bosom. It spreads smooth, 
sticks well and will not mold or discolor paper. Starch alone will make a very good 
paste. # 

A Strong Paste. A paste that will neither decay nor become 

moldy. Mix good clean flour with cold water into a thick paste well blended to¬ 
gether, then add boiling water, stirring well up until it is of a consistency that can 
be easily and smoothly spread with a brush; add to this a spoonful or two of brown 
sugar, a little corrosive sublimate and about half a dozen drops of oil of lavender, 
and you will have a paste that will hold with wonderful tenacity. 

A Brilliant Paste. A brilliant and adhesive paste, adapted to 

fancy articles, may be made by dissolving caseine precipitated from milk by acetic 
acid and washed with pure water in a saturated solution of borax. 

A Sugar Paste. In order to prevent the gum from cracking, to 
ten parts by weight of gum arabicand three parts of sugar, add water until the de¬ 
sired consistency is obtained. If a very strong paste is required , add a quantity of 
flour equal in weight to the gum, without boiling the mixture. The paste improves 
in strength when it begins to ferment. 

Tin Box Cement. To fix labels to tin boxes either of the follow¬ 
ing will answer: i. Soften good glue in water, then boil it in strong vinegar, and 
thicken the liquid while boiling with fine wheat flour, so that a paste results. 2. 
Starch paste, with which a little Venice turpentine has been incorporated while 
warm. 

Paper and Leather Paste. Cover four parts, by weight, of 

glue, with fifteen parts of cold water, and allow it to soak for several hours, then 
warm moderately till the solution is perfectly clear, and dilute with sixty parts of 
boiling water, intimately stirred in. Next prepare a solution of thirty parts of starch 
in two hundred parts of cold water, so as to form a thin homogeneous liquid, free 
from lumps, and pour the boiling glue solution into it with thorough stirring, and a 
the same time keep the mass boiling. 

Commercial Mucilage. The best quality of mucilage in the 

market is made by dissolving clear glue in equal volumes of water and strong vine¬ 
gar, and adding one-fourth of an equal volume of alcohol, and a small quantity of a 
solution of alum in water. Some of the cheaper preparations offered for sale are 
merely boiled starch or flour, mixed with nitric acid to prevent their gelatinizing. 

217 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

Aeid-'Proof Paste. A paste formed by mixing powdered glass 
with a concentrated solution of silicate of soda makes an excellent acid-proof 
cement. 

Paste to Fasten Cloth to Wood. Take a plump pound of wheat 

flour, one tablespoonful of powdered resin, one tablespoonful of finely powdered 
alum, and rub the mixture in a suitable vessel, with water, to a uniform, smooth 
paste; transfer this to a small kettle over a fire, and stir until the paste is perfectly 
homogeneous without lumps. As soon as the mass has become so stiff that the 
stirrer remains upright in it, transfer it to another vessel and cover it up so that no 
skin may form on its surface. 

This paste is applied in a very thin layer to the surface of the table; the cloth, or 
leather, is then laid and pressed upon it, and smoothed with a roller. The ends are 
cut off after drying. If leather is to be fastened on, this must first be moistened 
with water. The paste is then applied, and the leather rubbed smooth with a 
cloth. 

Paste for Printing* Office. Take two gallons of cold water 
and one quart wheat flour, rub out all the lumps, then add one-fourth pound of 
finely pulverized alum and boil the mixture for ten minutes, or until a thick con¬ 
sistency is reached. Now add one quart of hot water and boil again, until the paste 
becomes a pale brown color, and thick. The paste should be well stirred during 
both processes of cooking. Paste thus made will keep sweet for two weeks and 
prove very adhesive. 

To Take Smoke Stains from Walls. An easy and sure way to 

remove smoke stains from common plain ceilings is to mix wood ashes with the 
whitewash just before applying. A pint of ashes to a small pail of whitewash is suf¬ 
ficient, but a little more or less will do no harm. 

To Remove Stains from Broadclotfi. Take an ounce of pipe 

clay, which has been ground fine, mix it with twelve drops of alcohol and the same 
quantity of spirits of turpentine. Whenever you wish to remove any stains from 
cloth, moisten a little of this mixture with alcohol and rub it on the spots. Let it re¬ 
main till dry, then rub it off with a woolen cloth, and the spots will disappear. 

To Remove Red Stains of Fruit from Linen. Moisten the 

cloth and hold it over a piece of burning sulphur, then wash thoroughly, or else the 
spots may reappear. 

To Remove Oil Stains. Take three ounces of spirits of turpen¬ 
tine. and one ounce of essence of lemon, mix well, and apply it as you would any 
other scouring drops. It will take out all the grease. 

Iron Stains may be removed by the salt of lemons. Many 
stains may be removed by dipping the linen in sour buttermilk, and then drying it 
in a hot sun; wash it in cold water, repeat this three or four times. 

To Remove Oil Stains from Wood. Mix together fuller’s earth 

and soap lees, and rub it into the boards. Let it dry and then scour it off with some 
strong soft soap and sand, or use lees to scour it with. It should be put on hot, 
which may easily be done by heating the lees. 

To Remove Tea Stains. Mix thoroughly soft soap and salt—say 

a tablespoonful of salt to a teacupful of soap, rub on the spots, and spread the cloth 
on the grass where the sun will shine on it. Let it lie two or three days, then wash. 
If the spots are wet occasionally while lying on the grass, it will hasten the bleach¬ 
ing 

To Remove Stains from Muslin. If you have stained your 

muslin or gingham dress, or your white pants with berries, before wetting with any¬ 
thing else, pour boiling water through the stains and they will disappear. Before 
fruit juice dries it can often be removed by cold water, using a sponge and towel if 
necessary. 

To Remove Acid Stains. Stains caused by acids may be re¬ 
moved by tying some pearlash up in the stained part; scrape some soap in cold, soft 
water, and boil the linen until the stain is gone. 

218 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC . 

To Disinfect Sinks and Drains. Copperas dissolved in water, 

cne-fourth of a pound to a gallon, and poured into a sink and water drain occasion¬ 
ally, will keep such places sweet and wholesome. A little chloride of lime, say half 
a pound to a gallon of water, will have the same effect, and either of these costs but 
a trifle. 

A preparation may be made at home which will answer about as well as the chlo¬ 
ride of lime. Dissolve a bushel of salt in a barrel of water, and with the salt water 
slack a barrel of lime, which should be made wet enough to form a thin paste or 
wash. 

To Disinfect a Cellar. A damp, musty cellar may be sweetened 

by sprinkling upon the floor pulverized copperas, chloride of lime, or even common 
lime. 1 he most effective means I have ever used to disinfect decaying vegetable 
matter is chloride of lime in solution. One pound may be dissolved in two gallons of 
water. Piaster of Paris has also been found an excellent absorbent of noxious odors. 
If used one part with three parts of charcoal, it will be found still better. 

How to Thaw Out a Water Pipe. Water pipes usually freeze up 

when exposed, for inside the walls, where they cannot be reached, they are or 
should be packed to prevent freezing. To thaw out a frozen pipe, bundle a news¬ 
paper into a torch, light it, and pass it along the pipe slowly. The ice will yield to 
this much quicker than to hot water or wrappings of hot cloths, as is the common 
practice. 

To Prevent Mold. A small quantity of carbolic acid added to 

paste, mucilage, and ink, will prevent mold. An ounce of the acid to a gallon of 
whitewash will keep cellars and dairies from the disagreeable odor which often 
taints milk and meat kept in such places. 

Economical FireKindler. One may be made by dipping corn 

cobs in a mixture of melted resin and tar, and drying. 

Thawing Frozen Gas Pipe. Mr. F. H. Shelton says: “I took 

off from over the pipe some four or five inches, just a crust of earth, and then put a 
couple of bushels of lime in the space, poured water over it, and slacked it, and 
then put canvas over that, and rocks on the canvas, so as to keep the wind from get¬ 
ting underneath. Next morning, on returning there, I found that the frost had been 
drawn out from the ground for nearly three feet. You can appreciate what an ad¬ 
vantage that was, for picking through frozen ground, with the thermometer below 
zero, is no joke. Since then we have tried it several times. It is an excellent plan 
if you have time enough to let the lime work. In the daytime you cannot afford to 
waste the lime, but if you have a spare night in which to work, it is worth while to 
try it.” 

How to Test a Thermometer. The common thermometer in a 
Spanned iron case is usually inaccurate. To test the thermometer, bring water 
into the condition of active boiling, warm the thermometer gradually in the steam 
and then plunge it into the water. If it indicate a fixed temperature of two hundred 
and twelve degrees, the instrument is a good one. 

How to Keep Eggs Fresh. The great secret in keeping eggs 

consists in entirely excluding the air from the interior. The lining next to the shell 
is, when in its natural stage, impervious to air, and the albumen is calculated to sus¬ 
tain it, but dampness and heat will cause decay, and, if the egg is allowed to lie in 
one position, especially upon one side, the yolk sinks through the albumen and set¬ 
tles upon the lining, and, not possessing proper qualities for preserving the skin in 
a healthy condition, it dries, and air penetrates and begins the work of destruction. 
Where eggs are set upon their small ends, the yolk is much less liable to reach 
the lining of the shell. Where eggs are packed in a barrel, keg or bucket, it is a 
good plan to turn the whole quantity onto a different side once in a while. 

Indelible Ink. An indelible ink that cannot be erased, even 

with acids, can be obtained from the following recipe: To good gall ink add a 
strong solution of Prussian blue dissolved in distilled water. This will form a writ¬ 
ing fluid which cannot be erased without desrruction of the paper. The ink will 
write greenish blue, but afterward will turn black. 

219 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Get a Broken Cork Out of a Bottle. If in drawing a cork, it 

breaks, and the lower part falls down into the liquid, tie a long loop in a bit of 
twine, or small cord, and put it in, holding .the bottle so as to bring the piece of cork 
near to the lower part of the neck. Catch it in the loop, so as to hold it stationary. 
You can then easily extract it with a corkscrew. 

A Wash for Cleaning Silver. Mix together half an ounce of 

fine salt, half an ounce of powdered alum, and half an ounce of cream of tartar. Put 
them into a large white-ware pitcher, and pour on two quarts of water, and stir them 
frequently, till entirely dissolved. Then transfer the mixture to clean bottles, and 
cork them closely. Before using it, shake the bottles well. Pour some of the liquid 
into a bowl, and wash the silver all over with it, using an old, soft, fine linen cloth. 
Let it stand about ten minutes, and then rub it dry, -with a buckskin. It will make the 
silver look like new. 

To Remove the Odor from a Vial. The odor of its last contents 

may be removed from a vial by filling it with cold water, and letting it stand in any 
airy place uncorked for three days, changing the water every day. 

To Loosen a Glass Stopper. The manner in which apotheca¬ 
ries loosen glass stoppers when there is difficulty in getting them out, is to press the 
thumb of the right hand very hard against the lower part of the stopper, and then 
give the stopper a twist the other way, with the thumb and forefinger of the left 
hand, keeping the bottle stiff in a steady position. 

To Make Shoes or Boots Water-Proof. Melt together, in a 

pipkin, equal quantities of beeswax and mutton suet. While liquid rub it over the 
leather, including the soles. 

To Soften Boots and Shoes. Kerosene will soften boots and 

shoes which have been hardened by water, and render them as pliable as new. 

To Remove Stains, Spots, and Mildew from Furniture. Take 

half a pint of ninety-eight per cent, alcohol, a quarter of an ounce each of pulver¬ 
ized resin and gum shellac, add half a pint of linseed oil, shake well and apply with 
a brush or sponge. Sweet oil will remove finger marks from varnished furniture, 
and kerosene from oiled furniture. 

To Freshen Gilt Frames. Gilt frames may be revived by care¬ 
fully dusting them, and then washing with one ounce of soda beaten up with the 
whites of three eggs. Scraped patches should be touched up with gold paint. Cas¬ 
tile soap and water, with proper care, may be used to clean oil paintings. Other 
methods should not be employed withoutsome skill. 

To Fill Cracks in Plaster. Use vinegar instead of water to 
mix your plaster of Paris. The resultant mass will be like putty, and will not “set” 
for twenty or thirty minutes, whereas if you use water the plaster will become hard 
almost immediately, before you have time to use it. Push it into the cracks and 
smooth it off nicely with a tableknife. 

To Toughen Lamp Chimneys and Glassware. Immerse the ar- 

ticle in a pot filled with cold water, to which some common salt has been added, 
Boil the water well, then cool slowly. Glass treated in this way will resist any sud¬ 
den change of temperature. 

To Remove Paint from Window-Glass. Rub it well with hot, 

sharp vinegar. 

To Clean Stovepipe. A piece of zinc put on the live coals in 

the stove will clean out the stovepipe. 

To Brighten Carpets. Carpets after the dust has been beaten 

out may be brightened by scattering upon them cornmeal mixed with salt and then 
sweeping it oft'. Mix salt and meal in equal proportions. Carpets should be thor¬ 
oughly beaten on the wrong side first and then on the right side, after which spots 
may be removed by the use of ox-gall or ammonia and water. 

Kerosene Stains in Carpet3 may be removed by sprinkling 

buckwheat flour over the spot. If one sprinkling is not enough, repeat. 

220 - 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Keep Flowers Fresh exclude them from the air. To do this 

wet them thoroughly, put in a damp box, and cover with wet raw cotton or wet 
newspaper, then place in a cool spot. To preserve bouquets, put a little saltpetre 
in the water you use for your bouquets, and the flowers will live for a fortnight. 

To Preserve Brooms. Dip them for a minute or two in a 

kettle of boiling suds once a week and they will last much longer, making them 
tough and pliable. A carpet wears much longer swept with a broom cared for in 
this manner. 

To Clean Brassware. Mix one ounce of oxalic acid, six 

ounces of rotten stone, all in powder, one ounce of sweet oil, and sufficient water 
to make a paste. Apply a small proportion, and rub dry with a flannel or leather 
The liquid dip most generally used consists of nitric and sulphuric acids, but this is 
more corrosive. 

Polish or Enamel for Shirt Bosoms is made by melting to¬ 
gether one ounce of white wax and two ounces of spermaceti; heat gently and turn 
into a very shallow pan; when cold cut or break in pieces. When making boiled 
starch the usual way, enough for a dozen bosoms, add to it a piece of the polish the 
size of a hazel nut. 

To Keep Out Mosquitoes. If a bottle of the oil of pennyroyal is 

left uncorked in a room at night, not a mosquito, nor any other blood-sucker, will 
be found there in the morning. 

Destruction of Rats. The following recipe for the destruction 
originated with Dr. Ure, and is highly recommended as the best known means of 
getting rid of these most obnoxious and destructive vermin. Melt hog’s lard in a 
bottle plunged in water, heated to about 150 degrees of Fahrenheit, introduce into 
it half an ounce of phosphorus for every pound of lard, then add a pint of proof 
spirit, or whisky, cork the bottle firmly after its contents have been heated to 150 de¬ 
grees, taking it at the same time out of the water, and agitate smartly until the phos¬ 
phorus becomes uniformly diffused, forming a milky-looking liquid. This liquid, 
being cooled, will afford a white compound of phosphorus and lard, from which the 
spirit spontaneously separates, and may be poured off to be used again for the same 
purpose, but not for drinking, for none of it enters into the combination, but it 
merely serves to comminute the phosphorus, and diffuse it in very small particles 
through the lard. This compound, on being warmed very gently, may be poured 
out into a mixture of wheat flour and sugar, incorporated therewith, and then 
flavored with oil of rhodium, or not, at pleasure. The flavor may be varied with oil 
of aniseed, etc. This dough, being made into pellets, is to be laid into rat holes. 
By its luminousness in the dark, it attracts their notice, and, being agreeable to their 
palates and noses, it is readily eaten, and proves certainly fatal. 

To Kill Cockroaches. A teacupful of well bruised plaster of 
Paris, mixed with double the quantity of oatmeal, to which a little sugar may be 
added, although this last named ingredient is not essential. Strew it on the floor, 
or into the chinks where they frequent. 

Earwigs are very destructive insects, their favorite food being 
the petals of roses, pinks, dahlias, and other flowers. They may be caught by driv¬ 
ing stakes into the ground, and placing on each an inverted flower pot, for the ear¬ 
wigs will climb up and take refuge under the pot, when the^ may be taken out and 
killed. Clean bowls of tobacco pipes, placed in like manner on the tops of smaller 
sticks, are very good traps, or very deep holes may be made in the ground with a 
crowbar, into which they will fall, and may be destroyed by boiling water. 

To Destroy Ants. Drop some quicklime on the mouth of their 
nest, and wash it in with boiling water, or dissolve some camphor in spirits of wine, 
then mix with water, and pour into their haunts, or tobacco water, which has been 
found effectual. They are averse to strong scents. Camphor, or a sponge saturated 
with creosote, will prevent their infesting a cupboard. To prevent their climbing 
up trees, place a ring of tar about the trunk, or a circle of rag moistened occasion¬ 
ally with creosote. 


221 




USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Prevent Moths. In the month of April or May, beat your 

fur garments well with a small cane or elastic stick, then wrap them up in linen, 
without pressing them too hard, and put betwixt the folds some camphor in small 
lumps; then put your furs in this state in boxes well closed. When the furs are 
wanted for use, beat them well as before, and expose them for twenty-four hours to 
the air, which will take away the smell of the camphor. If the fur has long hair, as 
bear or fox, add to the camphor an equal quantity of black pepper in powder. 

To Get Rid of Moths. 1. Procure shavings of cedar wood, and 

inclose in muslin bags, which can be distributed freely among the clothes. 

2. Procure shavings of camphor wood, and inclose in bags. 

3. Sprinkle pimento (allspice) berries among the clothes. 

4. Sprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk plant. 

5. To destroy the eggs, when deposited in woolen cloths, etc., 

use a solution of acetate of potash in spirits of rosemary, fifteen grains to the pint. 

Bed Bugs. Spirits of naphtha rubbed with a small painter’s 

brush into every part of the bedstead is a certain way of getting rid of bugs. The 
mattress and binding of the bed should be examined, and the same process attended 
to, as they generally harbor more in these parts than in the bedstead. Ten 
cents’ worth of naphtha is sufficient for one bed. 

Bug Poison. Proof spirit, one pint; camphor, two ounces; oil 

of turpentine, four ounces; corrosive sublimate, one ounce. Mix. A correspondent 
says, “I have been for a long time troubled with bugs, and never could get rid of 
them by any clean and expeditious method, until a friend told me to suspend a 
small bag of camphor to the bed, just in the center, overhead. I did so, and the 
enemy was most effectually repulsed, and has not made his appearance since—not 
even for a reconnoissance!” This is a simple method of getting rid of these pests, 
and is worth a trial to see if it be effectual in other cases. 

Mixture for Destroying Flies. Infusion of quassia, one pint; 

brown sugar, four ounces; ground pepper, two ounces. To-be well mixed together, 
and put in small, shallow dishes when required. 

To Destroy Flies in a room, take half a teaspoonful of black 
pepper in powder, one teaspoonful of brown sugar, and one tablespoonful of cream, 
mix them well together, and place them in the room on a plate, where the flies are 
troublesome, and they will soon disappear. 

How to Destroy Insects. The Bureau of Entomology, Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, Washington, sends out the following, for use as insecticides on 
or about plants, etc.; London purple—To twenty pounds flour from one-quarter to 
one-half pound is added and well mixed. This is applied with a sifter or blower. 
With forty gallons of water one-quarter to one-half pound is mixed for spraying. 
Paris Green—With twenty pounds of flour from three-quarters to one pound is mixed 
and applied by sifting or by a blower. The same amount of the insecticide to forty 
gallons of water is used as a spray. Bisulphate of Carbon—For use in the ground 
a quantity is poured or injected among the roots that are being infected. Against 
insects damaging stored grain of museum material a small quantity is used in an 
air-tight vessel. Carbolic Acid—A solution of one part in ioo of water is used aga : nsl 
parasites on domestic animals and their barns and sheds; also on the surface of 
plants and among the roots in the ground. Heiebore—The powder is sifted on alone 
or mixed one part to twenty of flour. With one gallon of water one-quarter pound 
is mixed for spraying. Kerosene-Milk Emulsion—To one part milk add two parts 
kerosene, and churn by force pump or other agitator. The butter-like emulsion is 
diluted ad libitum with water. An easier method is to simply mix one part kerosene 
with eight of milk. Soap Emulsion—In one gallon hot water one-half pound whale 
oil soap is dissolved. This, instead of milk, is mixed to an emulsion with kerosene 
in the same manner and proportion as above. Pyrethrum, Persian Insect Powder 
—Is blown or sifted on dry, also applied in water one gallon to a tablespoonful 
of the powder, well stirred and then sprayed. Tobacco Decoction—This is made as 
strong as possille as a wash or spray to kill insect pests on animals and plants. 

222 

/ 

i 


300 FACTS ABOUT POULTRY, 


Characteristics of the Various Breeds Concisely Stated. 


o 

Races. 

Weight of Chick, one 
day old. 

Daily Increase of the 

Weight of Chick 

during 20 days. 

Annual Laying. 

Weight of Eggs. 

Quantity of Food 

Daily. 

Average Weight of 

Flesh at 6 months. 

Average Weight of 
Bone. 



cz. 

oz. 

E’gs 

oz. 

OZ. 

lbs. oz. 

oz. 

dr. 

1 

Crevecceur. 

1 9-16 

5-16 

122 

2 3-4 


4 10 

7 

15 

2 

Houdan. 

1 3-8 

11-32 

125 

2 3-16 

6 13-16 

3 15 

7 

o% 

3 

La Bresse, black.. . . 

1 7-16 

1-4 

160 

2 13-16 

6 13-16 

3 8 

5 


4 

La Bresse, gray. 

1 5-16 

1-4 

150 

1 7-8 

5 1-4 

3 7 

5 

1% 

6 

Barbezieux . 

1 10-16 

5-16 

140 

2 7-16 

6 10-16 

4 11 

8 

IVt. 

6 

La F leche . 

1 1-2 

7-32 

140 

2 7-16 

6 13-16 

3 6 

6 

5 % 

7 

Le Mans. 

1 10-16 

5-16 

111 

2 1-4 

6 14-16 

4 5 

7 

12 

8 

Gournay. 

1 3-16 

3-16 

140 

2 7-16 

4 11-16 

2 10 

4 

9 

9 

Courtes Pattes . 

1 1-4 

3-16 

.150 

2 3-16 

6 10-16 

3 10 

5 

m 

10 

Andalusian. 

1 5-16 

1-4 

165 

2 7-16 

6 12-16 

3 1 

5 

13 

11 

Brahma . 

1 5-8 

7-32 

120 

2 1-4 

9 1-2 

4 11 

10 

15 

12 

Campine, silver span- 










gled. 

1 1-16 

3-16 

225 

1 11-16 

5 1-2 

2 3 

4 

3% 

13 

Cochin, cinnamon... 

1 13-16 

3-16 

115 

2 1-16 

10 1-2 

4 9 

14 

4 'A 

14 

Game . 

1 5-16 

7-32 

100 

2 7-16 

5 1-4 

3 10 

4 

6/4 

15 

Cosaque. 

1 3-16 

1-4 

120 

2 3-16 

4 1-4 

2 15 

4 

15 

16 

Dominique. 

114 

7-32 

nn 

2 7-32 

4 3-4 

3 1! 

5 

5 Va 

17 

Dorking. 

1 7-16 

11-32 

130 

1 15-16 

6 13-16 

5 4 

7 

6 * l A 

18 

Spanish. 

1 5-16 

7-32 

160 

2 3-4 

6 13-16 

3 1 

9 

8 Vi 

19 

H a m b u r g, silver 










spangled. 

1 2-16 

7-32 

239 

1 11 16 

5 1-4 

2 3 l A 

4 

VA 

20 

Dutch, black. 

1 1-16 

2-16 

98 

2 

5 1-2 

2 3 

4 

9 

21 

Langshan. 

1 5-8 

5-16 

115 

2 3-16 

7 

5 4 

10 

10A 

22 

Leghorn, s i l v er 










spangled. 

1 1-4 

1-4 

190 

2 7-32 

6 

3 15 

7 

0% 

23 

Polands, golden 










spangled. 

1 3-16 

3-16 

100 

2 1-16 

4 

2 13 

4 

12 

24 

Scotch Grey. 

1 1-4 

7-32 

110 

2 7-32 

6 13-16 

3 4A 

4 

15 

25 

Bantam, silver span- 











o 16 


80 

00 

1 1-8 

2 7 8 




oa 


7 16 


1 1-32 

2 3 4 





1-2 


05 

1 3-32 

3 1-8 



28 

Silkies. 

3-4 


98 

1 1-4 

3 9-16 




i 


delicate. 


Below are given soil and climate best adapted for 
the various breeds, rate of development, quality of 
flesh, etc., etc. The numbers in first column of 
preceding table refer to further description and char- 
acteristics of same breeds in paragraphs following: 

i. Grass soil, mild climate, fears fog, develops rapidly and fattens 
easily, does not set, flesh exquisite white and delicate. 

Calcareous soil, any climate, very rapid development, incubation nil, flesh 


223 


























































FACTS ABOUT POULTRY . 

3. Grass, hardy in all climates, fattens quickly, good sitters, does not steal nest, 
flesh exquisite. 

4. Any climate, fattens quickly, incubation nil, flesh very good. 

5. Miid climate, dry soil, development slow, incubation good, flesh delicate. 

6. Mild climate, dry soil, development slow, fattens easily, incubation nil, flesh 
very delicate. 

7. Dry soil, any climate, rapid development, incuba'e rarely, delicate flesh, 

8 . Grass soil, any climate, pretty rapid development, incubate rarely, flesh good. 

9. Dry soil, hardy in all climates, development middling, incubation good but 
late, good flesh. 

10. Dry soil and warm climate, development middling, incubation nil, flesh del¬ 
icate. 

11. Hardy, dry soil, any climate, development slow, incubation excellent, good 
mothers, flesh fair. 

12. Hardy race, any climate, require much space, development middling, incu¬ 
bation nil, flesh good. 

13. Hardy in any climate, develop very slowly, incubation excellent, good 
mothers but heavy, flesh stringy. 

14. Hardy in any climate, development rapid, incubation capital, good mothers, 
flesh excellent. 

15. Very hardy race in any climate, development rapid, incubation nil, flesh deli¬ 
cate. 

16. Hardy in any climate, development middling, incubation very good, excel¬ 
lent mothers, flesh good. 

17. Grass soil and mild climate, develop very rapidly, incubate well, very good 
mothers, flesh very delicate and juicy. 

18. Delicate race, sandy soil and warm climate, develop slowly, long time 
feathering, incubation rare, flesh delicate. 

19. Any soil or climate, development middling, incubation very rare, flesh deli¬ 
cate. 

20. Delicate breed, require grass soil, development middling, incubation nil, 
flesh pretty good. 

21. Very hardy in any climate, develop rapidly, incubation good, most excellent 
mothers, flesh excellent. 

22. ' Very hardy in any climate, develop rapidly, incubate very rarely, flesh indif¬ 
ferent. 

23. Delicate race, fear damp, development not very rapid, incubation rare, flesh 

delicate. 

24. Delicate race, grass soil, development middling, incubation nil, flesh good. 

25. Very delicate breed, dry soil, development middling, incubation pretty good. 

26. Delicate, dry soil, development middling, incubation good—must not be dis- 
tnrbed. 

27. Sandy soil, development middling, incubation indifferent, flesh good. 

28. Very hardy race in any climate, develop rapidly, excellent incubation, flesh 
very bad. 


The “ Poor Man’s Region,” in the Pine Barrens of the 

Southern States, is a belt of country more than seventeen hundred miles long and 
often one hundred and seventy miles broad, stretching from Richmond, Va., along 
the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, to beyond the western line of Louisiana. The soil is 
sandy and the principal tree is the long-leaf pine. These forests, while affording a 
valuable article of lumber, also yield pitch, tar and turpentine. 

The first proposer of secession in the United States Congress 
wasjosiah Quincy, of Massachusetts, in 1811, who said that, if Louisiana were ad¬ 
mitted into the Union, "it will be the right of all and the duty of some [of the States] 
definitely to prepare for a separation—amicably if they can, violently if they must.” 
Mr. Poindexter, of Mississippi, called him to order as did the Speaker of the House; 
but on appeal the Speaker’s decision was reversed, and Mr. Quincy sustained by a 
vote of fifty-three ayes to fifty-six noes, on the point oftirder. 

224 



DUCKS, GEESE AND TURKEYS. 


Breeds. 

Live 

weight 

in 

pounds. 

Live 
weight 
of Hen 

Age at 
maturi¬ 
ty, mos. 

Cost of 
raising 
to ma¬ 
turity. 

Annual 
cost of 
keepi’g. 

Av. val. 
of eggs 
laid per 
year. 

Ducks, common. 

3 

3 

6 

75 

1.00 

90 

Ducks, Aylesbury. 

7 

6 

18 

1.00 

1.00 

80 

Ducks, Cayuga. 

. 6 

BH 

15 

90 

1.00 

1.00 

Ducks, Pekin.. 

6 


18 

1.10 

1.00 

75 

Ducks, Rouen. 

7 % 

63? 

24 

1.10 

1.00 

80 

Geese, common. 

8 

7 

12 

1.25 

1.50 

20 

Geese, African. 

20 

18 

24 

1.75 

2-00 

30 

Geese, Egyptian. 

7 

6 

12 

1.00 

1.50 

40 

Geese, Embden. 

18 

15 

30 

1.75 

2.00 

20 

Geese, Toulouse. 

22 

20 

36 

2.00 

2.00 

40 

Turkeys, common. 

12 

10 

12 

1.20 

1.50 

50 

Turkeys, black. 

15 

12 

18 

1.75 

1.75 

50 

Turkeys, bronze... 

24 

15 

3(? 

2.00 

2.00 

50 

Turkeys, buff. 

15 

12 

24 

1.75 

1.50 

50 

Turkeys, Narragansetts .... 

22 

14 

30 

1.75 

1.75 

50 


The annual supply of eggs in the United States is estimated at over 500 , 000 ,- 
000 dozen, and, at the low price of sixteen cents per dozen, represents a value of 
over $ 80 , 000 , 000 —double the value of the product of our silver mines. 


Fate of the Apostles. 

The following brief history of the fate of the Apostles may be 
new to those whose reading has not been evangelical : 

St. Matthew is supposed to have suffered martyrdom or was 
slain with the sword at the city of Ethiopia. 

St. Mark was dragged through the streets of Alexandria, in 
Egypt, till he expired. 

St. Luke was hanged upon an olive tree in Greece. 

St. John was put into a caldron of boiling oil at Rome and 
escaped death. He afterward died a natural death at Ephesus 
in Asia. 

St. James the Great w r as beheaded at Jerusalem. 

St. James the Less was thrown from a pinnacle or wing of the 
temple and then beaten to death with a fuller’s club. 

St. Philip was hanged up against a pillar at Hieropolis, a city 
of Phrygia. 

St. Bartholomew was flayed alive by the command of a bar¬ 
barous king. 

St. Andrew was bound to a cross, whence he preached unto 
the people till he expired. 

St. Thomas was run through the body with a lance at Caro- 
mandel, in the East Indies. 

St. Jude was shot to death with arrows. 

St. Simon Zealot was crucified in Persia. 

St. Matthias was first stoned and then beheaded. 

St. Barnabas was stoned to death by Jews at Salania. 

St. Paul was beheaded at Rome by the tyrant Nero. 

225 




























How to Tell the Age of a Horse. 

The safest way of determining the age of a horse 
is by the appearance of the teeth, which undergo 
certain changes in the course of years. 

Eight to fourteen days after birth, the first middle nippers of the 
set of milk teeth are cut (Fig. i), four to six weeks afterwards the 
pair next to them (Fig. 2), and finally, after six or eight months, the 
|last (Fig. 3). 

All these milk teeth have a well defined body and neck, and a slender fang, and 
on their front surface grooves of furrows, which disappear from the middle nippers 
at the end of one year, from the next 
pair in two years, and from the in¬ 
cisive teeth (cutters) in three years. 

At the age of two the nippers be¬ 
come loose and fall out, in their 
places appear two permanent 
teeth, with deep, black cavities, and 
full, sharp edges (Fig. 4). 

At the age of three, the next pair 
(Fig. 5) fall out. 

At four years old, the corner teeth 
fall out(Fig. 6). 

At five years old, fhe horse has 
his permanent set of teeth. 

The teeth grow in length as the 
horse advances in years, but at the 
same time his teeth are worn away 
by use about one-twelfth of an 
inch every year, so that the black 
cavities of the center nippers below disappear in the sixth year (Fig 7), those of the 
next pair in the seventh year (Fig. 8), and those of the corner teeth in the eighth 
year (Fig. 9). Also the outer corner teeth of upper and lower jaw just meet at eight 
years of age. 

At nine years old, cups leave the two center nippers above, and each of the two 
upper corner teeth has a little sharp protrusion at the extreme outer corner (Fig. io). 

At the age of ten, the cups disappear from the adjoining teeth. 

At the age of eleven, the cups disappear from the corner teeth above, and are 
only indicated by brownish spots. 

The oval form becomes broader, and changes, from the twelfth to the sixteenth 
year, more and more into a triangular form, and the teeth lose, finally, with the 
twentieth year, all regularity. There is nothing remaining in the teeth that can after¬ 
wards clearly show the age of the horse, or justify the most experienced examiner in 
giving a positive opinion. 

The tushes, or canine teeth, conical in shape, with a sharp point, and curved, are 
cut between the third and fourth year, their points become more and more rounded 
until the ninth year, and after that, more and more dull in the course of years, and 
lose, finally, all regular shape. Mares have, frequently, no tusks, or only very 
faintly indicated. 

Age of Sheep and Goats. At one year old they have eight front 
teeth of uniform size. At two years the two middle Ones are supplanted by two large 
ones. At three a small tooth appears on each side. At four there are six large 
teeth. At five all the front teeth are large, and at six all begin to get worn. 

Age of Cattle. A cow’s horn is supposed to furnish a correct 

indication of the age of the animal, but this is not always true. For ordinary pur¬ 
poses, however, the following will be found approximately correct: At two years of 
age a circle of thicker matter begins to form on the animal’s horns, which becomes 
clearly defined at three years of age, when another'circle begins to form, and an ad¬ 
ditional circle every year thereafter. The cow’s age then can be determined by 
adding two to the number of circles. The rings on a bull’s horns do not show them¬ 
selves until he is five years old—so in the. case of a bull five must be added to the 
number of rings. Unless the rings are clear and distinct these rules will not apply. 
Besides, dishonest dealers sometimes file off some of the rings of old cattle. [226 




MEDICINES FOR THE HORSE. 


Name of Drug. 


Aloes 

Alum 

Anise Seed 
Aqua Ammonia 
Arsenic 

Asafoetida 
Bicarbonate of ) 
Potash \ 

Bismuth 

Black Antimony 

Blue Vitriol 

Calomel 

Camphor 

Cantharides 

Carbolic Acid 

Castor Oil 

Cayenne 

Chlorate of Potash 
Copperas 
Croton Oil 
Digitalis Leaf 
Epsom Salts 
Ether 

Fowler’s Solution 
Gentian Root 
Ginger 

Glauber’s Salts 

Iodide of Potas- 1 
sium f 

Linseed Oil, Raw 

Magnesia 

Mercurial Ointm’t 
Nux Vomica 


Opium 

Prepared Chalk 
Quinine 

Saltpetre 

Soda Bicarb. 

Soda Sulphite 

Solution of Lime 
Sp’ts of Chlorofor’e 


Action and Use. 


Laxative and Tonic 
Astringent 

Aromatic and Stomachic 
Stimulant and Antacid 
J Alterative and Tonic. For | 
j Paralysis, Mange, etc f 
Anti-spasmoclic, Coughs, etc 
J Diuretic and Antacid. / 
j For Rheumatism f 

For Chronic Diarrhoea, etc 

Promotes the Secretions 

Astringent and Tonic 

Cathartic 

Anti-spasmodic 

Diuretic and Stimulant 

Externally and Disinfectant 

Cathartic 

Stimulant and Carminative 
Diuretic. For Bloating, etc 
Tcnic and Astringent 
Powerful Purgative 
Sedative and Diuretic 
Cathartic and Febrifuge 
Anti-spasmodic 

Used for Skin Diseases 

Tonic 

{ Tonic, Stimulant & Stom- 1 
achic. For Flatulent Col- > 
ic, Dyspepsia, etc ) 

Cathartic 

Diuretic and Alterative. 

For Rheumatism, Dropsy, 
Enlarged Glands, etc 
Cathartic and Nutritive 
j For colts as an Antacid 
) and Laxative 
j For Mange, Itch, Lice, 
j and other Parasites 
j Nervous Stimulant. For 
I Paralysis 


f Anodyne and Anti-spas- 
! modic. Given in Colic, 
j Inflamation of Bowels, ; 

[ Diarrhoea, etc J 

Antacid 

Tonic. During Convalescence 

Diuretic and Febrifuge 

Similar to Bicarb. Potash 
f Antiseptic and Alterative. ) 

1 For Blood Diseases j 
( Antacid, an antidote to > 

( poisoning by acids j 

Anodyne & Anti-spasmodic 


Dose. 


Y to I oz 

2 to 3 drs 

Y to 2 oz 
i to 4 drs 

i to 5 grs 

1 to 3 drs 

3 to 5 drs 

Y to i oz 

Y\ to Yz dr 

Yz to i dr 
io to 40 grs 
Yz to 1 dr 
3 to 6 grs 

Y to 1 pt 

5 to 25 grs 
Yz to 2 drs 

Yz to xY drs 
10 to 15 d’ps 
10 to 20 grs 

2 to 8 oz 
Yz to 2 oz 

1 to 4 drs 

1 to 2 drs 

2 to 5 drs 

6 to 12 ozs 

Yz to %Y drs 

1 to 2 pts 

Y to I oz 


15 to 25 grs 


Y\ to x dr 

Yz to I oz 
15 to 50 grs 

1 to 3 drs 

3 to 8 drs 
Yz to 1 oz 

4 to 6 ozs ■ 
1 to 2 ozs 


Antidote. 


Vinegar 

Magnesia and oil 

J Vinegar and raw 
j Linseed Oil 

{ Infusion of oak 
bark. Give also 
Linseed Oil 
Eggs, Milk, etc 
Eggs and Milk 

Eggs, soap, gruel 


Opium 

Stimulate 


Hydrated Perox¬ 
ide of Iron 


Give freely starch 
or flour, with 
water largely 


j Whites of eggs 
j with milk, freely 
f Salaratus, follow- 
! e d quickly b y 
| copperas, dissolv- 
[ ed in water 
f Belladonna, str'g 
| coffee, brandy & 
ammonia. Dash 
cold water on and 
keep horse movi’g 


j Linseed oil large- 
I ly, raw 


227 












MEDICINES FOR THE HORSE .—Continued. 


Name of Drug. 


Strychnia 

Sulphur 

Sweet Sp’ts Nitre 
Tannic Acid 
Tartar Emetic 

Tin. Aconite Root 

Tin. Cantharides 
Tincture Ergot 
Tincture Iodine 

Tincture Iron 

Tr. Nux Vomica 

Tincture Opium 

White Vitriol 


Action and Use. 

Dose. 

( Tonic & Stimulant. For ) 

Yt to 1 gr 

I Paralysis 

f Alterative and Laxative. | 
t Skin diseases, Rheu’tism J 

y 2 to 2 oz 

Diuretic and Diaphoretic. 

y 2 to 1 y 2 oz 

Astringent 

20 to 40 grs 

Sedative and Alterative 

Ys to^dr 

Sedative. For Lung Fever,etc 

15 to 35 d’ps 

Stimulant and Tonic 

1 to 2 drs 

Parturient 

1 to 2 02 

Used externally 
j Tonic and Astringent. 1 

y 2 to 1 oz 

j For Typhoid Diseases l 

j Tonic. Stimulant in Par- i 

3 to 4 drs 

j alysis and Dyspepsia \ 

Anodyne and Anti-spasmodic 

1 to 2 ozs 

j Astringent. For Wounds | 

5 to 15 grs 

j Cuts & Sores, in solution J 


Antidote. 


Tobacco 


Tannic Acid 
Small doses o f 
Nux Vomica, stim¬ 
ulants largely, & 
keep moving 


See Nux Vomica 
See Opium 
Milk, eggs & flour 


For a colt one month old, give one twenty-fourth of the full dose for an adult 
horse as given above; three months old, one-twelfth; six months old, one-sixth; one 
year old, one-third; two years old, one-half; three years old, three-fourths. 


The Seven Bibles of the World 

Are the Koran of the Mohammedans, the Eddas of the Scandi¬ 
navians, the Try Pitikes of the Buddhists, the Five Kings of the 
Chinese, the Three Vedas of the Hindoos, the Ze davesta, and 
the Scriptures of the Christians. The Koran is the most recent 
of these seven Bibles, and not older than the seventh century of 
our era. It is a compound of quotations from the Old and New 
Testaments, the Talmud, and the Gospel of St. Barnabas. The 
Eddas of the Scandinavians were first published in the fourteenth 
century. The Pitikes of the Buddhists contain sublime morals 
and pure aspirations, and their author lived and died in the sixth 
century before Christ. There is nothing of excellence in these 
sacred books not found in the Bible. The sacred writings of the 
Chinese are called the Five Kings, king meaning web of cloth, 
or the warp that keeps the threads in their place. They contain 
the best sayings of the best sages on the ethico-political duties of 
life. These sayings cannot be traced to a period higher than the 
eleventh century B.C. The Three Vedas are the most ancient 
books of the Hindoos, and it is the opinion of Max Muller^ Wil¬ 
son, Johnson, and Whitnej’- that they are not older than eleven 
centuries B.C» The Zendavesta of the Persians is the grandest 
of all the sacred books next to our Bible. Zoroaster, whose say¬ 
ings it contains, was born in the twelfth century B.C. Moses 
lived and wrote his Pentateuch fifteen centuries B.C., and, 
therefore, has a clear margin of 300 years older-than the most 
ancient of the sacred writings. 


228 












CANARY BIRDS. 

HOW TO KEEP THEM HEALTHY AND IN GOOD SONG. 
Place the cage so that no draught of air can strike the bird. 
Give nothing to healthy birds but rape, hemp, canary seed, 

water, cuttle-fish bone, and gravel paper or sand on floor of cage. 

A bath three times a week. 

The room should not be overheated. 

When moulting keep warm and avoid all draughts of air. 

Give plenty of German summer rape seed. A little hard 

boiled egg mixed with cracker, grated fine, once or twice a week, is excellent. 

Feed at a certain hour in the morning. 

DISEASES AND CURES. 

Husk or Asthma. The curatives are aperients, such as en¬ 

dive, water cresses, bread and milk and red pepper. 

Pip. Mix red pepper, butter and garlic and swab out the 

throat. 

Sxveating. Wash the hen in salt and water, and dry rapidly. 
Costiveness. Plenty of green food and fruit. 

Obstruction of the Rump Gland. Pierce with a needle. 

Press the inflamed matter out, and drop fine sugar over the wound. 

Lice. Keep a saucer of fresh water in the cage and the bird 

will free itself. 

Overgrown Claws or Beak. Pare carefully with a sharp 

knife. 

Moulting. Give plenty of good food and keep warm. Saf¬ 

fron and a rusty nail put in their drinking water is excellent. 

Loss of Voice. Feed with paste of bread, lettuce and rape 

seed with yoke of egg. Whisky and sugar is an excellent remedy. 


What a Horse Can Draw. 

On metal rails a horse can draw: 

One and two-thirds times as much as on asphalt pavement. 

Three and one-third times as much as on good Belgian blocks. 

Five times as much as on ordinary Belgian blocks. 

Seven times as much as on good cobble-stone. 

Thirteen times as much as on ordinary cobble-stone. 

Twenty times as much as on an earth road. 

Forty times as much as on sand. 

A modern compilation of engineering maxims states that a horse can drag, as 
compared with what he can carry on his back, in the following proportions: On 
the worst earthen road, three times more; on a good macadamized road, nine; on 
plank, twenty-five; on a stone trackway, thirty-three; and on a good railway, fifty- 
four times as much. 


Test for Glue. 

The following simple and easy test for glue is given : A weighed 
piece of glue (say one-third of an ounce) is suspended in water for 
twenty-four hours, the temperature of which is not above fifty 
degrees Fahrenheit. The coloring material sinks, and the glue swells 
from the absorption of the water. The glue is then taken out and 
weighed; the greater the increase in weight the better the glue. If 
it then be dried perfectly and weighed again, the weight of the color¬ 
ing matter can be learned from the difference between this and the 
original weight. 229 




WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


Troy Weight —24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 penny¬ 
weights make i ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only are weighed. 
The ounce and pound in this are same as in Apothecaries’ weight. 

Apothecaries’ Weight —20 grains make one scruple, 3 

scruples make i dram, 8 drams make i ounce, 12 ounces make 1 pound. 

Avoirdupois Weight —6 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 

make One pound, 25 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make 1 hundredweight, 
2,000 pounds make x ton. 

Dry Measure— 2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 

4 pecks make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chaldron. 

Liquid or Wine Measure— 4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints 

make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 1 gallon, 31% gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrelsmake 1 
hogshead. 

Time Measure— 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 
1 hour, 24 hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks make 1 lunar month, 28, 
29, 30 or 31 days make 1 calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing 
interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months, make 1 year; 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes and 49 seconds make 1 solar year. 

Circular Measure— 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes 

make 1 degree, 30 degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants or 
360 degrees make 1 circle. 

Long Measure—Distance— 3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 

1 foot, 3 feet i yard, 5^ yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile. 

Cloth Measure— 2^4 inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 

quarters i yard. 

Miscellaneous— 3 inches one palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 

inches i span, 18 inches i cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 1% feet 1 military pace. 

Square Measure— 144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square 

feet 1 square yard, 30% square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 rood, 4 roods 1 
acre. 

Surveyors’ Measure— 7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 

rods 1 chain, io square chains or 160 square rods x acre, 640 acres 1 square mile. 

Cubic Measure —1,728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 

1 cubic yard, 128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton (shipping), 2,150.42 
cuoic inches 1 standard bushel, 268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot 
four-fifths of a bushel. 

Metric Weights— 10 milligrams 1 centigram, 10 centigrams 

1 decigram, 10 decigrams 1 gram, 10 grams 1 dekagram, 10 dekagrams f hekto- 
gram, 10 hektograms 1 kilogram. 

Metric Measures —(One milliliter—Cubic centimeter.)— 

xo milliliters 1 centiliter, 10 centiliters 1 deciliter, 10 deciliters 1 liter, 10 liters x 
dekaliter, 10 dekaliters 1 hektoliter, 10 hektoliters 1 kiloliter. 

Metric Lengths— 10 millimeters 1 centimeter, 10 centi¬ 
meters 1 decimeter, 10 decimeters 1 meter, 10 meters 1 dekameter, 10 dekameters 1 
hektometer, 10 hektometers 1 kilometer. 

Relative Value of Apothecaries* and imperial 


Measure. 

Apothecaries. Imperial. 

1 gallon equals.6 pints, 13 ounces, 2 drams, 23 minims. 

1 pint “ . 16 “ 5 “ 18 44 

1 fluid ounce equals. x **» o “ 20 " 

X fluid dram “ ... 1 44 2% 44 


230 







Handy Metric Tables. 

The following tables give the equivalents of both the metric 

nd common systems, and will be found convenient for reference; 


Approximate Accurate 

Equivalent. Equivalent. 

1 inch . . .[length].,.. 2)4 cubic centimeters. 2.539 

1 centimeter.. 0.4 inch.o !393 

i yard. 1 meter.0.914 

1 meter ( 39.37 inches). 1 yard.1.093 

1 foot.\.30 centimeters.30.479 

1 kilometer (x ,000 meters). % mile.0.621 

1 mile. kilometers.1.600 

1 gramme.[weight]-15)4 grains.15.432 

1 grain. 0.064 gramme. 0.064 

1 kilogramme ( 1,000 grammes).. 2.2 pounds avoirdupois. 2.204 

] pound avoirdupois. .. % kilogramme . 0.453 

] ounce avoirdupois ( 437)4 grains)....,. .28V 3 grammes...28.349 

1 ounce troy, or apothecary (480 grains)..31 grammes.31.103 

1 cubic centimeter . [bulk].... 1.06 cubic inch.0.060 

1 cubic inch.16)4 cubic centimeters.16.386 

] liter ( 1,000 cubic centimeters). 1 United States standard quart... 0.946 

1 United States quart. 1 liter.1.057 

] fluid ounce.29)4 cubic centimeters.^.....29.570 

1 hectare ( 10,000 square meters) [surface]. 2)4 acres.2.471 

1 acre. 0.4 hectare. 0.40 


It may not be generally known that we have in the nickel five-cent piece of our 
coinage a key to the tables of linear measures and weights. The diameter of this 
coin is two centimeters, and its weight is five grammes. Five of them placed in a 
row will, of course, give the length of the decimeter; and two of them will weigh a 
decagram. As the kiloliter is a cubic meter, the key to the measure of length 
is also the key to the measures of capacity. Any person, therefore, who is fortunate 
enough to own a five-cent nickle, may carry in his pocket the entire metric system 
of weights and measures. 


Handy Weights and Measures. 

One quart of wheat flour is one pound. One quart of corn 

meal weighs eighteen ounces. One quart of butter, soft, weighs fourteen to sixteen 
ounces. One quart of brown sugar weighs from a pound to a pound and a quarter, 
according to dampness. One quart of white sugar weighs 2 pounds. Ten medium¬ 
sized eggs weigh one pound. A tablespoonful of salt is one ounce. F.ight table¬ 
spoonfuls make a gill. Two gills, or sixteen tablespoonfuls, are half a pint. Sixty 
drops are one teaspoonful. Four tablespoonfuls are one wineglassful. Twelve 
tablespoonfuls are one teacupful. Sixteen tablespoonfuls, or half a pint, are one 
tumblerful. 

The Meaning of Measures —A square mile is equal to 640 

acres. A square acre is 208.71 feet on one side. An acre is 43,560 square feet. A 
league, 3 miles,. A span, 10 % inches. A hand, 4 inches. A palm, 3 inches. A 
great cubit, 11 inches. A fathom, 6 feet. A mile, 5,280 feet. 

Domestic and Drop Measures Approximated—A tea¬ 
spoonful, one fluid dram 4 grams; a dessertspoonful, two fluid drams 3 grams; 
a tablespoonful, half fluid ounce 16 grams; a wineglassful, two fluid ounces 64 
grams; a tumblerful, half pint 256 grams. 


The original Mrs. Partington was a respectable old lady wno 
lived at Sidmouth, in Devonshire, England. Her cottage was on the beach, an* 1 
during a terrific storm (November, 1824) the sea rose to such a height as ev<^T7 
and then to invade the old lady’s residence. The old lady persistently mopped out 
the water with such help as she could comra.a»a firmly she was compelled to 

retreat to an upper story. 


231 







































PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS. 


Short Cuts in Arithmetic—Handy Tables for Ready Reckoning. 

To Ascertain the Weight of Cattle— Measure the girt 

close behind the shoulder, and the length from the fore part of the shoulder-blade 
along the back to the bone at the tail, which is in a vertical line with the buttock, 
both in feet. Multiply the square of the girt, expressed in feet, by ten times the 
length, and divide the product by three; the quotient is the weight, nearly, of the 
fore quarters, in pounds avoirdupois. It is to be observed, however, that in very fat 
cattle the fore quarters will be about one-twentieth more, while in those in a very 
lean state they will be one-twentieth less than the weight obtained by the rule. 

Rules for Measuring Corn in Crib, Vegetables, etc., 

and Hay in Mow—This rule will apply to a crib of any size or kind. Two cubic 
feet of good, sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel of shelled corn. To get, 
then, the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure the length, 
breadth and height of the crib, inside the rail; multiply the length by the breadth 
and the product by the height, then divide the product by two, and you have the 
number of bushels of shelled corn in the crib. 

To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a bin, multiply the 
length, breadth and thickness together, and this product by eight, and point off one 
figure in the product for decimals. 

To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a ton, and it will 
come out very generally correct. 

To Measure Bulk Wood— To measure a pile of wood, 

multiply the length by the width, and that product by the height, which will give 
the number of cubic feet. Divide that product by 128, and the quotient will be the 
number of cords. A standard cord of wood, it must be remembered, is four feet 
thick; that is, the wood must be four feet long. Farmers usually go by surface 
measure, calling a pile of stove wood eight feet long and four feet high a cord. Un¬ 
der such circumstances thirty-two feet would be the divisor. 

How to Measure a Tree—V ery many persons, when 

looking for a stick of timber, are at a loss to estimate either tne height of the tree or 
the length of timber it will cut. The following rule will enable any one to approxi¬ 
mate nearly to the length from the ground to any position desired on the tree: Take 
a stake, say six feet in length, and place it against the tree you wish to measure. 
Then step back some rods, twenty or more if you can, from which to do the meas¬ 
uring. At this point a light pole and a measuring rule are required. The pole is 
raised between the eyes and the tree, and the rule is brought into position against 
the pole. Then by sighting and observing what length of the rule is required to 
cover the stake at the tree, and what the entire tree, dividing the latter length by 
the former and multiplying by the number of feet the stake is long, you reach the 
approximate height of the tree. For example, if the stake at the tree be six feet 
above ground and one inch on your rule corresponds exactly with this, and if then 
the entire height of the tree corresponds exactly with say nine inches on the rule, 
this would show the tree to possess a full height of fifty-four feet. In practice it 
will thus be found an easy matter to learn the approximate height of any tree, 
building, or other such object. 

To Measure Casks or Barrels— Find mean diameter by¬ 
adding to head diameter two-thirds (if staves are but slightly curved, three-fifths) of 
difference between head and bung diameters, and dividing by two. Multiply square 
of mean diameter in inches by .7854, and the product by the height of the cask in 
inches. The result will be the number of cubic inches. Divide by 231 for standard 
or wine gallons, and by 282 for beer gallons. 

Grain Measure—T o find the capacity of a bin or wagon- 
bed, multiply the cubic feet by .8 (tenths). For great accuracy, add % of a bushel 
for every 100 cubic feet. To find the cubic feet, multiply the length, width and 
depth together. 

Cistern Measure— To find the capacity of a round cistern 
or tank, multiply the square of the average diameter by tne depth, and take 3-16 of 

232 



PR A C TIC A L CALC UL A TTONS. 

the product. For great accuracy, multiply by .1865. For square cisterns 
or tanks, multiply the cubic feet by .2%. The result is the contents in barrels. 
Land M easure —To find the number of acres in a body of 

land, multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160. 
When the opposite sides are unequal, add them, and take half the sum for the mean 
length or width. 

Measures of Capacity —The following table, showing con¬ 
tents of boxes, will often :>e found convenient, taking inside dimensions : 

24 in. x 24 in. x 14.7 will contain* barrel of 31% gallons. 

15 in. x 14 in. x 11 in. will contain 10 gallons. 

8 % in. x 7 in. x 4 in. will contain a gallon. 

4 in. x 4 in. x 3.6 in. will contain a quart. 

24 in. x 28 in. x 16 in. will contain 5 bushels. 

16 in. x 12 in. x 11.2 in. will contain a bushel. 

12 in. x 11.2 in. x 8 in. will contain a half bushel. 

7 in. x 6.4 in. x 12 in. will contain a peck. 

8.4 in. x 8 in. x 4 in. will contain a half peck, or 4 dry quarts. 

6 in. x 5 3-5 in., and 4 in. deep, will contain a half gallon. 

4 in. x 4 in., and 2 1-10 in. deep, will contain a pint. 

Food for Stock. 

One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to: Beets, 

white silesia, 669; turnips, 469; rye straw, 429; clover, red, green, 373: carrots, 371; 
mangolds, 368%; potatoes, kept in pit, 350; oat straw, 317; potatoes, 360; carrot 
leaves (tops), 135; hay, English, 100; Lucerne, 89; clover, red, dry, 88; buckwheat, 
78%; corn, 62%; oats, 59; barley, 58; rye, 53K; wheat, 44%; oil-cake, linseed, 43; 
peas, dry, 37 beans, 28. 


Number off Shrubs, Plants or Trees in an Acre. 


Distances 

apart. 

No. of 
Plants. 

Distances 

apart. 

No. of 
Plants. 

Distances 

apart. 

No. of 

Plants. 

1 

by 1 

43,560 

5 

by 

2 

4,356 

15 

by 

15 

193 

134 

“ 134 

19,360 

5 

a 

3 

2,904 

16 

» i 

16 

170 

2 

“ 1 

21,780 

5 

a 

4 

2,178 

17 

<* 

17 

150 

2 

“ 2 

10,890 

5 

a 

5 

1,742 

18 

it 

18 

134 

2 % 

“ 234 

6,969 

534“ 

534 

1,417 

19 

it 

19 

120 

3 

“ 1 

14,520 

6 

ft 

6 

1,210 

20 

it 

20 

108 

3 

“ 2 

7,260 

634“ 

634 

1,031 

24 

if 

24 

75 

3 

“ 3 

4,840 

7 

11 

7 

888 

25 

it 

25 

69 

334 

“334 

3,555 

8 

a 

8 

680 

27 

it 

27 

59 

4 

“ 1 

10,890 

9 

a 

9 

537 

30 

it 

30 

48 

4 

“ 2 

5,445 

10 

a 

10 

435 

40 

it 

40 

27 

4 

“ 3 

3,630 

11 

a 

11 

360 

50 

it 

50 

17 

4 

“ 4 

2,722 

12 

a 

12 

302 

60 

it 

60 

12 

434 

“ 434 

2,151 

13 

it 

13 

257 

66 

it 

66 

10 

5 

“ 1 

8,712 

14 

it 

14 

222 






The city of Ghent, Belgium, stands on twenty-six islands, con¬ 
nected with each other by eighty bridges. The city of Venice is built on eighty 
islands, connected by nearly 400 bridges. In Venice canals serve for streets and 
gondolas for carriages. 

Bricks and common pottery ware owe their red color to the 

iron naturally contained in the clay of which they are formed, the iron, by the ac¬ 
tion of the heat, being converted into red oxide of iron. Some varieties of clay, like 
that found near Milwaukee, contain little or no iron, and bricks made from such clay 
are consequently of a light yellow color. 

233 


















Quantity off Seeds Required for Planting'. 



Seeds, per ounce. 

Length of 
Drill, per oz. 

Vitality. 

Years. 

Asparagus. 

1,000 to 1,200 

50 feet 

4 

to 6 

Beet. 

1,200 to 1,500 

100 “ 

6 

“ 8 

Carrot. 

20,000 to 24,000 

200 “ 

1 

“ 3 

Cabbage. .) 

Cauliflower. j 

8,000 to 12,000 

Transplant 

4 

6 

Celery. 

50,000 to 60,000 

Transplant 

3 

“ 5 

Egg plant. 

5,000 to 6,000 

Transplant 

5 

“ 6 

Endive. 

20,000 to 24,000 

Transplant 

8 

“ 10 

Lettuce. 

25,000 to 30,000 

400 feet 

5 

“ 3 

Okra. 

500 to 600 

50 “ 

5 

“ 6 

Onion. 

7,000 to 8,000 

200 “ 

1 

“ 2 

Parsnip. . 

5,000 to 6,000 

200 “ 

1 

“ 2 

Radish. 

3,000 to 4,000 

100 “ 

4 

“ 5 

Salsify. 

2,500 to 5.000 

100 “ 

4 

“ 5 

Spinach. 

2,000 to 3,000 

100 “ 

4 

“ 5 

Tomato. 

About 20,000 

Transplant 

4 

“ 5 

Turnip. 

8,000 to 12 , 0 QP 

200 feet 

6 

“ 7 


Number of Pounds to the Bushel, Legal Weight, in tlie 

Different States* 


States. 

Wheat. 

V 

£ 

| Oats. 

| Barley 

| Buckwheat. 

Shelled 

Corn. 

Corn on 
the Cob. 

Corn Meal. 

Potatoes. 

Sweet 

Potatoes. 

Onions. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Dried 

Apples. 

Anthracite 

Coal. 

Arkansas.. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 


70 

50 

60 

50 

57 

60 

46 

24 

80 


65 

54 

32 

50 

40 

52 










Connecticut....... 

60 

66 

32 

48 

48 

56 


50 

60 


50 

60 

60 



Georgia.. 

60 

56 

32 

47 

52 

56 

70 

48 

60 

55 

57 

60 

60 

24 

80 

Illinois. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 

70 

48 

60 

55 

57 

60 

.... 

24 

80 

Indiana. 

60 

56 


48 

50 

56 

68 

50 

60 

• • • • 

48 

60 

• • • • 

25 


Iowa . 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 

70 

.... 

60 

46 

57 

60 

.... 

24 

SO 

Kansas. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

50 

56 

70 

50 

60 

50 

57 

60 

.... 

24 

80 

Kentucky. 

60 

56 

32 

47 

55 

55 

70 

50 

60 

55 

57 

60 

60 

24 

76 

Maine. . . . .. 

60 

50 

30 

48 

48 

56 

t ( . . 

50 

60 


52 

64 

60 




60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 


50 

60 

56 

52 





Michigan. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 

70 

50 

60 

56 

54 

60 

60 

22 



60 

56 

32 

48 

42 

56 



60 





VK 


Missouri .. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 

.... 

. . - - 

aa 

, , , , 

o7 

60 


24 

.... 


60 

56 

32 





50 

60 



60 

60 




60 

56 

30 

48 

50 

56 



60 

54 

57 

60 

60 

*25 

.... 


60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 



60 



62 

60 

.... 


60 

56 

50 

48 

50 

54 


46 





50 



QJm-* . 

60 

56 

33 

48 

50 

56 

70 

60 

50 

50 

60 

60 

22 



60 

56 

32 

47 

48 

56 



56 









56 

32 

48 


56 


50 

60 


50 





^outh Carolina.... 

60 

56 

33 

48 

56 

56 

70 

50 

60 

50 

57 

60 

60 

26 


Tennessee. 

. . 

56 

32 

48 

50 

56 

72 

50 

60 

50 

56 

60 

60 

26 


t ermont.• • •. • 

6 C 

56 

39 

48 

46 

52 



60 


56 

60 

60 

CO 



Virginia. 

60 

56 

3248 

52 

56 

70 

50 

60 

56 

57 

60 

*28 

80 

Wisconsin . 

60 

56 

32 48 

50 

56 

70 


60 


50 

60 

I— 

28 



Ants never sleep. Emerson mentions this as “a recently ob« 
served fact." 


234 



























































































































Stntbed Wire Required for Fences. 


Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence 
space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of 
wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod ( 16 % 
feet). 


i square acre. 

i side of a square acre. 
i square half-acre ... 

i square mile. 

I side of a square mile 

i rod in length. 

loo rods in length.... 
ioo feet in length. 


i Line. 2 Lines. 3 Lines. 


50% lbs. 

101 % fibs. 

152 

lbs. 

12 % lbs. 

25% lbs. 

38 

Ibs. 

36 

lbs. 

72 

lbs. 

108 

fibs. 

1280 

lbs. 

2560 

lbs. 

3840 

lbs. 

320 

lbs. 

640 

lbs. 

960 

lbs. 

1 

lb. 

2 

lbs. 

3 

lbs. 

100 

lbs. 

200 

lbs. 

300 

lbs. 


6 1-1G fcs. 12% fibs. 18 3-16 lbs. 


To Measure Corn or Similar Commodity on a Floor 
—Pile up the commodity in the form of a cone; find the diameter 
in feet; multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and the 
product by one-third the height of the cone in feet; from this last 
product deduct one-fifth of itself, or multiply it by .803564, and 
the result will be the number of bushels. 

Contents of Fields and Lots— An acre is 43,560 square 
feet. The following table will assist farmers in making an ac¬ 
curate estimate of the amount of land in different fields under 
cultivation: 


10 rods 

X 

16 rods = 

1 

A. 

100 ft. X 10SA 

ft. = 

% 

A. 

8 

44 

X 

20 “ = 

1 

44 

25 “ 

X 100 

u _ 

.0574 

44 

5 

44 

X 

32 “ = 

1 

44 

25 “ 

X HO 

u _ 

.0631 

44 

4 

44 

X 

40 “ = 

1 

44 ; 

25 “ 

X 120 

u _ 

.0688 

44 

5 yards X 

968 “ = 

1 

44 

25 “ 

X 125 

M __ 

.0717 

44 

10 

u 

X 

484 yds = 

1 

44 

25 “ 

X 150 

U _ 

.109 

44 

20 

a 

X 

242 “ = 

1 

44 

2178 square feet 

= 

.05 

44 

40 

u 

X 

121 “ = 

1 

44 

4356 

44 44 

— 

.10 

44 

80 

44 

X 

60% “ = 

1 

44 

6534 

44 44 

— 

.15 

44 

70 

u 

X 

69% “ = 

1 

44 

8712 

4i 44 

= 

.20 

44 

220 feet 

X 

198 feet = 

1 

44 

10890 

44 44 

= 

.25 

44 

440 

44 

X 

99 “ = 

1 

44 

13068 

44 44 

= 

.30 

44 

110 

44 

X 

369 “ = 

1 

44 

15246 

44 44 

= 

.35 

44 

60 

44 

X 

726 “ = 

1 

44 

17424 

44 44 

= 

.40 

44 

120 

44 

X 

363 “ = 

1 

44 

19603 

44 44 

= 

.45 

44 

240 

44 

X 

181% ft. = 

1 

44 

21780 

44 44 

= 

.50 

44 

200 

44 

X 

108& “ = 

% 

44 

32670 

44 44 

— 

.75 

4 4' 

100 

44 

X 

146ft “ = 

K 

44 

34848 

44 44 

= 

.80 

44 


There is a lake of pitch in the island of Trinidad, about a mile 

anil a half in circumference. While the asphaltum near the shores is sufficiently 
hard at most seasons to sustain men and quadrupeds, it grows soft and warm toward 
the center, and there it is in a boiling state. 

235 













GRAPE PER MILE, TIMBER, ETC. 


Grade per Mile—T he following table will show the grade 
per mile as thus indicated: 

An inclination of-— 


1 foot in 15 is 352 feet per mile 
1 “ 20 is 264 “ 

1 “ 25 is 211 “ 

1 “ 30 is 176 “ “ 

1 « 35 is 151 “ 


1 foot in 40 is 132 feet per mile 
1 “ 50 is 106 “ 

1 “ 100 is 53 “ « 

1 « 125 is 42 “ “ 


To Find the Quantity of Lumber in 
a Log —Multiply the diameter in inches at 
the small end by one-half the number of 
inches, and this product by the length of the 
log in feet, which last product divide by 12 . 

Example. How many feet of lumber can 
be made from a log 30 inches in diameter and 
14 feet long? 

30 X 15 = 450 X 14 = 6300 - 5 - 12 = 525 

feet. Ans. 

To Tell the Soundness of Timber —Apply the ear to 
the middle of one of the ends, while another party strikes the 
other end. The blow will be clearly and distinctly heard, how¬ 
ever long the beam may be, if the wood is sound and of good 
quality, but if decay has set in, the sound will be muffled and in¬ 
distinct. The toughest part of a tree will always be found on 
the side next the north. 

The Number of Cubic Feet in a Round Log of Uni¬ 



form Diameter —Square the diameter, in inches, multiply by .7854, and multiply 
this product by the length in feet, divide by 144, and the quotient is the number 
of cubic feet. 


Number of Cubic Feet in the Trunk of a Standing 

Tree —Find the circumference in inches, divide by 3.1416, square the quotient, 
multiply by the length in feet, divide by 144, deduct about one-tenth lor thickness of 
bark, and the result will be, approximately, the number of cubic feet. 


Following are some curious facts about fishes. While natural¬ 
ists have generally accepted Cuvier’s view that the existence of fishes is silent, 
emotionless and joyless, recent observations tend to show that many fishes emit 
vocal sounds. The anabas scandens , the climbing perch of India, quits the water 
and wanders over banks for considerable distances, and is even said to climb trees 
and bushes. At Tranquebar, Hindoostan, may be seen the strange spectacle of fish 
and shell-fish dwelling high on lofty trees. The perch there climbs up tall fan-palms 
in pursuit of certain shell-fish which form his favorite food. Covered with viscid 
slime, he glides smoothly over the rough bark. Spines, which he may sheathe and 
unfold at will, serve him like hands to hang by, and with the aid of side fins and a 
powerful tail he pushes himself upward. One species of fish, the sticklebacks, are 
known to build nests. There are several varieties of this fish, all natives of fresh 
water with one or two exceptions. They are found in the Ottawa River. The 
cyprinodon is a sightless fish which gropes in the dreary waters of the Mammoth 
Cave of Kentucky. 

Abraham’s purchase of the cave of Machpelah is the first re¬ 
corded commercial transaction. 


236 













BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 

This table gives the square feet and inches in boards or planks from 3 to 25 inches wide, and 4 to 
20 feet long. If a board be longer than 20 feet, or wider than 25 inches, unite two of the numfbers. 



• 

QOONi<^QONt<OOONt<OOO^t<OoO *^0 00^0 00^000 

00000000000000000000000 

vG 

G 

• H 

0 

<M 


d 0 00 O r-i CO lOO 00 O v—< CO»O CO OOOHCOiOOcOOH 

T—<T— IHH-<»-HC s ICNj(MCNl(MC^COCOCOCOCOOO'^'^ 



. 

(^^H^HOOrOOiOONtMOiTtiHOHXCOOiOCN 
O O t-h O O O O rH O OOOO O rH O O O O H O O C 

G 

G 

• H 



<0O rH d ^ to 0 0 <M CO d d QQ d co ^Ud QO d 
rH tH t-H -H rH tH CM CM CM 04 CM 05 CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO 




• 

OOCOOOOOOOO<DO<OO<OOOO OOOO co 

00000000000000000000000 


G 

• H 

00 

• 

^ONO^OC^COiOCDGOOHCqTt<kONCOOHCO-t<^l> 

-HtHt-HtHtHtHtHCMCMCMCMCMOs'COCOCOCCCOCO 

J 



• 

CONH^)m^ai(MNOiOOCOOOHOHTtC^(NNOiO 

OOOOtHOOOOOOtHOOOOiHOOOOOO 

G 

G 

• H 

r- 


^dt^ood’—icsj^db-ood^c^^iooooo— icmh^o 

rHrHTHrHrHrHr-<CMCMCMCMCMCMCSlCOCOCOCO 


u 


. 

O^GOD^XO^OOC^oOO^OOO^XC^XO^t 

00000000000000000000000 

+-> 

* 4-1 

G 

<D 

• 

^ibtfi>OOa 5 0 '<NCO^tONOOOr-<(NTt<iOtOOodo!NCO 
rHH-HrHHTH»HC'l(N(N(N<M(N(N^COCOCO 


G 

d 

• 

G 

OOCO<OOOCO<OOOCO<DOOCOCDOOCOCDOOCO 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

10 

• 

00 d CO 00 O ?-< CM CO lO <D 1 >- 00 O r-i CM CO iD O ^ °Q ^ 

V~* H rH r —* t— 4 r-H tH t-H CM d CM d CM d CM CO CO 


G 


. 

DDOOOdTt<DQOOOd^OCOOO(NTf<DOODC(N 
O O t-H O O O O O rH O O O O O r-H O O O O O r-H O O 

d 

G 

• IN 

tH 

d 

CO^lONOOaidrHd^tOCDNCOaiHdCO^lOCOOOD 

^Ht-Ht-ht-htHtHtHtHt-hcMCMCMCMCMCMCM^M 


. 

CO^iO f X>NX 5 )OHOHdCOrt<iO^NX)OOHQH 

OOOOOOOrHr-HOOOOOOOOOOi-HrHOO 


G 




co 

_ . 

ri^iOCONCOG^OHCO'^OCONOOOiOHdCO^CDN 

rH rH r-H r-H r-H —H rH t—< r-H d d CM CM d d d 


'-G 


. 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

d 

G 

• 


• 

co^dcD^ooaidHdco^tctDNcoaJOrHdco^ic 

r-H r-H r-H — H r-H r-H r— • r-H ?-H t-H (>1 d d d d d 


G 



DOONDiO^COdHOHODCCNtOiO^COdHOH 

OOOOOOOOOOrHr-HOOOOOOOOOOt-H 

G 

G 

t-H 

. 

dCO'^lO'DI'-OOO^OHHdri^iCCONOCOOr : -dd 


G 



. 

tD^(NOOOO'vOrt<dOOOOCO^(NOOOOCOTj<(NOO 

OOOOrHOOOOOrHOOOOOrHOOOOOrH 

d 

G 

• H 

0 

*-> 

dCOT»<dd'DNCOO)OOHdCO’^tOiO^NCOC 5 CO 





• 

COOOCDCOOOCDCOOOCDCOOOCDCOOOCDCOOO 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

d 

G 

• H 

o 


dCOCO^iOCOCDJ>COOitJ)OrHddCO^f iC>OCONGOX 


-H rH r-H rH rH rH rH r— < t-H t-H t-H rH 


. 

OGO^QX^OOOHiOCO^OOOHOOO^OOOHOOO 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

d 

_G 

CO 

. 

ddw-o^^d^cDNooxaiodHddcd^^iodtc 


t-H t-H t-H tH t-H rH r-H t-H rH rH rH 


, 

D^HCOHCOCOOiCONdD^HCDHOOCOOiOON 

OOrHOOOO-HOOOOOOr-HOOOOrHOOO 


r* 

M 
• H 

l"" 


Hddco^Ttiicio^N^xooaiCiOHHddw^rf 


G 

rH rH rH t-h t-H t-H tH rH 

* 

G 

• r* 

•OOCDOCDCDOCOOOOCPOOOOCDOCDOCDOCD 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

0 


HddCCCO^^iOiOCOtOI-b-COOODDOOrrHdd 


U- 

t-H rH t-H rH rH r-H 


, 

^OOH'DH^OidNOODCOJDHCOH^O^dl^OO 

OOOOrHOOOOOOrHOOOOrHOOOOOO 


G 

• H 

iC 


HHdddcoco^^icdincocoNNi^xoociaidc 



tH h 


• 

OHGOOHXOHGOO-fCOO^XP^OOO^tOOO^ 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

g 

G 

• r 


d 

mHHdddCOCOCO^^^iOiOiO'D^'iOb-Nt^OOX 

1 

w 

H 

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X 

H 

Q 

M 


£ 


GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 

w 

h) 

COT^lCCOt^-OOCiOT-HC^lOO^mcO^OOaiOr-H^Cp^iQ 


237 


Explanation. —To ascertain the number of feet, multiply the number of feet in length by the 
number of inches in width, and divide the product by 12 ; the result will be the number in feet and 
inches. Thus, multiply 9 inches wide by 26 feet long, and the result will be 234. Divide this by *2 
and we have the product 19 feet and 6 inches. 













































































































Scantling and Timber Measure Reduced to One-Inch 
• Board Measure. 

To ascertain the number of feet of scantling or timber, say 18 feet long and 2 by 
3 inches: Find 2 by.3 in the top columns, and 18 in the left hand column, and under 
2 by 3 and against 18 is 9 feet. If the scantling is longer than contained in the 
table, add two lengths together. If shorter, take part off same length. 


THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INCHES. 


U 4 

2 x 2 

2x3 

2x4 

2x5 

2 x 6 

2x7 

2 x 8 

2x9 

3x3 

3x4 

3x5 

3x6 

3x7 

3x8 

3x9 

4x4' 

6 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 

7. 

8 . 

9. 

4.6 

6 . 

7.6 

9. 

10.6 

12 . 

13.6 

8 . 

7 

2.4 

3.6 

4.8 

5.10 

7. 

8.2 

9.4 

10.6 

5.3 

7. 

8.9 

10.6 

12.3 

14. 

15.9 

9.4 

8 

2.8 

4. 

5.4 

6.8 

8 . 

9.4 

10.8 

12 . 

6 . 

8 . 

10 . 

12 . 

14. 

16. 

18. 

10 . 

9 

3. 

4.6 

6 . 

7.6 

9. 

10.6 

12 . 

13.6 

6.9 

9. 

11.3 

13.6 

15.9 

18. 

20.3 

12 . 

10 

3-4 

5. 

6.8 

8.4 

10 . 

11.8 

13.5 

15. 

7.6 

10 . 

12.6 

15. 

17.6 

20 . 

22.6 

13.4 

11 

3.8 

5.6 

7.4 

9.2 

11 . 

12.10 

14.8 

16.6 

8.3 

11 . 

13.9 

16.6 

19.3 

22 . 

24.9 

14.8 

12 

4 . 

6. 

8. 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

9. 

12. 

15. 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

16. 

13 

4 4 

6.6 

8.8 

10.10 

13. 

15.2 

17.4 

19.6 

9.9 

13. 

16.3 

19.6 

22.9 

26. 

29.3 

17.4 

14 

4.8 

7. 

9.4 

11.8 

14. 

16.4 

18.8 

21. 

10.6 

14. 

17.6 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

31.6 

18.8 

15 

5 . 

7.6 

10. 

12.6 

15. 

17.6 

20. 

22.6 

11.3 

i5. 

18.9 

22.6 

26.3 

30. 

33.9 

20. 

16 

5.4 

8. 

10.8 

13.4 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

24. 

12 

16 . 

20. 

24. 

23. 

32. 

36. 

21.4 

17 

5.8 

8.6 

11.4 

14.2 

17. 

19.10 

22.8 

25.6 

i2.9 

17. 

21.3 

25.6 

29.9 

34. 

38.3 

22.8 

18 

6. 

9. 

12. 

15. 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

13.6 

18 . 

22.6 

27. 

31.6 

36. 

40.6 

24. 

19 

6.4 

9.6 

12.8 

15.10 

19. 

22.2 

25.4 

28.6 

14.3 

19. 

23.9 

28.6 

33.3 

38. 

42.9 

24.4 

20 

6.8‘ 

10. 

13.4 

16.8 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

30. 

15. 

20. 

25. 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

26.8 

21 

7. 

10.6 

14. 

17.6 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

31.6 

15.9 

21. 

26.3 

31.6 

36.9 

42. 

47.3 

28. 

22 

7.4 

11. 

14.8 

18.4 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 

33. 

16.6 

22. 

27.6 

33. 

38.6 

44. 

49.6 

29.4 

23 

7.8 

11.6 

15.4 

19.2 

23. 

26.10 

30.8 

34.6 

17.3 

23. 

28.9 

34.6 

40.3 

46. 

51.9 

30.8 

24 

8. 

12. 

16. 

20. 

24. 

28. 

32. 

36. 

18. 

24. 

30. 

36. 

42. 

48. 

54. 

32. 

25 

8.4 

12.6 

16.8 20 10 

25. 

29.2 

33.4 

37.6 

18.9 

25. 

31.3 

37.6 

43.9 

50. 

56.3 

33.4 

30 

10. 

15. 

20. 

25. 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

22.6 

30. 

37.6 

45. 

52.6 

60. 

67.6 

40. 

34 

1.1.4 

17. 

22.8128.4 

34. 

39.3 

45.4 

51. 

25.6 

34. 

42.6 

51. 

59.6 

68. 

76.6 

45.4 

40 

13.4 

20. 

26.8 33.4 

40. 

46.8 

53.4 

60. 

30. 

40. 

50. 

60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 

53. 


THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INCHES. 


V 

U* 

5x4 

4x6 

4x7 

4x8 

4x9 

5x5 

5x6 

5x7 

5x8 

5x9 

6x6 

6x7 

6x8 

6x9 

6x10 

6 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

12.6 

15. 

17.6 

20. 

22.6 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

!o7 

7 

11.8 

14. 

16.4 

18.8 

21. 

14.7 

17.6 

20.5 

23.4 

26.3 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

31.6 

35- 

8 

13.4 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

24. 

16.8 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

30. 

24. 

28. 

32. 

38. 

40. 

9 

15. 

18. 

21. 

24 

27. 

18.9 

22.6 

26.3 

30. 

33.9 

27. 

31.6 

36. 

40.6 

45. 

lu 

16.8 

20. 

251.4 

26.8 

30. 

20.10 

25. 

29.2 

33.4 

37 6 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

50. 

11 

18.4 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 

33. 

22.11 

27.6 

32.1 

36.8 

41.3 

33. 

38.6 

41. 

49.6 

55. 

12 

20. 

24. 

28. 

32. 

36. 

25. 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

36. 

42. 

4S. 

54. 

60. 

13 

21.8 

26. 

30.4 

34.8 

39. 

27.1 

32.6 

37.11 

43.4 

48.9 

39. 

45.6 

52. 

58.6 

65. 

14 

23.4 

28. 

32.8 

37.4 

42. 

29.2 

35. 

40.10 

46.8 

52.6 

42. 

49. 

56. 

63. 

70. 

15 

25. 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

31.3 

37.6 

43.9 

50. 

56.3 

45. 

52.6 

60. 

67.6 

75. 

16 

26.8 

32. 

37.4 

42.8 

48. 

33.4 

40. 

46.8 

53.4 

60. 

48. 

56 

61 

72. 

80. 

17 

28.4 

34. 

39.8 

45.4 

51. 

35.5 

42.6 

49.7 

56.8 

63.9 

51. 

59.6 

68. 

76.6 

85. 

18 

30. 

36. 

42. 

48. 

54. 

37.6 

45. 

52.6 

60. 

67.6 

54. 

63. 

72. 

81. 

90. 

19 

31.8 

38. 

44.4 

50.8 

57. 

39.7 

47.6 

55.5 

63.4 

71.3 

57 

66.6 

76. 

85.6 

95. 

20 

33.4 

40. 

46.8 

53.4 

60. 

41.8 

50. 

58.4 

66.8 

75. 

60 

70. 

80. 

90. 

100. 

21 

35. 

42. 

49. 

56. 

63. 

43.9 

52.6 

61.3 

70. 

78.9 

63 

73.6 

84. 

94.6 

105. 

22 

36.8 

44. 

51.4 

58.8 

66. 

45.10 

55. 

64.2 

73.4 

82.6 

66. 

77. 

88. 

99. 

110. 

23 

38.4 

46. 

53.8 

61.4 

69. 

47.11 

57.6 

67.1 

76.8 

86.3 

69. 

80.6 

•92. 

103.6 

115. 

24 

40. 

48. 

56. 

64. 

72. 

50. 

60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 

72. 

84. 

96. 

108. 

120. 

25 

41.8 

50. 

58.4 

66.8 

75. 

52.1 

62.6 

72.11 

83.4 

93.9 

75. 

87.6 

100. 

112.6 

125. 

30 

50. 

60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 

62.6 

75. 

87.6 

100. 

112.6 

90. 

105. 

120. 

135. 

150. 

34 

56.8 

68. 

79.4 

90.8102. 

70.10 

85. 

99.2 

113.4 

127.6 

102. 

119. 

136. 

153. 

170. 

40 

66.8 

80. 

93.4 

106.8 1 20. 

83.4 

100. 

116.8 

133.4 

150. 

120. 

140. 

160. 

180. 

200. 


238 























































Logs Reduced to lucn Board Measure 

Find the length of the log in feet in the left hand column, and its mean diameter 
In inches (found by adding the two end diameters and dividing their sum by two) at 
the heads of the other columns, and trace them until they meet, and the figures so 
found will express the diameter of feet board measure of inch boards the log will 
measure. 



CM 

CO 


iO 

O 

r- 

00 

CT> 

0 

T-» 

Cl 

co 

'rH 


CO 

r- 

CO 

4-2 

T—1 

r-( 

r —i 

r—i 

r— t 

r-4 

*— < 

r—i 

CM 



CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 


s' 

s 

S 

s 

E 

S 

S 

s' 

s 

s 

s' 

s' 

s 

“s 

s' 

s 

E 


a 

d 

a 

d 

cl 

Cj 

d 

d 

d 

cl 

d 

a 

d 

cl 

a 

a 

a 

p 

P 

P 

P 

Q 

Q 

P 

P 

P 

0 

0 

p 

p 

p 

p 

p 

p 

p 

10 

49 

61 

72 

89 

99 

116 

133 

150 

175 

190 

209 

235 

252 

287 

313 

342 

363 

11 

54 

67 

79 

98 

109 

127 

147 

165 

192 

209 

230 

259 

278 

315 

344 

377 

400 

12 

59 

73 

86 

107 

119 

139 

160 

180 

210 

228 

251 

283 

303 

344 

373 

411 

436 

13 

64 

79 

93 

116 

1£9 

150 

173 

195 

227 

247 

272 

306 

328 

373 

408 

445 

473 

14 

69 

85 

100 

125 

139 

162 

187 

210 

245 

266 

292 

330 

353 

401 

439 

479 

509 

15 

74 

91 

107 

134 

149 

173 

200 

225 

262 

285 

313 

353 

379 

430 

469 

514 

545 

16 

79 

97 

114 

142 

159 

185 

213 

240 

280 

304 

334 

377 

404 

459 

500 

548 

582 

17 

81 

103 

122 

151 

168 

196 

227 

255 

297 

323 

355 

400 

429 

478 

531 

582 

618 

18 

88 

109 

129 

160 

178 

208 

240 

270 

315 

342 

376 

424 

454 

516 

562 

616 

654 

19 

93 

116 

136 

169 

188 

219 

253 

285 

332 

361 

397 

447 

480 

545 

594 

650 

692 

20 

98 

122 

143 

178 

198 

232 

267 

300 

350 

380 

418 

470 

505 

573 

625 

684 

728 

2 L 

103 

128 

150 

187 

208 

243 

280 

315 

368 

399 

439 

495 

530 

602 

656 

719 

764 

22 

108 

134 

157 

196 

218 

255 

293 

330 

385 

418 

460 

518 

555 

631 

688 

753 

800 

23 

113 

140 

164 

205 

228 

266 

307 

345 

403 

437 

480 

512 

581 

659 

719 

787 

837 

24 

118 

146 

172 

214 

238 

278 

320 

360 

420 

456 

501 

566 

606 

688 

750 

821 

873 

25 

123 

152 

179 

223 

248 

289 

333 

375 

438 

475 

522 

589 

631 

717 

781 

856 

910 


• 

05 

O 

H 


CO 

•** 

lO 

CO 

r- 

OO 


O 

t-H 

<M 

co 

*-> 

CM 

CO 

eo 

co 

CO 

CO 

co 

co 

CO 

CO 

co 

'Cf* 




O 

0) 

6 

s' 

E 

E 

6 

s' 

s 

S 

s 

s' 

E 

S 

S 

s* 

a 


a 

d 

d 

d 

Cl 

d 

d 

d 

a 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

P 

p 

p 

p 

P 

P 

p 

p 

p 

p 

p 

P 

p 

p 

p 

p 

10 

3S1 

411 

448 

460 

490 

500 

547 

577 

644 

669 

700 

752 

795 

840 

872 

11 

419 

451 

448 

506 

539 

550 

602 

634 

708 

734 

770 

828 

874 

924 

959 

12 

457 

493 

532 

552 

5S8 

600 

657 

692 

772 

801 

840 

903 

954 

1007 

1046 

13 

495 

534 

570 

598 

637 

650 

712 

750 

836 

868 

910 

978 

1033 

1091 

1135 

14 

533 

575 

622 

644 

686 

700 

766 

807 

901 

934 

980 

1053 

1113 

1175 

1222 

15 

571 

616 

666 

690 

735 

750 

821 

865 

965 

1001 

1050 

1129 

1192 

1259 

1309 

16 

609 

657 

710 

736 

784 

800 

876 

923 

1029 

1068 

1120 

1204 

1272 

1343 

1396 

17 

647 

698 

7.55 

782 

833 

850 

931 

980 

1094 

1134 

1190 

1279 

1351 

1427 

1485 

18 

685 

739 

799 

828 

882 

900 

985 

1038 

1153 

1201 

1260 

1354 

1431 

1511 

1571 

19 

723 

780 

843 

874 

931 

950 

1040 

1096 

1222 

1268 

1330 

1430 

1510 

1595 

1658 

20 

761 

821 

8 S 8 

920 

980 

1000 

1095 

1152 

1287 

1335 

1400 

1505 

1590 

1679 

1745 

21 

800 

863 

932 

966 

1029 

1050 

1150 

1210 








22 

838 

904 

976 

1012 

1078 

1100 

1204 

1268 








23 

876 

945 

1021 

1058 

1127 

1150 

1259 

1322 


.... 






24 

914 

986 

1065 

1104 

1176 

1200 

1314 

1380 








25 

952 

1027 

1109 

1150 

1225 

1250 

1369 

1438 









The Falls of Niagara have cut a channel through the solid 
rocks 200 feet deep, 1,200 to 2,000 feet wide and seven miles long. The evidence 
is conclusive that the falls were formerly at Queenstown, seven miles below their 
present situation. It has been shown that they have receded not more than a foot a 
year for the past half century. 

Alexander the Great was born in Europe, died in Asia, 

and was buried in Africa. The preparations for his funeral consumed two years’ 
time. The immense car containing the golden sarcophagus was drawn by sixty- 
four white mules, richly caparisoned, a distance of a thousand miles—from the 
Euphrates to the IN' ilc. 

23.4 









































































Table For Gold miners* 

To ascertain the quantity of gold in any bulk of ore it is not 
necessary to reduce the mass. A proportional reduction will 
suffice, and the following table is based on trials of four hundred 
grains of ore: 


If 400 Grains 
of Ore give 
Fine Gold, 

One Ton of 

Ore 

Will Yield 

Grains, 

Oz. 

Dwts. 

Grs. 

.001. 

0 

1 

15 

.002. 

0 

3 

6 

.003 ......... 

0 

4 

21 

.004. 

0 

6 

12 

.005. 

0 

8 

4 

.006 . 

0 

9 

19 

.007. 

0 

11 

10 

.008 . 

0 

13 

1 

.009. 

0 

14 

16 

.010. 

0 

16 

8 

.020. 

1 

12 

16 

.030 . 

2 

9 . 

0 

.040 . 

3 

5 

8 

.050. 

4 

1 

16 

.060. 

4 

18 

0 

.070 . 

5 

14 

8 

.080. 

6 

10 

16 

.090 . 

7 

7 

0 

.100. 

8 

3 

8 


If 400 Grains 
of Ore give 
Fine Gold, 

One Ton of 
Ore 

Will Yield 

Grains. 

Oz. 

Dwts. 

Grs. 

.200 . 

16 

6 

16 

.300 . 

24 

10 

0 

.400 . 

32 

13 

8 

.500 . 

40 

16 

16 

.600 . 

49 

0 

0 

.700 . 

57 

3 

8 

.800 . 

65 

6 

16 

.900 . 

73 

10 

0 

1.000 . 

81 

13 

8 

2.000 . 

163 

16 

16 

3.000 . 

245 

0 

0 

4.000 . 

326 

13 

8 

5.000 . 

408 

6 

16 

6.000 . 

490 

0 

0 

7.000 . 

570 

13 

8 

8.000 . 

653 

6 

16 

9.000 . 

735 

0 

0 

10.000 . 

816 

13 

8 

20.000 . 

1633 

6 

16 


The sayings of the Seven Wise Men are the famous mottoes 
inscribed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi: Solon of Athens—“Know thyself.’ 
Chilo of Sparta—“Consider the end.” Thales of Miletus—“Suretyship is the pre¬ 
cursor of ruin.” Bias of Priene—“Most men are bad.” Cleobulus of Lindus— 
“Avoid excess.” Pittacus of Mitylene—“Know thy opportunity.” Periander of 
Corinth—“Nothing is impossible to industry.” 

The “Wandering Jew” was last seen in the seventeenth cen¬ 
tury. On January 1 , 1644 , he appeared at Paris and created a great Sensation 
among all ranks. He claimed to have lived sixteen hundred years and to have 
traveled through all regions of the world. He was visited by many prominent per¬ 
sonages, and no one could accost him in a language of which he was ignorant. He 
replied readily and without embarrassment to any questions propounded, and he was 
never confounded by any amount of cross-questioning. He seemed familiar with the 
history of persons and events from the time of Christ, and claimed an acquaintance 
with all the celebrated characters of sixteen centuries. Of himself he said that he 
was usher of the court of judgment in Jerusalem, where all criminal cases were 
tried at the time of our Saviour: that his name was Michab Ader; and that for thrust¬ 
ing Jesus out of the hall with these words, “Go, why tarriest thou? ” the Messiah 
answered him, “I go, but tarry thou till I come,” thereby condemning him to live 
till the day of judgment. The learned looked upon him as an impostor or mad¬ 
man, yet took their departure bewildered and astonished. 

240 



















































NAILS AND SPIKES. 

SIZE, LENGTH AND NUMBER TO POUND. 


ORDINARY. 


Size. 

Length. 

Inches. 

No. to Lb. 

2 d . . 

... 

...716 

3 fine. cl T V .. 

. ..588 

3 .. 


...448 

4 . . 

...iy 8 

...336 

5 .. 

...i K... 

.. .216 

6 .. 

...2 .. 

. . .166 

7 . 

.. . 23^ .. 

.. .118 

8 .. 

...2 M-.. 

...94 

10 . . 

...2K-- 

...72 

12 .. 


...50 

20 .. 

...3& .. 

...32 

30 .. 

...4^ ... 

... 20 

40 .. 

...4&... 

...17 

50 .. 

.. .5 

...14 

60 . . 


...10 

4 d . . 

LIGHT. 

...... 

...373 

5 . . 


.. .272 

6 .. 

.. 2 .. 

. . . 196 

6 d . . 

BRADS. 

...2 ... 

.. .163 

8 . . 

.. . 2 %... 

...96 

10 . . 

...2%... 

...74 

12 .. 

... 3 %. . 

. .. 50 



CLINCH. 


FINISHING. 

Length 



Length 


Inches. 

No. to Lb. 

Size. 

Inches. 

No. to Lb. 

2 . 

.152 

4 d . 

....1%.. 

...384 

*K- 

.133 

5 


...256 

2 *. 

. 92 

6 

....2 .. 

...204 

W- 

. 72 

8 

-234 • • 

. .102 

3 . 

. 60 

10 . 

....3 .. 

...80 

3M- 

. 43 

12 

• • • -3 %.. 
....3%.. 

...65 


FENCE. 

. 96 

20 

...46 

CORE. 

2 . 

~(\ 

. .143 
.. 68 
...60 

2 %. 

W- 

3 

. 66 

. 56 

50 

6 . 

8 . 

10 . 

....2 .. 

• • • A - ■ 
.2 

. 40 

12 . 

.... 3% .. 

.. 42 


20 . 

....3^.. 

.. 25 

SPIKES. 

30 

....4^.. 

...18 

3^. 

. 19 

40 . 

....4« . 

.. 14 

4 . 

. 15 





. 13 

W 

H 2%.. 

.. 69 

5 

...... 10 

W 

H L2^.. 

.. 72 

*A 

6 . 

. 9 

. 7 

od 

SLATE. 

...288 



3 

1 ^ 


BOAT. 

4 

...hr 

...244 


.206 

5 

...187 


6 

... .2 .. 

.. 146 


In the above table d. stands for penny. This term penny, as 
applied to nails, is generally supposed to have been derived from 
pound. It originally meant so many pounds to the thousand; 
that is, six-penny means six pounds of nails to the thousand. 


Tacks. 


Size. 

Length. 

Number 

to 

Pound. 

Size. 

Length, jj 

Number 

to 

Pound. 

Size. 

Length. 

Number 

to 

Pound. 

1 07.. 

A 

16000 

! 4 07. 

Jr 

1 6 

4000 

14 oz. 

1 3 
T5" 

1143 

W 

16 

10066 

\ 6 

A 

2666 

16 

% 

1000 

2 

H 

8000 

8 

% 

2000 

18 

it 

888 

234 

tV 

6400 

' 10 

TF 

1600 

20 

1 

800 

3 

K 

5333 

12 

X 

1333 

22 


727 


241 

















































































































RAILROAD SPIKES, 


Size Measured 
Under Head. 

Average No. 
per keg 
of 200 lbs. 

Ties two feet between centers. 
Four spikes per tie. 

Makes per Mile. 

Rail used. 

Wt. per Yard. 

534x t 9 r 

360 

5870 lbs. — 29)4 kegs. 

45 to 70 

5 x t 9 ¥ 

400 

5170 “ —26 

40 to 56 

5 x)4 

450 

4660 “ —23)4 “ 

35 to 40 

4^xK 

530 

3960 “ —20 

28 to 35 

4 x}£ 

600 

3520 “ —17 % “ 

24 to 35 

4^x t V 

680 

3110 “ —15)4 “ 

i 20 to 30 

4 x T6 

720 

2940 “ —14% “ 


3/^X T6 

900 

2350 “ —1134 “ 

(. If) ff) 23 

4 x% 

1000 

2090 “ — 10% “ 



1190 

1780 “ — 9 

1 16 to 20 

3 x>g 

1240 

1710 “ — 8)4 “ 


2^x^ 

1342 

I575 « 7% “ 

12 to 16 


RAILS REQUIRED PER MILE 

OF FOLLOWING WEIGHT PER YARD. 


Weight 

Tons of 2,240 lbs. 

per yard. 

per 

Mile. 

16 lbs. 

25 tons, 

320 lbs. 

20 “ 

31 “ 

960 “ 

25 “ 

39 “ 

640 “ 

28 “ 

44 “ 

0 “ 

30 “ 

47 “ 

320 “ 

CROSS TIES, PER 

MILE. 

Center to Center. 

No. Ties. 

1)4 Feet. 

... .3520 


ii 

...3017 

2 

a 

. ...2640 

2 % 

a 

. ...2348 

2 ^ 

u 

. .. 2113 


Weight 



Tons of 2.240 lbs. 

per yard. 



per Mile. 

35 lbs. 


55 

tons, 

0 lbs. 

40 “ 


63 

ii 

1920 “ 

45 “ 


70 

ii 

1600 “ 

56 “ 


88 

ii 

0 “ 

60 “ 


94 

ii 

640 “ 

65 “ 


102 

ii 

320 “ 

70 “ 


110 

ii 

0 “ 

SPLICE 

JOINTS, PER MILE. 

Two Bars and Four Bolts and Nuts to 



each 

Joint. 


Rails, 

20 

feet 

long, 

528 joints 

U 

24 

<< 

ii 

440 “ 

it 

26 

U 

ii 

406 “ 

u 

28 

ii 

ii 

378 “ 

ii 

30 

a 

ii 

352 “ 


Nails Required for Different Kinds of Work. 

For 1,000 shingles, 3)4 to 5 lbs. 4 d. nails, or 3 to 3)4 lbs. 3d. 

1,coo laths, about 7 lbs. 3 d. fine. 

1,000 feet clapboards, about 18 lbs. 6 d. box. 

1,000 feet covering boards, about 20 lbs. 8 d. common, or 25 lbs. 10 d. 

1,000 feet upper floors, square edged, about 38 lbs. \od. floor, or 41 lbs. 
12 d. floor. 

1,000 teet upper floors, matched and blind-nailed, 38 lbs. 10 d., or 42 lbs. 
12 d. common. 

10 feet partitions, studs or studding, 1 lb. 10 d. common. 

1,000 feet furring, 1x3, about 45 lbs. 10 d. common. 

1,000 feet furring, 1x2, about 65 lbs. 10 d. common. 

1,000 feet pine finish, about 30 lbs. 8 d. finish. 

242 























Brick Required to Construct Any Building:. 

(Reckoning .7 brick to each superficial foot.) 


Superficial Feet of 
Wall. 

Number of Bricks to Thickness of 

4 in. 

8 in. 

12 in. 

16 in. 

20 in. 

24 in. 

1. 

7 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

2. 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3 . 

23 

45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

4 . 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

5 . 

38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

6. 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

7 . 

53 

105 

158 

210 

263 

315 

8. 

60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

360 

9. 

68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

405 

10. 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

20 . 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

30. 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1125 

1350 

40. 

300 

600 

900 

1200 

1500 

1800 

50. 

375 

750 

1125 

1500 

1875 

2250 

60. 

450 

900 

1350 

1800 

2250 

2700 

70. 

525 

1050 

1575 

2100 

2625 

3150 

80. 

600 

1200 

1800 

2400 

3000 

3600 

90.. 

675 

1350 

2025 

2700 

3375 

4050 

100. 

750 

1500 

2250 

3000 

3750 

4500 

200 . 

1500 

3000 

4500 

6000 

7500 

9000 

300. 

2250 

4500 

6750 

9000 

11250 

13500 

400. 

3000 

6000 

9000 

12000 

15000 

18000 

500. 

3750 

7500 

11250 

15000 

18750 

22500 

600. 

4500 

9000 

13500 

18000 

22500 

27000 

700. 

5250 

10500 

15750 

21000 

26250 

31500 

800. 

6000 

12000 

18000 

24000 

30000 

36000 

900. 

6750 

13500 

20250 

27000 

33750 

40500 

1000. 

7500 

15000 

22500 

30000 

37500 

45000 


Facts for Builders. 

1,000 shingles, laid a inches to the weather, will cover 100 sq. 
ft. of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. 

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number 
of square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the siding and match¬ 
ing. 

1,000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 7 lbs. of lath 

nails will nail them on. Eight bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, and 1 
bushel of hair will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 square yards. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, 
will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

Cement 1 bushel and sand 2 bushels will cover 3 )^ square 
yards 1 inch thick, 4% square yards % inch thick, 6 % square yards inch thick. 
1 bu. cement and one of sand will cover 2^4 square yards 1 inch thick, 3 square 
yards % inch thick, and 4% square yards inch thick. 

243 

















































FACTS FOR BUILDERS 




Five courses of brick will lay i foot in height on a chimney. 

8 bricks in a course will make a flue 41ns. wide and 12 ins. long, and 16 bricks in a 
Course will make a flue 8 ins wide and 16 ins. long. 

Twenty-two cubic feet of stone, when built into the wall, is 1 
perch. 

Three pecks of lime and four bushels of sand are required to 

each perch of wall. 

There are 20 common bricks to a cubic foot when laid; and 15 

;ommon bricks to a foot of 8-inch wall when laid. 

Fifty feet of boards will build one rod of fence five boards high, 
first board being 10 inches wide, second 8 inches, third 7 inches, fourth 6 inches, 
. fifth 5 inches. 


Useful Facts for Bricklayers a si cl Plasterers. 

The average weight of smaller-sized bricks is about 4 lbs.; of 
the larger about 6 lbs. 

Dry bricks will absorb about one-fifteenth of their weight in 
water. 

A load of mortar measures a cubic yard, or 27 cubic ft.; re¬ 
quires a cubic yard of sand and 9 bus. of lime and will fill 30 
hods. 

A bricklayer’s hod 1 ft. 4 in. by 9 in. by 9 in. equals 1,296 cubic 
in. in capacity, and contains 20 bricks. 

A single load of sand and other materials equals a cubic yard, 
or 27 cubic ft.; a double load twice that quantity. 

One thousand bricks, closely stacked, occupy about 56 cubic 
ft. One thousand old bricks, cleaned and loosely stacked, oc¬ 
cupy about 72 cubic feet. 

One superficial foot of gauged arches requires ten bricks. 

One superficial foot of facings requires seven bricks. 

One yard of paving requires 36 stock bricks laid flat, or 52 on 
edge, and 36 paving bricks laid flat, or 82 on edge. 

The bricks of different makers vary in dimensions, a id those 
of the same maker vary also, owing to varying degrees of heat 
in burning. The calculations given above are therefore approxi¬ 
mate. 

One hundred yards of plastering will require 1,400 laths, 4}^ 
bus. lime, four-fifths of a load of sand, 9lbs. hair, and 9 lbs. nails, 
for two-coat work. 

Three men and one helper will put on 450 yards, in a day’s 
work, of two-coat work, and will put on a hard finish for 300 
yards. 

A bushel of hair weighs, when dry, about 15 lbs. 

Putty, for Plastering, is a very fine cement made of lime 

only. It is thus prepared: Dissolve in a small quantity of water, as two or three 
gallons, an equal quantity of fresh lime, constantly stirring it with a stick until the 
lime be entirely slacked, and the whole becomes of a suitable consistency, so that 
when the stick is taken out of it, it will but just drop therefrom; this, being sifted or 
run through a hair sieve, to take out the gross parts of the lime, is fit for use. Putty 
differs from fine stuff in the manner of preparing it, and its being used without 

244 


hair. 


ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS 


To Find the Number of Bricks Required in a Building 

—Rule—Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22%. The number of cubic feet is 
found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are 
usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide and 2 inches thick; hence it requires 27 
bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the 
mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 

Estimates of Materials.— 3}^ barrels of lime will do 100 

square yards plastering, two coats. 

2 barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, one coat 
i)4 bushels of hair will do 100 square yards plastering. 

1% yards good sand will do 100 square yards plastering. 

% barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish too square yards plastering. 

1 barrel of lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to do it.) 

2 barrels of lime will lay 1 cord rubble stone. 

54 barrel of lime will lay 1 perch rubble stone (estimating % cord to perch). 

To every barrel of lime estimate about yards of good sand for plastering and 
brick work. 

Mason Work—Brick.—1 % barrels lime and % yard sand 

will lay 1,000 brick. 

One man with tenders will lay 1,800 to 2,000 brick per day. 

Rubble.— 1££ barrels lime and 1 yard of sand will lay 100 feet 
of stone. 

One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one tender. 

Cement.— barrels cement and % yard sand will lay 100 
feet rubble stone. Same time as to mason and tender as rubble. 

Floor, Wall and Roof Measure.— To find the number of 

square yards in a floor or wall: Rule—Multiply the length by the width or height 
(in feet) and divide the product by 9; the result will be square yards. 


Big Salaries.— There are a score of men in New York who 

are paid as much for their services each year as the President of the United States. 
Forty thousand dollars a year is a very tidy salary. There are hundreds of men who 
get $25,000 a year salary, and the number who get from $10,000 to $20,000 are legion. 
Very ordinary men get from $5,000 to $8,000 a year, or as much as a Cabinet officer. 
Dr. Norvin Green, president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, is paid $50,- 
000. So is Chauncey M. Depew, president of the New York Central Railroad. 
Richard M. McCurdy, president of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, gets a like 
amount. John Hoey, president of Adams Express Company, fares equally as well. 
President Henry B. Hyde, of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, is also on the 
list. George G. Williams, president of the Chemical National Bank, the richest 
banking institution in America,with nearly $5,000,000 of surplus, $20,000,000 average 
deposits, is paid a salary of $25,000 yearly. President Potts of the Paris Bank and 
President Tappan of the Gallatin National Bank receive a like sum each twelve 
months. The best paid minister in New York is Dr. John Hall, a brainy man from 
the north of Ireland, who preaches to $20,000,000 every Sunday. His is the smallest 
church in town. He owes his rise in life to Robert Bonner of the Ledger, who 
found him preaching to a small delegation in Dublin, and induced him to come to 
America. He gets a salary of $20,000 a year and makes $5,000 by his newspaper 
and magazine articles. He is given a luxuriously furnished house as well. Dr. 
Morgan Dix, the chief pastor of Trinity Church corporation, the wealthiest in Amer¬ 
ica, receives $15,000 yearly. Dr. William L. Taylor, of the Broadway Tabernacle, 
gets the same amount. He does literary work and lecturing that brings his income 
up to $20,000. Dr. Charles Hall, of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, is paid 
$15,000. He is very eloquent, and his church is crowded at all services. Dr. Park- 
hurst, of Madison Square Church, gets $12,000. He has a large and distinguished 
congregation. Cyrus W. Field is one of the pillars of the church. Dr. Paxton, who 
preaches to Jay Gould and others less wealthy, is paid $15,000. The Rev. Roberl 
Collyer, the blacksmith preacher, is paid $10,000. 

245 



BUILDERS’ ESTIMATING TABLES. 

Quantity of material in every four lineal feet of exterior wall in a balloon frame 
building, height of wall being given : 


Length of 
Studs. 

Size of Sills. 

Size of Studs, Braces, 
etc. 

Quantity 

of Rough 

Lumber. 

Quantity of 

Inch 

Boarding. 

Siding in 

sup. feet. 

Tar Paper 

in sup. feet. 

8 

6 x 6 

2x4 Studs 

42 

36 

40 

74 

10 

, 6 x 8 

4x4 Braces 

52 

44 

50 

80 

12 

6 x 10 

4x4 Plates 

62 

53 

60 

96 

14 

6 x 10 

1x6 Ribbons 

69 

62 

70 

112 

16 

8 x 10 


82 

71 

80 

128 

18 

8 x 10 

Studs 

87 

80 

90 

144 

20 

8 x 12 

16 inches from 

98 

88 

100 

160 

22 

9x12 

centers 

109 

97 

110 

17(5 

24 

10 x 12 


119 

106 

120 

192 

18 

10 x 10 

2x6 Studs 

122 

80 

90 

144 

2 U 

10 x 12 

6 x 6 Braces 

137 

88 

100 

160 

22 

10 x 12 

4x6 Plates 

145 

97 

110 

176 

24 

12 x 12 

1x6 Ribbons 

162 

106 

120 

192 

26 

10x14 


169 

114 

130 

208 

28 

10x14 

Studs 16 inch centers 

176 

123 

140 

224 

30 

12x14 


198 

132 

150 

240 


Amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and boarding, and number of shingles to 
four lineal feet of roof, measured from eave to eave over ridge. 

Rafters 16 -inch centers: 


Width of 
House, 
Feet. 

Size of 
Rafters. 

Size 

of Collar- 

piece. 

Quantity of Lumber in 
Rafter and Col¬ 
lar-piece. 

Quantity of 
Boarding, 
Feet. 

No. of 
Shingles. 

14 

2x4 

2x4 

39 

91 

560 

16 

2x4 

2x4 

45 

70 

640 

18 

2x4 

2x4 

50 

79 

720 

20 

2x4 

2x4 

56 

88 

800 

22 

2x4 

2x4 

62 

97 

880 

24 

2x4 

2x4 

67 

106 

960 

20 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

84 

88 

800 

22 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

92 

97 

880 

24 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

101 

106 

960 

26 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

109 

115 

1040 

28 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

117 

124 

1120 

30 

2 x 6 

2 x 6 

126 

133 

1200 


Comparative Strength of Timber and Cast Iron. 

Table showing the transverse strength of timber and of cast iron one 
foot long ond one inch square. 


MATERIAL. 


Breaking Weight Borne 

Weight, lbs. with Safety, lbs. 


Ash, seasoned. 

chestnut, seasoned... 
Hickory, seasoned.... 
White Oak, seasoned. 
White Pine, seasoned. 
Vellovv Pine, seasoned 
Iron 'cast). 


175 

105 

170 

115 

270 

200 

240 

196 

135 

95 

150 

100 

5,781 

4,000 


246 
















































HOW TO USE CEMENT, 


The following general rules referring to the practical use of 
cement will be found convenient for reference: 

Quality of Sand —The sand should be clean, sharp and coarse. When the sand 
is mixed with loam the mortar will set comparatively slow, and the work will be 
comparatively weak. Fine sand, and especially water-worn sand, delays the set¬ 
ting of the cement, and deteriorates strength. Damp sand should not be mixed 
with dry cement, but the cement and sand should be mixed thoroughly and uni¬ 
formly together, when both are dry, and no water should be applied until imme¬ 
diately before the mortar is wanted for use. 

Proportion of Sand—The larger the proportion of cement the stronger the 
work. One part of good cement to two parts sand is allowable for ordinary work; 
but for cisterns, cellars, and work requiring special care, half and half is the better 
proportion. For floors, the cement should be increased toward the surface. 

Water in Concrete —Use no more water in cement than absolutely necessary. 
Cement requires but a very small quantity of water in crystalizing. Merely damp¬ 
ening the material gives the best results. Any water in excess necessarily evapor¬ 
ates and leaves the hardened cement comparatively weak and porous. 

Concrete in Water — Whenever concrete is used under water, care must be 
taken that the water is still. So say all English and American authorities. In lay¬ 
ing cellar floors, or constructing cisterns or similar work, care must also be taken to 
avoid pressure of exterior water. Cement will not crystalize when disturbed by 
the force of currents, or pressure of water, but will resist currents and pressure after 
hardening only. In still water, good cement will harden quicker than in air, and 
when kept in water will be stronger than when kept in air. Cements which harden 
especially quick in air are usually slow or worthless in water. 

Howto Put Down Concrete —When strong work is wanted, for cellar floors 
and all similar work, the concrete should be dampened and tamped down to place, 
v/ith the back of a spade, or better, with the end of a plank or rammer; then finished 
off with a trowel, thus leveling and compacting the work. Only persons ignor¬ 
ant of the business will lay a floor or walk with soft cement mortar. All artificial 
stone is made in a similar way to that described, and, when set, is strong and hard 
as stone. 

Delay in Use —Do not permit the mortar to exhaust its setting properties by de¬ 
laying its use when ready. Inferior cements only will remain standing in the mortar- 
bed any length of time without serious injury. 

Stone and BrickWork —In buildings constructed of stone or brick, the best 
protection from dampness and decay, and also from the danger of cyclones, is a 
mortar of cement and coarse sand. The extra cost is inconsiderable, and the in¬ 
creased value of the structure very great. Chimneys laid in this manner never blow 
down, and cellars whose foundations are thus laid are always free from atmospheric 
moisture. Cement may also be mixed with lime mortar for plastering and other ' 
purposes, to great advantage. 

Effect of Frost and Cold —At a temperature less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit, 
all good cement sets slowly, though surely, but if allowed to freeze its value is seri¬ 
ously impaired. In cold weather or cold water do not fear to wait for your concrete 
to crystalize. 

Damage from Moisture— Good cement is not injured by age, if carefully pre¬ 
served from moisture. Lumps in bags or barrels of cement are caused by exposure 
to moisture. They prove the originally good quality of the cement. 


The Ramphorhyncus, the remains of which have been found 

in the quarries of Solenhofen, Germany, was a curious intermediate link between 
birds and reptiles. Its tail, a singular appendage, was long, reptile-like, and 
dragged upon the ground, while its footprints were bird-like. 

John Verrazanni, an eminent Florentine navigator, in 

1524 , landed where the lower extremity of New York City is, and giving the 
natives some spirituous liquors made many of them drunk. The Indians called the 

K lace Manna-ha-ta, or “place of drunkenness,’' and they were afterwards called 
[anna-ha-tans. 


' 217 




USEFUL TABLES FOR PLUMBERS, ETC 


SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF LEAD PIPE. 


Weight 

per 

foot. 

LBS. 

oz. 


l l A ] 


3 


4 


6 


15 


8 


9 


12 

1 


1 

8 

2 

10 


12 

1 


1 

4 

1 

12 

2 


2 

8 

3 

12 

1 

4 

1 

12 

2 


2 

8 

3 


3 

8 

1 


1 

8 

2 


2 

4 

3 


3 

8 

4 


1 

8 

2 


2 

8 

3 


3 

8 

1 

8 

2 


2 

8 

3 

4 

4 


4 

12 

5 

8 

2 


2 

8 

3 


3 

12 


CALIBRE. 


-32 inch Tubing. 

£4 inch Tubing. 

y\ inch Tubing. 

inch Tubing. 

Fish Seine. 

% inch Aqueduct. 

Ex. Light. 

Light .... 

Medium. 

Strong.. 

Ex. Strong. 

inch Aqueduct.. 

Ex. Light.. 

Light . 

Medium. 

Strong.. 

AA. 

Ex. Strong .... 
Ex. Ex. Strong. 

% inch Aqueduct. 

Ex. Light. 

Light . 

Medium. 

Strong. 

Ex. Strong. 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 

% inch Aqueduct. 

Ex. Light.. 

Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

Ex. Strong. 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 

% inch Aqueduct. 

Ex. Light. 

Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

1 inch Aqueduct. 

Ex. Light. 

Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

Ex. Strong. 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 

VA inch Aqueduct. 

Ex. Light. 

Light. 

Medium . 


CALIBRE. 


Ex. Strong. 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 


Ex. Light. 

Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

Ex. Strong. 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 


Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

Ex. Strong. 

inch Waste. 

Ex. Light. 

Light. 

Medium. 

Strong. 

Ex. Strong. 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 


3 inch 


Light.... 

T6 thick, 
thick. 

y 5 g thick. 
% thick. 
Waste ... 
Waste .. 
Light.. . 
yg thick 
% thick. 

T 5 g thick, 
thick. 


I 


3 l A inch W aste. 

A thick. 
y 5 g thick. 

4 inch Waste ... 

Waste . . 
W aste ... 

Waste_ 

% thick. 

Yg thick. 
% thick. 
4/4 inch Waste... 

5 inch Waste... 

6 inch Waste,.. 


Weight 
per foot. 


LBS. 

4 

6 

6 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

9 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 
9 

10 

4 

6 
8 

11 

14 

17 
3 
3 

5 

9 
12 
16 
20 

5 

15 

18 

5 

6 
8 

10 

16 
21 
25 

6 

8 

10 


oz. 

12 

12 


12 

8 

8 

8 


12 


Seest thou a man diligent in his business ? He shall stand 
before kings; he shall not stand before mean men.—O ld Testament, 

248 * 



















































































































SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF PURE BLOCK TIN PIPE. 


3-16 in . 




% 

in . 


“ . 


and 

6 oz. 

1 

a 

. 12 “ “ 16 “ 

5-16 “ . 

. 5 “ 


8 “ 

vy 

4« 

. 1% ft), and \% ft). 

% “ . 

. 4 “ 


6 “ 

V* 

<4 

. I'A “ “ 2 “ 

A “ . 

.6 “ 

a 

8 

2 

(4 

. 2 “ “ 3 “ 

% ‘. 

. 9 “ 


12 “ 





WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT OF SHEET LEAD. 


1-32 in. thick.2 lbs. 

3-64 “ “ . 2/4 

1-25 “ “ .3 “ 

1-10 in. thick.7 lbs. 

% “ “ . 8 “ 

5-32 “ “ ID “ 

1-16 “ “ . 4 “ 

3-16 “ “ .12 “ 

1-14 “ “ .:.5 “ 

1-12 “ “ . 6 “ 

7-32 “ “ .14 “ 

y “ “ .16 “ 

WEIGHT PER JOINT OF LEAD AND GASKET FOR STREET MAINS. 

Lead. Gasket. 

2- inch Pipe, 3.25 lbs., 0.050 lbs. 

3- inch “ 4.72 “ 0.075 “ 

4- inch “ 6. “ 0.115 “ 

6-inch “ 9. « 0.175 “ 

8-inch “ 12. “ 0.250 “ 

Lead. Gasket. 

10-inch Pipe, 15 lbs., 0.30 lbs. 

12-inch “ 20 “ 0.35 “ 

16-inch « 25 « 0.45 “ 

18-inch « 29 “ 0.52 “ 

20-inch “ 43 “ 0.60 “ 


CAPACITY OF DRAIN-PIPE. 


Gallons Per Minute. 


Size of 

Pipe. 

y 2 in. Fall 
per 100 feet. 

3-in. Fall 

per 100 feet. 

■M 

— • V 

o 

.s s 

1 1. 

<£> V 

cu 

9-in. Fall 

per 100 feet 

12-in. Fall 
per 100 feet. 

18-in. Fall 

per 100 feet. 

24-in. Fall 

per 100 feet. 

36-in. Fall 

per 100 feet. 

3-inch. 

21 

30 

42 

52 

60 

74 

85 

104 

4 

a 

36 

52 

76 

92 

108 

132 

148 

184 

6 

u 

84 

120 

169 

206 

240 

294 

338 

414 

9 

u 

232 

330 

470 

570 

660 

810 

930 

1140 

12 

u 

470 

680 

960 

1160 

1360 

1670 

1920 

2350 

15 

u 

830 

1180 

1680 

2040 

2370 

2920 

3340 

4100 

18 

u 

1300 

1850 

2630 

3200 

3740 

4600 

5270 

6470 

20 

u 

1760 

2450 

3450 

4180 

4860 

5980 

6850 

8410 


The maximum rainfall is about one inch per hour (except during very heavy 
storms)—equal to 22,633 gallons an hour for each acre, or 377 gallons a minute per 
acre. __ 


Avoid shame, but do not seek glory—nothing so expensive as 
glory.—S idney Smith. 

That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free¬ 
dom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the 
people, shall not perish from the earth.—A braham Lin¬ 
coln. 


249 




























































HINTS FOR RO OFERS. 

The average width of a shingle is four inches. Hence, when 
shingles are laid four in. to the weather each shingle averages 16 
sq. in., and 900 are required for a square of roofing (100 sq. ft). 
If 4)4 in. to the weather, 800 ; 5 in., 720 ; 5 )^ in., 655 ; 6 in., 600 . 
In hip-roofs, where the shingles are cut more or less to fit the 
roof, 5 % should be added to these figures. 

One thousand shingles laid four inches to the weather will re¬ 
quire five pounds of shingle nails. Six pounds of 4 d nails will 
lay 1000 split pine shingled. 

A carpenter will carry up and lay on the roof from 1,500 to 
2,000 shingles per day, or two squares to two squares and a half 
of plain gable-roofing. 

The pitch of a slated roof should be about one in height to 
four in length. The usual lap is about 3 in., sometimes 4 in. 
Each slate should be fastened by two 3 d slate nails, either of 
galvanized iron, copper or zinc. On roofs of gas-houses the nails 
should be of copper or yellow metal. 

The sides and bottom edges of roof slates should be trimmed, 
and the nail-holes punched as near the head as possible. When 
slates are not of uniform size they should be sorted, and the 
smallest placed near the ridge. 

In a first-class slate roof the top course on ridge, and the slate 
from two to four feet from gutters, and one foot each way from 
valleys and hips, should be bedded in elastic cement. 

Roof-boards for slate roofs should be covered with one or two 
thicknesses of tarred felt roofing paper before slates are laid. Dry or rosin-sized felt 
should not be used on roofs. 

Number of Slates per Square. 


Size in 
Inches. 

Slates per 
Square. 

Size in 
Inches. 

Slates per 
Square. 

Size in 
Inches. 

Slates per 
Square. 

6 x 12 

533 

8 x 16 

277 

12 x 20 

141 

7x12 

457 

9 x 16 

216 

14x20 

121 

8 x 12 

400 

10x16 

221 

11 x 22 

137 

9x12 

355 

9x18 

213 

12 x 22 

126 

7x14 

374 

10x18 

192 

14x22 

108 

8x14 

327 

12x18 

160 

12x24 

114 

9x14 

291 

10 x 20 

169 

14x24 

98 

10x14 

261 

11 x 20 

154 

16x24 

86 


Number of Shingles Required in a Roof. 

To the square foot, it takes 9 if exposed 4 inches; 8 if exposed 

454 inches, and 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather. 

Find the number of shingles required to cover a roof 38 ft. long 
and the rafters on each side 14 ft. Shingles exposed 4% inches. 

28X38=1064 (sq, ft.) X8=85I2 shingles. Ans. 
To find the length of rafters, giving the roof one-third pitch, 
take three-fifths of the width of the building. If the building is 30 feet wide, they 
must be 18 feet long, exclusive of projection. 

A tin roof, properly put on, and kept painted, will last thirty 

250 



















HINTS FOR ROOFERS. 


years. It ought not to be painted for the first time until it has 
been on about thirty days, so as to get the grease off the tin, and 
all the rosin should be carefully scraped off. 

It is sometimes necessary, on buildings where there is much 
dampness or steam, as stables, blacksmith shops, round-houses, 
etc., to paint the roof tin one coat on the under side before 
laying. 

Tin roofs should be laid with cleats, and not by driving the 
nails through the tin itself. 

There are two kinds of tin—“bright tin,” the coating of which 
is all tin, that is, the tin proper; and “tern,” “leaded,” or “roof¬ 
ing” tin, the coating of which is a composition, part tin and part 
lead. This last is a littlb cheaper, and will not rust any quicker, 
but the sulphur in soft coal smoke eats through the “leaded” coat¬ 
ing sooner than through the “tinned.” 

There are two sizes of tin, 10x14 an d H x2 °» and two grades of 
thickness—IC light, and IX, heavy. For a steep roof (one-sixth 
pitch or over) the IC 14x20 tin (“leaded” if high up where little 
smoke will get to it; “bright” if low down), put on with a stand - 
ing groove, and with the cross-beams put together with a double 
lock, makes as good a roof as can be made. For flat roofs IX 
10x14 “light” is best, laid with cleats, but the others make good 
roofs^and any of them will last 25 years at least. 

Number of Square Feet a Box of Roofing Tin Will 
Cover. —For flat seam roofing, using %-mch. locks, a box of 
“14x20” size will cover about 192 square feet, and for standing 
seam, using %-inch locks and turning 1^ and ij^ inches edges, 
making 1 -inch standing seams, it will lay about 168 square feet. 

For flat seam roofing, using %-inch locks, a box of “28x20” 
size will cover about 399 square feet, and for standing seam, 
using %-inch locks and turning 1 % and 1% inches edges, making 
1-inch standing seams, it will lay about 365 square feet. 

Every box of roofing plates (IC or IX “14x20” or “28x20” 
sizes) contains 112 sheets. 

Facts About Gas. 

A cubic foot of good gas, from a jet one thirty-third of an inch 
in diameter and a flame of four inches, will burn 65 minutes. 

Internal lights require four cubic feet, and external lights 
about five cubic feet, per hour. Large or Argand burners will 
require from six to ten feet. 

In distilling 56 pounds of coal, the volume of gas produced in 
cubic feet, when the distillation was effected in three hours, was 
41.3; in seven hours, 37.5; in twenty hours, 33.5; in' twenty-five 
hours, 31.7. 

A retort produces about 600 cubic feet of gas in five hours, 
with a charge of about one and a half cwt. of coal, or 2,800 cubic 
feet in twenty-four hours. [ 251 ] 



PAINTING AND GLAZING. 


Painters’ work is generally estimated by the square yard, and 
the cost depends on the number of coats applied, quality of work 
and material to be painted. 

One coat, or priming, will take, per ioo yards of painting, 20 
pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Two-coat work, 40 pounds 
of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Three-coat, the same quantity as 
two-coat; so that a fair estimate for 100 yards of three-coat work 
would be 100 pounds of lead and 16 gallons of oil. 

One gallon priming color will cover 50 superficial yards; white 
zinc, 50 yds.; white paint, 44 yds.; lead color, 50 yds.; black paint, 
50 yds.; stone color, 44 yds.; yellow paint, 44 yds.; blue color, 45 
yds.; green paint, 45 yds.; bright emerald green, 25 yds.; bronze 
green, 75 yds. 

One pound of paint will cover about 4 superficial yards the 
first coat, and about 6 each additional coat. One pound of putty, 
for stopping, every 20 yards. One gallon of tar and 1 lb. of pitch 
will cover 12 yards superficial the first coat, and 17 yards each 
additional coat. A square yard of new brick wall requires, for the 
first coat of paint in oil, % lb.; for the second, 3 lbs.; for the 
third, 4 lbs. 

A day’s work on the outside of a building is 100 yards of first 
coat, and 80 yds. of either second or'third coat. An ordinary 
door, including casings, will, on both sides, make 8 to 10 yds. of 
painting, or about 5 yds. to a door without the casings. An or¬ 
dinary window makes about 2% or 3 yds. 

Window Glass is sold by the box, which contains, as nearly 
as possible, 50 sq. ft., whatever the size of the panes.* The thick¬ 
ness of ordinary, or “single thick” window glass is about one- 
sixteenth of an inch, and of “double thick” nearly ^ in. The 
tensile strength of common glass varies from 2,000 to 3,000 lbs. 
per sq. in., and its crushing strength from 6,000 to 10,000 lbs. 

Where Skylights are glazed with clear or double thick glass, 
it may be used in lengths of from 16 to 30 in. by a width of from 
9 to 15 in. A lap of at least an inch and a half is necessary for 
all joints. This is the cheapest mode of glazing. The best, 
however, for skylight purposes is fluted or rough plate glass. 
The following thicknesses are recommended as proportionate to 
sizes: 12x48, 3-16 in.; 15x60, 3^ i n 'i 20x100, % in*94x156, % in. 

Polished French plate window glass, which is the 
highest grade of window glass in the market, may be obtained 
in lights ranging in size from one inch square upwards. Owing 
to the extra^cost of rolling large lights the price of these per 
square foot is sometimes double that of smaller lights. 

Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of 
things unseen.—N ew Testament. 

252 




PANES OF WINDOW GLASS IN A BOX OF 50 FEET. 


Size, 

in inches. 

Panes 

in 

box. 

Size, 

in inches. 

Panes 

in 

box. 

Size, 

in inches. 

Panes 

in 

box. 

Size, 

in inches. 

Panes 

in 

box. 

6 x8 

150 

12x19 

32 

16x20 

23 

24 x 44 

7 

7x9 

115 

12 x20 

30 

16 x 22 

20 

24x50 

6 

8 x10 

90 

12 x 21 

29 

16 x 24 

19 

24x56 

5 

8 x11 

82 

12 x22 

27 

16 x 30 

15 

26x36 

8 

8 x12 

75 

12x23 

26 

16x36 

12 

26x40 

7 

9x10 

80 

12 x 24 

25 

16 x40 

11 

26x48 

6 

9x11 

72 

13x14 

40 

18x20 

20 

26 x 54 

5 

9x12 

67 

13 x 15 

37 

18x22 

18 

28x34 

8 

9x13 

62 

13x16 

35 

18x24 

17 

28x40 

6 

9x14 

57 

13 x 17 

33 

18x26 

15 

28x46 

6 

9 x 15 

53 

13 x 18 

31 

18x34 

12 

28x50 

5 

9x16 

50 

13x19 

29 

18x36 

11 

30x40 

6 

10 x10 

72 

13 x 20 

28 

18x40 

10 

30x44 

4 

10 x12 

60 

13x21 

26 

18x44 

9 

30x48 

5 

10x13 

55 

13x22 

25 

20 x22 

16 

30x54 

5 

10x14 

52 

13x24 

23 

20 x 24 

15 

32x42 

5 

10 x 15 

48 

14 x 15 

34 

20x25 

14 

32x44 

5 

10x16 

45 

14 x 16 

32 

20x26 

14 

32x46 

5 

10x17 

42 

14x18 

29 

20x28 

13 

32x48 

5 

10x18 

40 

14x19 

27 

20x30 

12 

32x50 

4 

11 x11 

59 

14 x 20 

26 

20x34 

11 

32x54 

4 

11 x 12 

55 

14 x 22 

23 

20x36 

10 

32 x56 

4 

11x13 

50 

14x24 

22 

20 x 40 

9 

32x60 

4 

11 x 14 

47 

14x28 

19 

20x44 

8 

34x40 

5 

11x15 

44 

14x32 

16 

20 x 50 

7 

34 x 44 

5 

11 x 16 

41 

14x36 

14 

22x24 

14 

34 x 46 

5 

11x17 

39 

14x10 

13 

22 x 26 

13 

34 x 50 

4 

11 x 18 

36 

15 xl6 

30 

22 x 28 

12 

34x52 

4 

12 x 12 

50 

15 x 18 

27 

22x36 

9 

34 x56 

4 

12x13 

46 

15x20 

24 

22x40 

8 

36 x 44 

5 

12x14 

43 

15x22 

22 

22x50 

7 

36 x 50 

4 

12x15 

40 

15 x 24 

20 

24x28 

11 

36 x 56 

4 

12 x 16 

38 

15x30 

16 

24x30 

10 

36 x 60 

3 

12x17 

35 

15 x 32 

15 

24x32 

10 

36x64 

3 

12x18 

33 

16x18 

25 

24x36 

9 

40x60 

3 


CARPENTERS’ WORK AND MEASURING. 


What is called Naked Flooring in carpentry are the joists 
which support the flooring boards and ceiling of a room. There 
are different kinds, but they may all be comprised in the three 
following—viz.: single joisted floors, double floors, and framed 
floors. 

A single joisted floor consists of only one series of joists; 
sometimes every third or fourth joist is made deeper,with ceiling 
joists nailed across at right angles. This is a good method, as 
ceilings stand better than when the laths are nailed to the joists 
alone. 

A double floor consists of binding, bridging, and ceiling joists; 
the binding joists are the chief support of the floor, and the 
bridging joists are nailed upon the upper side of them; the ceiling 

joists are either notched to the under side or framed between 

253 


























CARPENTERS' WORK AND MEASURING. 


with chased mortises. The best method is to notch them. 

Framed floors differ from double floors only in having the 
binding joists framed into large pieces of timber called 
girders. 

Single joisted floors, when the bearing exceeds ten feet, should 
be cross-bridged between the joists to prevent them from turning 
or twisting sideways, and also to stiffen the floor; when the 
bearing exceeds fifteen feet, two rows will be necessary, and so 
on, adding another row for each five feet bearing. 

Single joisting may be used to any extent for which timber 
can be got deep enough; but where it is desirable to have a per¬ 
fect ceiling, the bearing should not exceed 18 ft., nor the distance 
from center to center be more than 16 inches; otherwise the 
bearing for the laths become too long to produce good work. 

To find the depth of a joist, the length of bearing and the thick¬ 
ness being given— 

Rule. —Divide the square of the length in feet by the thick¬ 
ness in inches, and the cube root of the quotient, multiplied by 

2.2 for pine, or 2.3 for oak, will be the depth in inches. 

Example .—Suppose a joist whose bearing is 10 feet, and the 

thickness two inches, what will be the depth? 

Here ioX io=i oo? divided by 2, the thickness=50, the cube 
root of which is 3,684X2.2=8.i048=equals 8 inches, the depth. 

To find the scantlings of joists for different bearings from 5 
to 20 feet, at several thicknesses, refer to the table on following 
page. 

Girders are the chief support of a framed floor, and their 
depth is often limited by the size of the timber; therefore the 
method of finding the scantling may be divided in two 
cases— 

Cask i. —To find the depth of a girder when the length 
of bearing and thickness of girder are given. 

Rule .—Divide the square of the length in feet by the thick¬ 
ness in inches, and the cube root of the quotient, multiplied by 

4.2 for pine, or 4.34 for oak, will give the depth required in 
inches. 

Case 2.—To find the thickness when the length of bearing 
and depth are given. 

Rule .—Divide the square of the length in feet by the cube 01 
the depth in inches, and the quotient multiplied by 74 for pine, 
or by 82 for oak, will give the thickness in inches. 

In these rules the girders are supposed to be ten feet apart, 
and this distance should never be exceeded, but should the dis¬ 
tance apart be more or less than 10 feet, the thickness should be 
made proportionate thereto. 


254 


CA RPEN TER S’ WORK A ND ME A S UR TNG. 


1 Length of 1 
bearing in | 

| Feet. 

Thickness 

2 inches. 

Thickness 

2)4 inches. 

Thickness 

3 inches. 

Thickness 

inches. 

Thickness 

4 inches. 


£ £ 

.S 

£ J 

c 

,H a! 

£ £ 

e 

■e s 

c 

"" cn 
£ « 


ft o 

8* 1 

& c 

a. o 

ft 'o 


Q 5 

Q - 

Q ,S 

Q “ 

Q - S 

5 

534 

434 

4 K 

434 

4 

6 

5% 


5 

434 

434 

7 

63 I 

6 

&34 

534 

5 

8 

7 

634 

634 

5 % 

534 

9 

7 34 

6% 

634 . 

6 

5 % 

10 

8 

734 

7 

634 

634 

11 

m 

8 

734 

7 

634 

12 

9>£ 

834 

8 

734 

734 

13 

9M- 

9 

834 

8 

734 

14 

10 

9)4 

9 

834 

8 

15 

10)4 

9% 

9 34 

834 

834 

16 

11 ~ 

1034 

934 

934 

8 % 

17 

11>4 

1034 

1034 

934 

934 

18 

12 

H34 

1034 

10 

934 

19 

12 34 

H34 

1054 

1034 

10 

20 

13 

12 

H34- 

1034 

1034 


When the breadth of girders is considerable it is an excellent 
method to saw them down the middle and bolt them together, 
with the sawn sides outward. 

Partitions unsupported from underneath the floors should be 
supported from the walls by means of a simple truss. This can 
be made by setting two pieces of scantling into the walls on 
either side at the floor to abut against each other at the ceiling 
or against a collar-beam over the doors. This plan will obviate 
the sinking of floors so often seen under partitions. 


Weight of Lumber, Etc., Dry. 

Flooring —Dressed and matched, per 1,000 ft 

Siding —Dressed per 1,000 ft. 

Ceiling — % inch thick, per 1,000 ft. 

U 1/ U U U £( 

72 . 

Boards —Dressed one side, per 1,000 ft. 

and dimensions, rough, per 1,000 ft. . 

Shingles— per 1,000. 

Lath— per 1,000 pieces . 

Pickets —Dressed, per 1,000 pieces. 

“ Rough, per 1,000 pieces. 

255 


1,800 lbs, 
800 “ 
800 “ 
900 “ 
2,100 “ 
2,500 “ 
250 “ 
500 “ 
1,800 “ 
2,500 “ 



























WEAR AND TEAR OF BUILDING MATERIALS. 

The figures given below are averages deduced from replies 
made bj eighty-three competent builders in twenty-seven cities 
and towns of Western States: 


Material in 

Buildings. 

Frame 

Dwellings. 

Brick 
Dwellings. 
(Shingle roof) 

Frame 

Stores. 

Brick Stores. 
(Shingle roof) 

I Average Life, years. 

1 

Percentage of Depre¬ 
ciation per Annum. 

Average Life, years. 

Percentage of Depre¬ 

ciation per Annum. 

Average Life, years. 

Percentage of Depre¬ 

ciation per Annum. 

Average Life, years. 

Percentage of Depre¬ 

ciation per Annum, 

Brick. 



75 

i H 



66 

IK 

Plastering. 

20 

5 

30 

3 K 

16 

6 

30 

3 K 

Painting, outside.. . . 

5 

20 

7 

14 

5 

20 

6 

16 

Painting, inside. 

7 

14 

7 < 

14 

5 

20 

6 

16 

Shingles. 

16 

6 

16 

6 

16 

6 

16 

6 

Cornice. 

40 

2 K 

40 

2^ 

30 

3 K 

40 

2 K 

Weather-boarding .. 

30 

3 K 



30 

3 K 



Sheathing. 

50 

2 

50 

2 

40 

2 K 

50 

*2 

Flooring. 

20 

5 

20 

5 

13 

8 

13 

8 

Doors, complete.. . 

30 

3K 

30 

3K 

25 

4 

30 

3 K 

Windows, complete. 

30 

3K 

30 

3 X 

25 

4 

30 

3 K 

Stairs and newel... . 

30 

3 X 

30 

3M 

20 

5 

20 

5 

Base. 

40 

2 K 

40 

2K 

30 

3K 

30 

3K 

Inside blinds. 

30 

3K 

30 

3K 

30 

3 K 

30 

3K 

Building hardware.. 

20 

5 

20 

5 

13 

8 

13 

8 

Piazzas and porches. 

20 

5 

20 

5 

20 

5 

20 

5 

Outside blinds .... 

16 

6 

16 

6 

16 

6 

16 

6 

Sills and first-floor 









joints . 

25 

4 

40 

2K 

25 

4 

30 

3K 

Dimension lumber. . 

50 

2 - 

75 


40 

2K 

66 

IK 


In Java the “Valley of the Upas Tree” is sometimes called 
the “Valley of Death,” and its deadly influence was formerly 
ascribed to the malignant properties of a peculiar vegetable pro¬ 
duction of the island, called the “ upas tree,” which especially 
flourishes in this locality. Recent travelers, however, declare 
that accounts of the fatality attending a passage of this famous 
valley have been greatly exaggerated. 

A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and 
ea* of ^e fish that hath fed of that worm.— Shakespeare. 

256 





























Sizes of Chairs and Desks for Schools. 

Desks for Single Scholar, 2 ft. long ; For Two Scholars, 3 ft. 10 in. 


Age of Scholar. 

Height of Chair. 

Height of Desk 
(next scholar). 

Space Occupied by 
Desk and Chair. 

16 to 18 vears. 

16% inches. 

29% inches. 

2 feet 9 inches. 

14 to 16 

44 

15% 

(4 

28 

2 

44 

9 

44 

12 to 14 

u 

15% 

44 

27% “ 

2 

44 

8 

44 

10 to 12 

a 

14% 

44 

26% “ 

2 

44 

7 

44 

8 to 10 

u 

13% 

44 

25% “ 

2 

44 

5 

44 

7 to 8 

<( 

12 % 

44 

24 “ 

2 

44 

4 

44 

6 to 7 

u 

H% 

44 

22 % “ 

2 

44 

3 

44 

5 to 6 

(4 

10 % 

44 

21 “ 

2 

44 

2 

44 

4 to 5 

44 

9% 

44 

19 “ 

2 

44 

0 

44 


WEIGHT OF FLOORS, AND THE LOAD UPON SAME. 

The dead weight of a fire-proof floor will average for the 
arches, concrete, plastering and flooring, 70 lbs. per sq. foot. The 
live weight, equal to a dense crowd of people, 80 lbs. per sq. 
foot, or a total for an office building of 150 lbs. per sq. foot. 

The following loads are exclusive of weight of arches and 
beams: 

Dense crowd of people. 80 lbs. per sq. foot 

For floors of houses. 50 “ “ “ “ 

Theaters and churches. 80 “ “ “ “ 

Ball rooms. 90 “ “ “ “ 

Ware houses. .250 “ “ “ “ 

Factories. 200 to 450 “ “ “ “ 

Snow 30 inches deep. , .. 15 “ “ “ “ 

Brick walls.112 “ “ cubic “ 

Stone (Chicago lime stone, dressed).160 “ “ “ “ 

The dead weight of a wooden floor, including wood joists: 
Double flooring and plastering will average .25 lbs. per sq. foot 

If deafened..35 “ “ “ “ 

Stud partition of wood plastered each side. . .20 “ “ “ “ 

In estimating the weight of a flat ceiling and roof it will be 
safe to assume the following: 

Ceiling of wooden construction. 15 lbs per sq. foot. 

Ceiling of iron construction.25 to 65 “ “ “ “ 

Roof of wooden construction. 45 “ “ “ “ 

Roof of iron construction . 65 to 100 “ u “ “ 

The weight of roof includes the wind pressure and snow. 
Strength of Piers.—G ranite will sustain 40 tons per sq. 
ft.; Berea (sand stone), 30 tons per sq. ft.; limestone (mag¬ 
nesium), 29 tons per sq. ft.; Portland (sand stone), 13 tons per sq. 
ft.; brick in cement, 3 tons per sq. ft.; rubble masonrv, 2 tons per 
sq. ft.; lime, cement foundation, 2 % tons per sq. ft. 

257 

























WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS. 

Weight of Stones. —Granite, (averages) per cubic foot, 170 
lbs.; limestone (magnesium), 144 lbs.; Berea (sand stone), 140 
lbs.; free stone, 140 lbs.; gypsum, natural state, 140 lbs. 

One ton of vein marble is 13 cubic feet; of statuary marble, 
13 %; granite, 13 )^; of Berea stone, 14 ^ 3 ; of limestone, mag¬ 
nesium, 13 %. 

Weight of Masonry. —Granite, per cubic foot, 160 lbs.; 
of Berea stone range, 140 ; of limestone rubble, 140 ; of brick, 
dry, 115 ; of brick, dry (press), 130 ; of brick, dry (fire), 150 ; of 
brick masonry in mortar, no; of brick masonry cement, 112 . 

Weight of Marble Slabs. —One-half inch thick, per sq. 
foot, 7.17 lbs.; % inch thick, 10 . 75 ; 1 * nc h thick, 14 . 32 ; 1 ^ inch 
thick, 17 . 92 ; 1 % inch thick, 21 . 05 ; 1 % inch thick, 25 . 08 ; 2 inch 
thick, 28 . 67 ; 2 }^ inch thick, 35 . 83 . 

Cement and Lime. —One bushel of Portland cement weighs 
96 lbs.; of Rosendale, 70 ; of Louisville, 62 ; of quick lime well 
shaken, 80 ; of quick lime, loose, 70 . 

Iron and Wood. —One cubic foot of wrought iron weighs 
480 lbs.; of cast iron, 450 ; of oak (seasoned), 48 ; of pine (sea¬ 
soned), 36 . 

Coal. —One bushel of Anthracite weighs 86 lbs.; of Bitumin¬ 
ous, 80 ; of coke (Connellsville), 40 ; of charcoal (hardwood) 30 . 

Miscellaneous Weights. —Per cubic foot: Ordinary quick 
lime, 53 lbs.; old mortar, 90 ; new mortar, well tempered, 115 ; 
new mortar, no; river sand (average), 107 ; river sand (screened), 
95 ; clay with gravel, 130 ; earth—vegetable, 90 ; earth—loamy, 
100 ; earth—semi fluid, no. 


San Marino, in Italy, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, is the 
oldest Republic in the world. It is, next to Monaco, the smallest 
State in Europe. The exact date of the establishment of this 
Republic is not known, but according to tradition, it was in the 
fourth century, by Marinus, a Dalmatian hermit, and has ever 
since remained independent. It is mountainous, and contains 
four or five villages. The word “liberty” is inscribed on its 
capitol. 

Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the 
price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know 
not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty 
or give me death!— Patrick Henry. 

Thb law is a sort of hocus-pocus science, that smiles in yer 
face while it picks yer pocket; and the glorious uncertainty of it 
is of mair use to the professors than the justice of it.— Macklin. 

Knowledge is of two kinds: we know a subject ourselves or 
we know where we can find information upon it. — Johnson , 

256 



Crushing and Tensile Strength, in Lbs., per Sq. Inch 
of Natural and Artificial Stones. 


DESCRIPTION. 

Weight 

per 

Cubic ft. 
in lbs. 

Crushing Force. 
Lbs. per 
Square Inch. 

Aberdeen Blue Granite. 

164 

S.400 to 10,914 
15,300 
3,522 
1,088 
3,319 

5,340 

17,000 

18,941 

12,624 

10,382 

3,216 

9,681 

9,300 

808 

Quincy Granite. 

166 

Freestone, Belleville. 

Freestone, Caen. 


Freestone, Connecticut. 


Sandstone, Acquia Creek, used for Capi¬ 
tol, Washington. 


Limestone, Magnesian, Grafton, Ill. 


Marble, Hastings, N. Y. 


Marble, Italian.. 


Marble, Stockbridge, City Hall, N. Y.. . 


Marble, Statuary.. 


Marble, Veined.. 

165 

Slate . 

Brick, Red ... 

135.5 

Brick, Pale Red. 

130.3 

562 

Brick, Common . 

800 to 4,000 
6,222 to 14,216 
2,177 

521 

Brick, Machine Pressed. 


Brick, Stock.. ... . 


Brick-work, set in Cement, bricks not very 
hard . 


Brick, Masonry, Common. 


500 to 800 

Cement, Portland.. 


1,000 to 8,300 
1.280 

Cement, Portland, Cement 1, Sand 1.... 


Cement, Roman. 


342 

Mortar . 


120 to 240 

Crown Glass. 


31,000 

TENSION. 

427 to 711 

Portland Cement . 


Portland Cement, with Sand . 


92 to 284 

Glass, Plate . 


9,420 

50 

Mortar . 


Plaster of Paris. 


72 

Slate . 


11,000 




Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free 
to combat it.— Thomas Jefferson. 

Virtue is like precious odors, most fragrant when they are 
incensed or crushed.— Lord Bacon. 

259 











































WEIGHT OF CAST IRON COLUMNS. 

PER LINEAL FOOT OF PLAIN SHAFT. 


THICKNESS OF METAL. 


d 


p 


3 

% in - 

%in. 

% in- 

%in. 

%in. 

14, in. 

2 

4.3 

6.0 

7.4 

8.4 

9.2 

9.7 

2 % 

5.5 

7.8 

9.8 

11.5 

12.9 

14.0 

3 

6.8 

9.7 

12.3 

14.6 

16.6 

18.3 

3% 

8.0 

11.5 

14.7 

17.6 

20.3 

22.6 

4 

9.2 

13.3 

17.2 

20.7 

23.9 

26.8 

4% 

10.4 

15.2 

19.6 

23.8 

27.6 

31.1 

5 

11.7 

17.0 

22.1 

26.9 

31.3 

35.4 

5% 

12.9 

18.9 

24.5 

29.9 

35.0 

39.7 

6 

14.1 

20.7 

27.8 

33.0 

38.7 

44.0 

6 % 

15.3 

22.6 

29.5 

36.1 

42.3 

48.3 

7 

16.6 

24.4 

31.9 

39.1 

46.0 

52.6 

714 

17.8 

26.2 

34.4 

42.2 

49.7 

56.9 

8 

19.0 

28.1 

36.8 

45.3 

53.4 

61.2 

8 % 

20.2 

29.9 

39.3 

48.3 

57.1 

65.5 

9 

21.5 

31.8 

41.7 

51.4 

60.8 

69.8 

9% 

22.7 

33.6 

44.2 

54.5 

64.4 

74.1 

10 

23.9 

35.4 

46.6 

57.5 

68.1 

78.4 

10 % 

25.2 

37.3 

49.1 

60.6 

71.8 

82.7 

11 

26.4 

39.1 

51.6 

63.7 

75.5 

87.0 

HA 

27.6 

41.0 

54.8 

66.7 

79.2 

91.3 

12 

28.8 

42.8 

56.5 

69.8 

82.8 

95.6 

12 % 


44.6 

58.9 

72.9 

86.5 

99.9 

13 


46.5 

61.4 

75.9 

90.2 

104.2 

13% 



63.8 

79.0 

93 9 

108.5 

14 



66 3 

82 1 

97 6 

112 8 

14% 



68.7 

85.2 

101.2 

117.0 

15 



71.2 

88 2 

104 9 

121.3 

16 



76.1 

94.3 

112.3 

129.9 

17 



81.0 

100 5 

119 7 

138 5 

18 



85.9 

106.6 

127 0 

147 1 

19 



90 8 

112 8 

134 4 

155 7 

20 



95.7 

118.9 

141.7 

164.3 


1 in. 

l%in. 

l%in. 

l%in. 

l%in. 

2 in. 

9 8 






14.7 






19 6 






24.6 






29.5 






34.4 

37 3 

39.9 




39.3 

42 8 

46 0 




44 2 

48 3 

52 2 




49 1 

53 9 

58 3 




54.0 

59.4 

64.4 




58 9 

64 9 

70.6 

81.0 



63.8 

70.4 

76.7 

88.4 

. 

. 

68.7 

75 9 

82.8 

95.7 



73.6 

81.5 

89.0 

103.1 



78.5 

87.0 

95.1 

110.5 



83.5 

92.5 

101.2 

117.8 

133.2 


88.4 

98.0 

107.4 

125.2 

141.7 

157.1 

93.3 

103.5 

113.5 

132.5 

150.3 

166.9 

98.2 

109.1 

119.7 

139.9 

158.9 

176.7 

103.1 

114.6 

125.8 

147.3 

167.5 

186.5 

108.0 

120.1 

131.9 

154.6 

176.1 

196.3 

112.9 

125.6 

138.1 

162.0 

184.7 

206.2 

117.8 

131.2 

144.2 

169.4 

193.3 

216.0 

122.7 

136.7 

150.3 

176.7 

201.9 

225.8 

127.6 

142.2 

156.5 

184.1 

210.5 

235.6 

132.5 

147.7 

162.6 

191.4 

219.1 

245.4 

137.5 

153.2 

168.7 

198.8 

227.6 

255.2 

147.3 

164.3 

181.0 

213.5 

244.8 

274.9 

157.1 

175.3 

193.3 

228.3 

262.0 

294.5 

166.9 

186.4 

205.6 

243.0 

279.2 

314.1 

176.7 

197.4 

217.8 

257.7 

296.4 

333.8 

186.5 

208.5 

230.1 

274.4 

313.5 

353.4 


Increase in Weight for 1-2 In. Increase in Diameter. 


% in. 

%' n - 

% in- 

%in. 

% in- 

14 in- 

1 in. 

l%in. 

1 % in- 

1 % in- 

l^in. 

2 in. 

1.2 

1.8 

2.5 

3.1 

3.7 

4.3 

4.9 

5.5 

6.1 

7.4 

8.6 

9.8 


260 


































































WEIGHT OF CAST IKON BALES. 


Diameter, 

Inches. 

Weight, 

Lbs. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

Weight, 

Lbs. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

Weight, 

Lbs. 

2 

1.09 

5 

17.04 

8 

69.81 

2K 

2.13 


22.68 

8)4 

83.73 

3 

3.68 

6 

29.45 

9 

99.40 

3^ 

5.84 

6^ 

37.44 

10 

136.35 

4 

8.73 

7 

46.76 

11 

181.48 

4K 

12 42 

7^ 

57.52 

12 

235.65 


To Find the Weight of Cast Iron Balls When the 
Diameter is Given— Rule: Multiply the cube of the diameter 
by -1377- 

To Find the Diameter of Cast Iron Balls When the 
Weight is Given— Rule: Multiply the cube root of the weight 
by 1 . 936 . 

To Find the Weight of a Spherical Shell— From the 
weight of a ball of the outer diameter subtract the weight of one 
of the inner diameter. 

Cast Iron—Assumed Weight in Estimating 
A cubic foot ..... z= 450 lbs. 

A square foot, 1 inch thick . . . . == 38 “ 

A bar 1 inch square and 1 foot long . . = 3.125 “ 

TABLE OF WEIGHT FEB LINEAL FOOT OF ROUND 
CAST IRON. 


Diameter, 

Inches. 

W eight. 
Lbs. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

Weight, 

Lbs. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

Weight, 

Lbs. 

1 

2.45 

5 

61.36 

9 

198.80 

ix 

3.84 

5 X 

67.65 

9 % 

221.51 

1 % 

5.52 

zy 2 

74.25 

10 

245.44 

m 

7.52 


81.15 

ioy 

270.60 

2 

9.82 

6 

88.36 

11 

296 98 

2 H 

12.43 

6 X 

95.87 

ny 

324.59 

2 % 

15.34 


103.70 

12 

353.43 

2 % 

18.56 

6 % 

111.83 

13 

414.79 

3 

22 09 

7 

120.26 

14 

481.06 

3% 

25.92 

7 X 

129.01 

15 

552.23 

3 % 

30.07 

7 X 

138.06 

16 

628.32 

3 y A 

34.52 

7% 

147.42 

17 

709.31 

4 

39.27 

8 

157.08 

18 

795.22 

4M 

44.33 

m 

' 167.05 

20 

981.75 

4 % 

49.70 

8 % 

177.33 

22 

1187.92 

4 X 

55.38 

8. K 

187.91 

24 

1413.72 


261 
































Rules for Obtaining Approximate Weight of Cast Iron. 

Square of diameter multiplied by 2.46 equals weight of cast 
iron round bar 1 foot long. 

To ascertain weight of cast iron columns or pipe subtract 
weight of inside diameter of shell from weight of outside diame¬ 
ter. 

Square of the diameter divided by 5 equals approximately the 
weight of a circular cast iron plate 1 inch thick. 

Rules for Obtaining Approximate Weight of Wrought Iron. 

For Round Bars— Rule: Multiply the square of the diame¬ 
ter in inches by the length in feet, and that product by 2 . 6 . The 
product will be the weight in pounds, nearly. 

For Square and Flat Wrought Bars— Ru,e: Multiply 
the area of the end of the bar in inches by the length in feet, 
and that by 3 . 32 . The product will be the weight in pounds, 
nearly. 

To find the sectional area of a bar of wrought iron, given the 
weight per foot, multiply by 3 and divide by 10 . 

To find the weight per foot, given the area, divide by 3 and 
multiply by 10 . 

To Convert Weight of 


Wrought Iron into Cast Iron 

. X 0.928 

44 44 

“ Steel 

X 1014 

<4 44 

“ Zinc . 

. X 0.918 

44 44 

“ Brass 

X 1-082 

44 44 

“ Copper 

. X 1144 

44 44 

“ Lead 

X 1-468 

Square Iron into Round 

. x .7854 


Decimal Approximations Useful in Calculations, 


Cubic inches, X 

.267 

= 

lbs. average cast iron. 

44 

44 

X 

.281 

= 

44 44 

wrought iron. 

44 

44 

X 

.283 

— 

44 44 

cast steel. 

44 

44 

X 

.3225 

= 

44 44 

copper. 

44 

44 

X 

.3037 

= 

44 44 

brass. 

44 

44 

X 

.2G 

== 

44 44 

zinc. 

44 

44 

X 

.4103 

= 

44 44 

lead. 

44 

44 

X 

.2636 

= 

44 44 

tin. 

44 

44 

X 

.4908 

= 

44 44 

mercury. 

Cylin. 

44 

X 

.2065 

= 

44 44 

cast iron. 

44 

44 

X 

.2168 

= 

44 44 

wrought iron. 

44 

44 

X 

.2223 

= 

44 44 

cast steel. 

44 

44 

X 

.2533 

= 

44 44 

copper. 

44 

44 

X 

.2385 

== 

44 44 

brass. 

44 

44 

X 

.2042 

= 

44 44 

zinc. 

44 

44 

X 

.3223 

= 

44 44 

lead. 

44 

44 

X 

.207 

= 

44 44 

tin. 

44 

44 

X 

.3854 

= 

44 44 

262 

mercury. 


Weight of a Lineal Foot of Flat Bar Iron, in Lbs. 

BIRMINGHAM GAUGE. 


Breadth in 


THICKNESS IN FRACTIONS OF INCHES. 


Inches . 

14 

5-16 

% 

7-16 


% 

*A 

Vs 

1 

1 

.83 

1.04 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.34 

VA 

.93 

1.17 

1.40 

1.64 

1.87 

2.34 

2.81 

3.28 

3.75 

va 

1.04 

1.30 

1.56 

1.82 

2.08 

2.60 

3.13 

3.65 

4.17 

1% 

1.14 

1.43 

1.72 

2.00 

2.29 

2.87 

3.44 

4.01 

4.59 

1/4 

1.25 

1.56 

1 . 87 ' 

2.19 

2.50 

3.13 

3.75 

4.38 

5.00 


1.35 

1.69 

2.03 

2.37 

2.71 

3.39 

4.07 

4.70 

5.43 

l 3 A 

1.46 

1.82 

2.19 

2.55 

2.92 

3.65 

4.38 

5.11 

5.84 

lVs 

1.56 

1.95 

2.34 

2.74 

3.13 

3.91 

4.69 

5.47 

6.26 

2 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.34 

4.17 

5.01 

5.86 

6.68 

2 }/a 

1.77 

2.21 

2.66 

3.10 

3.55 

4.43 

5.32 

6.21 

7.10 

2% 

1.87 

2.34 

2.81 

3.28 

3.76 

4.69 

5.63 

6.57 

7.52 

2% 

1.93 

2.47 

2.97 

3.47 

3.96 

4.95 

5.95 

6.94 

7.93 

2 l A 

2.03 

2.60 

3.13 

3.65 

4.17 

5.21 

6.26 

7.30 

8.35 

2% 

2.19 

2.74 

3.28 

3.83 

4.38 

5.47 

6.57 

7.67 

8.77 

2% 

2.29 

2.87 

3.44 

4.01 

4.59 

5.74 

6.88 

8.03 

9.18 

% V s 

2.40 

3.00 

3.60 

4.20 

4.80 

6.00 

7.20 

8.40 

9.60 

3 

2.50 

3.13 

3.75 

4.38 

5.01 

6.26 

7.51 

8.76 

10.02 


2.71 

3.39 

4.07 

4.74 

5.43 

6.78 

8.14 

9.49 

10.86 

3/1 

2.92 

3.65 

4.38 

5.11 

5.84 

7.30 

8.76 

10.23 

11.69 

3% 

3.13 

3.91 

4.68 

5.47 

6.26 

7.82 

9.39 

10.95 

12.52 

4 

3.34 

4.17 

5.00 

5.84 

6.68 

8.35 

10.02 

11.69 

13.36 

4 % 

3.54 

4.43 

5.32 

6.21 

7.09 

8.87 

10.64 

12.42 

14.19 

i l A 

3.75 

4.69 

5.63 

6.57 

7.51 

9.39 

11.27 

13.15 

15.03 

i 3 A 

4.06 

4.95 

5.94 

6.94 

7.93 

9.91 

11.89 

13.88 

15.86 

5 

4.17 

5.21 

6.26 

7.30 

8.35 

10.44 

12.52 

14.61 

16.70 

5/4 

4.38 

5.47 

6.57 

7.67 

8.76 

11.06 

13.14 

15.34 

17.53 

5/4 

4.59 

5.73 

6.88 

8.03 

9.18 

11.48 

13.77 

16.07 

18.37 

5 % 

4.80 

6.00 

7.20 

8.40 

9.60 

12.00 

14.40 

16.80 

19.20 

6 

5.01 

6.25 

7.51 

8.76 

10.02 

12.53 

15.03 

17.53 

20.05 


Wrought Iron, Assumed Weight. 
A cubic foot ..... 

A square foot, i inch thick 
A bar i inch square, i foot long . 

A “ i “ “ i yard long 


= 480 lbs. 
= 40 “ 



GAUGES AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS. 


No. 27, 

equal to inch. 

No. 12, 

equal to 

g^r inch. 

“ 21, 

46 

“ 72 ** 

“ 10, 

tt a 

1 ? tt 

78 

“ 18, 

46 

“ * “ 

“ 8, 

tt tt 

n tt 

61 

“ 16, 

64 

“ tV “ 

“ ■ 6 , 

it it 

A “ 

“ 14, 

46 

“ & “ 

“ 5, 

« (( 

A “ 

“ 13, 

64 

“ 3 8 2 “ 

“ 4, 

(( it 

“ 


Truth is as impossible to be soiled by any outward touch as 
the sunbeam .—Lord Bacon . 


263 





















AMERICAN AND BIRMINGHAM WIRE GAUGES. 
THICKNESS IN INCHES. 

Has well. 


Gauge. 

Thickness 

American 

Gauge. 

Thickness 

Birmingham 

Gauge. 

Gauge. 

Thickness 

American 

Gauge’. 

Thickness 

Birmingham 

Gauge. 

0000 

.46 

.454 

17 

.0452 

.058 

000 

.4096 

.425 

18 

.0403 

.049 

00 

.3648 

.38 

19 

.0359 

.042 

0 

.3248 

.34 

20 

.0319 

.035 

1 

.2893 

.30 

21 

.0284 

.032 

2 

.2576 

.284 

22 

.0253 

.028 

3 

.2294 

.259 

23 

0225 

.025 

4 

.2043 

.238 

24 

.0201 

.022 

5 

.1819 

.22 

25 

.0179 

.02 

6 

.1620 

.203 

26 

.0160 

018 

7 

.1443 

.18 

27 

.0142 

.016 

8 

.1285 

.165 

28 

.0126 

.014 

9 

.1144 

.148 

29 

.0112 

.013 

10 

.1019 

.134 

30 

.01 

.012 

11 

.0907 

.12 

31 

.0089 

.01 

12 

.0808 

.109 

32 

0079 

.009 

13 

.0719 

.095 

33 

.007 

.008 

14 

.0641 

.083 

34 

.0063 

007 

15 

.057 

.072 

35 

.0056 

.005 

16 

.0508 

.065 

36 

005 

.004 


The Area of a Circle. 

Of all plane figures, the circle is the most capacious, or has the 
greatest area within the same limits. It is geometrically demon¬ 
strable that it has the same area as a right-angled triangle with 
a base equal to its circumference, and a perpendicular equal to 
its radius, that is, half the product of the radius and circumfer¬ 
ence. It is obviously larger than any figure, of however many 
sides, inscribed within its perimeter, and smaller than any cir¬ 
cumscribed polygon. As a result of laborious calculations on 
this basis (pushed in one instance to 600 places of decimals with¬ 
out reaching the end), it has been ascertained that the ratio of 
the diameter to the circumference of any circle (sufficient) ex¬ 
act for all practical purposes), is as 1 : 3.1416 ( 3 . 141592653 -}-) or 
in whole numbers, approximately, as 7 : 22 , or more nearly as 
II 3 : 355- Hence, to find the circumference or diameter, the 
other quantity being known, multiply or divide by 3 . 1416 ; and to 
find the area, multiply half the diameter by half the circumfer¬ 
ence, or the square of the diameter by .7854 ( 3 . 1416 - 5 - 4 ). 

To find the surface of a globe, multiply the square* of 
the diameter by 3 . 1416 . 

To find the solidity of a globe, multiply the cube of the 
diameter by . 5236 . [ 264] 
















AREAS OF CIRCLES 

Advancing by eighths. 


AREAS. 


E 

CJ 

5 

0 

Vs 

l A 

% 

Vi 

% 

% 

% 

0 

.0 

.0122 

.0490 

.1104 

.1963 

.3068 

.4417 

.6013 

l 

.7854 

.9940 

*1.227 

1.484 

1.767 

2.073 

2.405 

2.761 

2 

3.1416 

3.546 

3.976 

4.430 

4.908 

5.411 

5.939 

64.91 

3 

7.068 

7.669 

8.295 

8.946 

9.621 

10.32 

11.04 

11.79 

4 

12.56 

13.36 

14.18 

15.03 

15.90 

16.80 

17.72 

18.66 

5 

19.63 

20.62 

21.64 

22.69 

23.75 

24.85 

25.96 

27.10 

6 

28.27 

29.46 

30.67 

31.91 

33.18 

34.47 

35.78 

37.12 

7 

38.48 

39.87 

41.28 

42.71 

44.17 

45.66 

47.17 

48.70 

8 

50.26 

51.84 

53.45 

55.08 

56.74 

58.42 

60.13 

61.86 

9 

63.61 

65.39 

67.20 

69.02 

70.88 

72.75 

74.69 

76.58 

10 

78.54 

80.51 

82.51 

84.54 

86.59 

88 66 

90.76 

92.88 

11 

95.03 

97.20 

99.40 

101.6 

103.8 

106.1 

108.4 

110.7 

12 

113.0 

115.4 

117.8 

120.2 

122.7 

125.1 

127.6 

130.1 

13 

132.7 

135.2 

137.8 

140.5 

143.1 

145.8 

148.4 

151.2 

14 

153.9 

156.6 

159.4 

162.2 

165.1 

167.9 

170.8 

173.7 

15 

176.7 

179 6 

182.6 

185.6 

188.6 

191.7 

194.8 

197.9 

16 

201.0 

204.2 

207.3 

210.5 

213.8 

217.0 

220.3 

223.6 

17 

226.9 

230.3 

233.7 

237.1 

240.5 

243.9 

247.4 

250.9 

18 

254.4 

258.0 

261.5 

265.1 

268.8 

272.4 

276.1 

279.8 

19 

283.5 

287.2 

291.0 

294.8 

298.8 

302.4 

306.3 

310.2 

20 

314.1 

318.1 

322.0 

326.0 

330.0 

334.1 

338.1 

342.2 

21 

346.3 

350.4 

354.6 

358.8 

363.0 

367.2 

371.5 

375.8 

22 

380.1 

384.4 

388.8 

393.2 

397.6 

402.0 

406.4 

410.9 

23 

415.4 

420.0 

424.5 

429.1 

433.7 

438.3 

443.0 

447-6 

24 

452.3 

457.1 

461.8 

466.6 

471.4 

476.2 

481.1 

485.9 

25 

490.8 

495.7 

500.7 

505.7 

510.7 

515.7 

520.7 

525.8 

26 

530.9 

536.0 

541.1 

546.3 

551.5 

556.7 

562.0 

567.2 

27 

572.5 

577.8 

583.2 

588.5 

593.9 

599.3 

604.8 

610.2 

28 

615.7 

621.2 

626.7 

632.3 

637.9 

643.5 

649.1 

654.8 

29 

660.5 

666.2 

671.9 

677.7 

683.4 

689.2 

695.1 

700.9 

30 

706.8 

712.7 

718.6 

724.6 

730.6 

736.6 

742.6 

748.6 

31 

754.8 

760.9 

767.0 

773.1 

779.3 

785.5 

791.7 

798.0 

32 

804.3 

810.6 

816.9 

823.2 

829.6 

836.0 

842.4 

848.8 

33 

855.3 

861.8 

868.3 

874.9 , 

881.4 

888.0 

894.6 

901.3 

34 

907.9 

914.7 

921.3 

928.1 

934.8 

941.6 

948.4 

955.3 

35 

962.1 

969.0 

975.9 

982.8 

989.8 

996.8 

1003.8 

1010.8 

36 

1017.9 

1025.0 

1032.1 

1039.2 

1046.3 

1053.5 

1060.7 

1068.0 

37 

1075.2 

1082.5 

1089.8 

1097.1 

1104.5 

1111.8 

1119.2 

1126.7 

38 

1134.1 

1141.6 

1149.1 

1156.6 

1164.2 

1171.7 

1179.3 

1186.9 

39 

1194.6 

1202.3 

1210.0 

1217.7 

1225.4 

1233.2 

1241.0 

1248.8 

40 

1256.6 

1264.5 

1272.4 

1280.3 

1288.2 

1296.2 

1304.2 

1312.2 

41 

1320.3 

1328.3 

1336.4 

1344.5 

1352.7 

1360.8 

1369.0 

1377.2 

42 

1385.4 

1393.7 

1402.0 

1410.3 

1418.6 

1427.0 

1435.4 

1443.8 

43 

1452.2 

1460.7 

1469.1 

1477.6 

1486.2 

1494.7 

1503.3 

1511.9 

44 

1520.5 

1529.2 • 

1537.9 

1546.6 

1555.3 

1564.0 

1572.8 

1581.6 

45l 

1590.4 

1599.3 

1608.2 

1617.0 

1626.0 

1634.9 

1643.9 

1652.9 


265 

















CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES, 

Advancing by eighths. 


CIRCUMFERENCES. 


1 Diam. 

0 


14 

% 

'A 

by 

% 

% 

0 

.0 

.3927 

.7854 

1.178 

1.570 

1.963 

2.356 

2.748 1 

1 

3.141 

3.534 

3.927 

4.319 

4.712 

5.105 

5.497 

5.890 

2 

6.283 

6.675 

7.068 

7.461 

7.854 

8.246 

8.639 

9.032 

3 

9.424 

9.817 

10.21 

10.60 

10.99 

11.38 

11.78 

12.17 

4 

12.56 

12.95 

13.35 

13.74 

14.13 

14.52 

14.92 

15.31 

5 

15.70 

16.10 

16.49 

16.88 

17.27 

17.67 

18.06 

18.45 

6 

18.84 

19.24 

19.63 

20.02 

20.42 

20.81 

21.20 

21.59 

7 

21.99 

22.38 

22.77 

23.16 

23.56 

23.95 

24.34 

24.74 

8 

25.13 

25.52 

25.91 

26.31 

26.70 

27.09 

27.48 

27.88 

9 

28.27 

28 66 

29.05 

29.45 

29.84 

30.23 

30.63 

31.02 

10 

31.41 

31.80 

32.20 

32.59 

32.98 

33.37 

33.77 

34.16 

11 

34.55 

34.95 

35.34 

35.73 

36.12 

36.52 

36.91 

37.30 

12 

37.69 

38.69 

38.48 

38.87 

39.27 

39.66 

40.05 

40.44 

13 

40.84 

41.23 

41.62 

42.01 

42.41 

42.80 

43.19 

43.58 

14 

43.98 

44.37 

44.76 

45.16 

45.55 

45.94 

46.33 

46.73 

15 

47.12 

47.51 

47.90 

48.30 

48.69 

49.08 

49.48 

49.87 

16 

50.26 

50.65 

51.05 

51.44 

51.83 

52.22 

52.62 

53.01 

17 

53.40 

53.79 

64.19 

54.58 

54.97 

55.37 

55.76 

56.15 

18 

56.54 

56.94 

57.33 

57.72 

58.11 

58.51 

58.90 

59.29 

19 

• 59.69 

60.08 

60.47 

60.86 

61.26 

61.65 

62.04 

62.43 

20 

62.83 

63.22 

63.61 

64.01 

64.40 

64.79 

65.18 

65.58 

21 

65.97 

66.36 

66.75 

67.15 

67.54 

67.93 

68.32 

68.72 

22 

69.11 

69.50 

69.90 

70.29 

70.68 

71.07 

71.47 

71.86 

23 

72.25 

72.64 

73.04 

73.43 

73.82 

74.22 

74.61 

75.00 

24 

75.39 

75.79 

76.18 

76.57 

76.96 

77.36 

77.75 

78.14 

25 

78.54 

78.93 

79.32 

79.71 

80.10 

80.50 

80.89 

81.28 

26 

81.68 

82.07 

82.46 

82.85 

83.25 

83.64 

84.03 

84.43 

27 

84.82 

85.21 

85.60 

86.00 

86.39 

86.78 

87.17 

87.57 

28 

87.96 

88.35 

88.75 

89.14 

89.53 

89.92 

90.32 

90.71 

29 

91.10 

91.49 

91.89 

92.28 

92.67 

93.06 

93.46 

93.85 

30 

94.24 

94.64 

95.03 

95.42 

95.81 

96.21 

96.60 

96.99 

31 

97.39 

97.78 

98.17 

98.57 

98.96 

99.35 

99.75 

100.14 

32 

100.53 

100.92 

101.32 

101.71 

102.10 

102.49 

102.89 

103.29 

33 

103.67 

104.07 

104.46 

104.86 

105.24 

105.64 

106.03 

106.42 

34 

106.81 

107.21 

107.60 

107.99 

108.39 

108.78 

109.17 

109.56 

35 

109.96 

110.35 

110.74 

111.13 

111.53 

111.92 

112.31 

112.71 

36 

113.10 

113.49 

113.88 

114.28 

114.67 

115.06 

115.45 

115.85 

37 

116.24 

116.63 

117.02 

117.42 

117.81 

118.20 

118.61 

118.99 

38 

119.38 

119.77 

120.17 

120.56 

120.95 

121.34 

121.74 

122.13 

39 

122.52 

122.92 

123.31 

123.70 

124.09 

124.49 

124.88 

125.27 

40 

125.66 

126.06 

126.45 

126.84 

127.24 

127.63 

128.02 

128.41 

41 

128.81 

129.20 

127.59 

129.98 

130.38 

130.77 

131.16 

131.55 

42 

131.95 

132.34 

132.73 

133.13 

133.52 

133.91 

134.30 

134.70 

43 

135.09 

135.48 

135.87 

136.27 

136.66 

137.05 

137.45 

137.84 

44 

138.23 

138.62 

139.02 

139.41 

139.80 

140.19 

140.59 

140.98 

45 

141.37 

141.76 

142.16 

142.55 

142.94 

143.34 

143.73 

144.12 


266 

























Table of Decimal Equivalents ef 8ths. 16ths, 32nds 
and 64ths of an Inch. 


8ths. 

i = 125 
| = .250 
| = .375 
i = .500 
t — .625 
f = .750 
l- = .875 

1 6ths. 

A = 0625 
A = .1875 

A = 3125 

A — 4375 
T \ = .5625 
H = 6875 
if = .8125 
it = .9375 

32nds. 

A = .03125 

A = - 093 75 


A = 15625 
A = -21875 
A = .28125 
!! = .34375 
|§ = .40625 
if = .46875 
= .53125 
if = .59375 
|i = .65625 
If = .71875 
|f'= .78125 
|f = .84375 
|f = .90625 
|| = .96875 

64ths. 

A = .015625 
A = .046875 
A = .078125 
A = .109375 
A = 140625 
|| = .171875 
|f = .203125 
|f = .234375 


|f == .265625 
|f = .296875 
|| = .328125 
|f =: .359375 
|f == .390625 
|f = .421875 
|f = .453125 
|| = .484375 
|f = .515625 
|f = .546875 
|f == .578125 
|f = .609375 
|| = .640625 
|f = .671875 
|f a .703125 
|f = .734375 
|f = .765625 
|| = .796875 
|f = .828125 
|f = .859375 
|f = .890625 
|f = .921875 
|| = .953125 
ff = .984375 

b * 


Handy Facts for Architects and Builders. 

Pitch of tin, copper or tar-and-gravel roofs five-eighths of an 
inch to the foot and upwards. 

The average weight of 20,000 men and women weighed at 
Boston was: Men, 141^ lbs.; women, 124}^ lbs. 

Smallest convenient size of slab for a 14-in. wash bowl, 21 by 
24 in. Height of slab from floor, 2 ft. 6 in. 

Urinals should be 2 ft. 2 in. between partitions; partitions 6 ft. 
high. 

Space occupied by water-closets, 2 ft. 6 in. wide; 2 ft. deep. 
Dimensions of double bed, 6 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. 

Dimensions of single bed (in dormitories), 2 ft 8 in. by 6 ft. 

6 in. 

Dimensions of a bureau, 3 ft. 2 in. wide, 1 ft. 6 in. deep, and 
upwards. 

Dimensions of a common wash-stand, 2 ft. 4 in. wide, 1 ft. 6 
in. deep. 


267 








HANDT FACTS FOR ARCHITECTS , ETC . 


Dimensions of a barrel—Diameter of head, 17 in.; bung, 19 
in.; length, 28 in.; volume, 7,680 cubic in. 

Dimensions of billiard tables (Collender)—4 ft. by 8 ft.; 4 ft. 
2 in. by 9 ft.; and 5 ft. by 10 ft. Size of room required respect¬ 
ively, 13 by 17; 14 by 18; 15 by 20. 

Horse-stalls—Width, 3 ft. 10 in. to 4 ft., or else 5 ft. or over in 
width—nine feet long. Width should never be between 4 and 5 
• ft., as in that case the horse is liable to cast himself. 

HORSE POWER OF STEAM ENGINES, ETC. 

The unit of nominal power for steam engines, or the usual es¬ 
timate of dynamical effect per minute of a horse, called by en¬ 
gineers a “horse power,” is 33,000 pounds at a velocity of 1 foot 
per minute, or, the effect of a load of 200 pounds raised by a 
horse for 8 hours a day, at the rate of 2% miles per hour, or 150 
pounds at the rate of 220 feet per minute. 

Rule. —Multiply the area of the piston in square inches by 
the average force of the steam in pounds and by the velocity of 
the piston in feet per minute; divide the product by 33,000, and 
-fa of the quotient equal the effective power. 

Another Rule.— The diameter of the piston in inches, mul¬ 
tiplied by itself, multiplied by the stroke in inches, multiplied by 
the revolutions per minute (not the strokes), multiplied by the 
mean effective (average pressure per square inch on piston), mul¬ 
tiplied by .00000397, gives the gross or indicated horse power. 

For the net effective horse power, deduct from the above about 
34 for friction of the working parts. 

The mean effective pressure can be accurately determined only 
by the aid of an indicator. When the indicator is not used, and 
in the calculation the boiler pressure is substituted for the mean 
effective pressure, deduct from the result obtained from 40 to 60 
per cent, for loss by condensation and friction of steam pipes and 
passages, decrease of pressure in cylinder due to expansion, back 
pressure of exhaust, and friction of the working parts. 

For engines from 20 to 60 horse power, an average of 50 per 
cent, may be deducted; for smaller engines, more. 

The mean pressure in the cylinder when cutting off at 


34 stroke equals bo 

K 
% 

% 

% 

I 
% 


ler pressure multiplied by .597 
“ “ “ .670 


“ “ “ .743 

“ “ “ .847 

“ “ “ .919 

“ “ « .937 

“ “ “ .966 

“ “ “ .992 

Best designed boilers, well set, with good draft and skillful 

firing, will evaporate from 7 to 10 lbs. of water per pound of first- 

268 




HORSE POWER OF STEAM ENGINES. 

class coal. The average result is from 30 to 60 per cent, belou 
this. 

In calculating horse power of Tubular or Flue boilers, con 
sider 15 square feet of heating surface equivalent to one nomind> 
horse power. 

One square foot of grate will consume on an average 12 lbs 
of coal per hour. 

Steam engines, in economy, vary from 30 to 60 lbs. of fe^ 
water and from 2 to 7 lbs. of coal per hour per indicated H. P. 

HORSE POWER OF BELTING. 

A simple rule for ascertaining transmitting power of belting 
without first computing speed per minute that it travels, is as fol¬ 
lows: Multiply diameter of pulley in inches by its number of 
revolutions per minute, and this product by width of the belt in 
inches; divide the product^by 3,300 for single belting, or by 2,100 
for double belting, and the quotient will be the amount of horse 
power that can be safely transmitted. 


Table for Single Leather, Four Ply Rubber and Four 
Ply Cotton Belting, Belts not Overloaded. 

1 INCH WIDE, 800 FEET PER MINUTE=1 HORSE POWER. 


Speed 
in Ft per 
Min. 

2 

3 

4 

WIDTH OF BELTS IN INCHES. 

6 6 8 10 12 14 

16 

18 

20 


H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

H. P. 

400 

1 

11 

2 

21 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

600 

n 

2i 

3 

3f 

41 

6 

71 

9 

101 

12 

131 

15 

800 

n 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

1000 

2 

3f 

5 

6i 

71 

10 

121 

15 

171 

20 

22i 

25 

1200 

3 

4* 

6 

71 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

1500 

3f 

5f 

71 

' 2 

01 

HI 

15 

18f 

22| 

261 

30 

33f 

371 

1800 

4J 

6f 

9 

Hi 

131 

18 

22^ 

27 

311 

36 

401 

45 

2000 

5 

7* 

10 

121 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45' 

50 

2400 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

2800 

7 

10* 

14 

171 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

3000 

71 

Hi 

15 

184 

221 

30 

371 

45 

521 

60 

67i 

75 

3500 

8f 

13 

17* 

22 

26 

35 

44 

52| 

61 

70 

79 

88 

4000 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

4500 

Hi 

17 

m 

28 

34 

45 

57 

69 

78 

90 

102 

114 

5000 

121 

19 

25 

31 

371 

50 

621 

75 

871 

100 

112 

125 


Double leather, six-ply rubber or six-ply cotton belting will 
transmit 50 to 75 per cent, more power than is sjiown in this table. 
(One inch wide, 550 feet per minute=one horse power.) 

260 



















Table of Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes 


<l> a 

%** (/) 

2 J 

& i 

, 

0 

is 

V V 

Is 

V 

£ 

V _ 
C V 

Jji 

„Q 3 

11 
* £ 

•8 « 
rt 

H ° 

I o 

1 fA 

P 

$ & 

Is 

O 

HH 

4 

80 

23 

3 

8 

3.3 

4 

100 

23 

f 

4.1 

4 

120 

23 

3 

¥ 

5.0 

4 

140 

23 

¥ 

5.8 

5 

80 

22 

is 

6.9 

5 

100 

22 

is 

8.6 

5 

120 

22 

is 

10.3 

5 

140 

22 

is 

12.1 

6 

80 

21 

h 

10.7 

6 

100 

21 

h 

13.4 

6 

120 

21 

\ 

16.1 

6 

140 

21 

i 

18.7 

7 

80 

20 

is 

16.9 

7 

100 

20 

is 

21.1 

7* 

120 

20 

is 

25.3 

7 

140 

20 

is 

29.6 

8 

80 

19 

f 

22.0 

8 

100 

19 

5 

8 

27.5 

8 

120 

19 

¥ 

33.0 

8 

140 

19 

f 

38.5 

9 

80 

(20 

(19 

is t 

(40.0 

(41.5 

9 

100 

(20 

(19 

is i 

(50.0 
(51 9 

9 

120 

(20 

(19 

is t 

(60.0 

(62.2 

9 

140 

(20 

(19 

is t 

(70 0 
(72 6 


V £ 

V ^ 

§J 

U< </> 

O G 
u O 

V •£ 

•p - 

a o 

3 > 

rade No. 

>f Rope. 

Us 

O 

»s 

V 

V 

E 

rt 

Rope. 

orse 

Power. 


"Z V 

.(A 

H w 

P 



10 

80 


19 

18 

5 

¥ 

ft 


( 55.0 
( 58.4 

10 

100 


19 

18 

5 

¥ 

ft 


( 68 7 
( 73 0 

10 

120 


19 

18 

t 

ft 


( 82.5 
( 87 6 

10 

140 


19 

18 

5 

¥ 

ft 


96.2 

(102.2 

n 

80 


19 

18 

t 

ft 


( 64.9 
( 75 5 

n 

100 


19 

(18 

5 

8 

ft 


81 1 
( 94.4 

n 

120 

i 

(19 

[18 

f 

ft 

i 

97.3 

[113.3 

n 

140 


>19 

*18 

f 

11 
T¥ 

1 

(113.6 

[132.1 

12 

80 


18 

*17 

ft 

8 

¥ 


93 4 
99.3 

12 

100 


18 

*17 

li¬ 

1 


116 7 
124.1 

12 

120 


18 

17 

ft 

f 


140 1 
148 9 

12 

140 


18 

17 

T¥ 

¥ 


163.5 

173.7 

13 

80 

l 

i 

18 

17 

ft 

3 

¥ 


112.0 

122.6 

13 

100 

1 

j 

18 

17 

11 

T¥ 

I 


140 0 
153 2 

13 

120 


18 

17 

11 

T¥ 

¥ 

■ 

168.0 

183.9 

14 

80 

1 

i 

17 

16 

3 

¥ 

$ 

{ 

i 

148.0 

141.0 

14 

100 


17 

16 

3 

I 

h 

1 

185.0 

176.0 

14 

120 

' 

17 

16 

8 

¥ 

1 

\ 

222 0 
211.0 

15 

80 

i 

17 

16 

f 

¥ 

j 

217.0 

217.0 

15 

100 

' 

17 

16 

3 

¥ 

¥ 

1 

259.0 

259.0 

15 

120 

1 

' 

17 

16 

3 

¥ 

1 

1 

300 0 
300.0 


270 - 



































USEFUL HYDRAULIC INFORMATION. 

A gallon of water (U. S. standard) weighs 8 y z pounds and 
contains 231 cubic inches. A cubic foot of water weighs 62)^ 
pounds, and contains 1,728 cubic inches or 7)^ gallons. 

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four 
times. Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the 
velocity. 

The mean pressure of the atmosphere is usually estimated at 
14.7 pounds per square inch, so that with a perfect vacuum it 
will sustain a column of mercury 29.9 inches or a column of 
water 33.9 feet high. 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of 
water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. 
Approximately we say that every foot elevation is equal to 
pound pressure per square inch; this allows for ordinary fric¬ 
tion. 

To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given 
quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the stand¬ 
ard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract 
the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of 
the pump cylinder. 

To find quantity of water elevated in one minute running at 
100 feet of piston speed per minute: Square the diameter of the 
water cylinder in inches and multiply by 4. Example: Ca¬ 
pacity of a 5-inch cylinder is desired. The square of the diameter 
(5 inches) is 25, which, multiplied by 4, gives 100, the number of 
gallons per minute (approximately). 

To find the horse power necessary to elevate water to a given 
height, multiply the total weight of the water in tt>s. by the 
height in feet and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance of 
25 per cent, should be added for water friction, and a further al¬ 
lowance of 25 per cent, for loss in steam cylinder). 

The area of the steam piston, multiplied by the steam pressure, 
gives the total amount of pressure that can be exerted. The 
area of the water piston multiplied by the pressure of water per 
square inch gives the resistance. A margin must be made be¬ 
tween the power and the resistance to move the pistons at the 
required speed—say from 20 to 40 per cent., according to speed 
and other conditions. 

To find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons. Multiplying 
the area in inches by the length of stroke in inches, will give 
the total number of cubic inches; divide this amount by 231 
(which is the cubical contents of a U. S. gallon in inches), 
and the product is the capacity in gallons. 

With the efficient working of pumps certain precautions are 
necessary. Following are a few hints that will be of service to 
persons interested in the subject: 

Care should be exercised to prevent foreign substances from entering the suction 

271 


USEFUL HYDRA U LI C IN FORM A TION. 


pip*. I/i case ot such danger a strainer should be used and the total area o! the 
strains holes should be from two to five times the area of the pipe. 

It is of great advantage to have the suction pipe as straight and free as possible. 
Elbows and valves obstruct the flow of water much more than usually supposed. 

Above all other things, the suction pipe should be perfectly air-tight, as a very 
small leak will supply the pump with so much air that little or no water will be ob¬ 
tained. 

It is advantageous, and, when high speed is desired, becomes a necessity, to con¬ 
nect a vacuum chamber to the suction pipe near the pump. 

A foot-valve should be used on long or high suctions. Its area should be at least 
as much as the pipe. 

If in an exposed position, the pump should be thoroughly drained after stopping, 
to prevent injury by frost, by means of the drain-cocks provided for the purpose. 

When a pump is to remain idle for some time the steam cylinder should be well 
oiled before stopping. 

The stuffing-boxes should be carefully packed so as not to necessitate them being 
screwed down too tight. 

The most economical speed to run a pump is ioo feet per minute. 

The friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity. 

To find the capacity of a Double-Acting Pump in U. S. gal¬ 
lons per minute, multiply together: the area of the water cylin' 
der in inches; the length of the stroke in inches; the number of 
single strokes per minute. Divide the product by 231. For a 
Single-Acting Pump take half the number of single strokes. 

For domestic use water should be kept in wooden or iron 
tanks. Zinc can be used to advantage. The use of lead-lined ’ 
tanks is exceedingly dangerous, especially for keeping rain 
water. 


CAPACITY OF CYLINDRICAL CISTERNS OR TANKS 

For Each Foot of Depth (U. S. Gallons). 


Diameter in 
Feet. 

Gallons. 

Pounds. 

Diameter in 
Feet. 

Gallons. 

Pounds. 

2.0 

23.5 

196 

9.0 

475.9 

3,968 

2.5 

30.7 

306 

9.5 

630.2 

4,421 

3.0 

52.9- 

441 

10.0 

587.5 

4,899 

3.5 

72.0 

600 

11.0 

710.9 

5,928 

4.0 

94.0 

784 

12.0 

840.0 

7,054 

4.5 

119.0 

992 

13.0 

992.9 

8,280 

5.0 

140.9 

1,225 

14.0 

1,151.5 

9,602 

5.5 

177.7 

1,482 

15.0 

1,321.9 

11,023 

G.O 

211.5 

1,764 

20.0 

2,350.1 

19,596 

0.5 

248.2 

2,070 

25.0 

3,072.0 

39,020 

7.0 

287.9 

2,401 

30.0 

5,287.7 

44,093 

7.5 

330.5 

2,756 

35.0 

7,197.1 

00,016 

8.0 

376.0 

3,135 

40.0 

9,400.3 

78,3 8 

8.5 

424.5 

3,540 





The great philosopher, Plato, defined man as a featherless 
biped. Thereupon the shrewd old cynic, Diogenese, plucked the feathers from a 
goose, and, having labeled it “Plato’s man,” threw it over into the philosopher’s 
class-room. 

'ZVi 




















SIZE, CAPACITY, ETC., OF BOILERS. 

LOCOMOTIVES. 


Length. 

Diam. 

Fire Box 

Dome. 

Flues. 

Length. 

Area 

Chimney. 

Capac¬ 

ity. 

Ft. 

in. 

inches. 

inches. 

inches. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

sq. inches. 

sq. wi. 

7 

3 

36 

30x30 

16x16 

46 2 

4 

6 

138 

850 

7 

3 

42 

30x36 

16x20 

48 2X 

4 

6 

240 

1100 

8 

3 

42 

36x36 

16x20 

48 2>J 

5 


240 

1250 

10 

3 

42 

36x36 

20x24 

48 2^ 

7 


240 

1725 

12 

3 

42 

36x42 

24x24 

40 3 

8 

6 

280 

2000 

14 

3 

42 

36x42 

24x24 

40 3 

10 

6 

280 

2500 

10 

3 

48 

42x36 

24x24 

50 3 

7 


350 

2000 

14 

3 

48 

42x42 

24x30 

50 3 

10 

6 

350 

3000 

16 


48 

42x48 

30x30 

50 3 

11 

9 

350 

3600 


Shell C. H. No. 1 iron; heads and fire-box, T \-in. C. H. 

No. 1 flange ; wrought iron rings around fire door and in legs. 


HORIZONTAL TUBULARS. 


Length. 

Diam. 

Dome. 

No. Flues. 

Area 

Chimney. 

Heating S. 

Capacity. 

Feet. 

inches. 

inches. 

in. 

sq. inches. 

sq. inches. 

sq. inches. 

10 

36 

20 x 20 

30 3 

260 

280 

1400 

12 

36 

20x24 

30 3 

260 

330 

*1650 

10 

42 

20x24 

40 3 

350 

380 

1900 

12 

42 

24x24 

40 3 

350 

440 

2200 

14 

42 

24x24 

40 3 

350 

480 

2400 

16 

42 

24x30 

40 3 

350 

560 

2800 

14 

48 

24x30 

50 3 

440 

630 

3150 

16 

48 

24x30 

50 3 

440 

725 

3625 

16 

54 

30x36 

50 3X 

625 

850 

4250 

16 

60 

30x36 

50 4 ~ 

800 

975 

4875 

18 

60 

30x36 

50 4 

800 

1250 

6250 


Small boilers: Shell jV-in. C. II. No. 1 iron; heads, xV-in- C 
H. No. 1 flange iron. 

Large boilers (54-in. and upwards): Shell %- in. C. H. No. 
1 iron; heads, ^-in. C. H. No. 1 flange iron. 

BRICK CHIMNEYS. 

Thickness of brick-work, one brick from top to twenty-five 
feet from top; a brick and a half from 25 to 50 ft. from top, in¬ 
creasing by half a brick for each additional 25 feet to bottom. 
The diameter at base should be not less than one-tenth the 
height. If the inside diameter at top exceed 4 X feet, the top 
length should be a brick and a half thick. 

273 


























TOILER CHIMNEYS. 

For marine boilers the general rule is to allow 14 sq. in. of 
chimney for each nominal horse-power. For stationary boilers 
the area of the chimneys should be one-fifth greater than the 
combined area of all the flues or tubes. Where boilers are pro¬ 
vided with other means of draught the dimensions of the chimney 
are not so important. 


Diameter and Height of Boiler Chimneys. 


Horse poVr 
of Boiler. 

Height of 
Chimney. 

Interior Diam. 
at Top. 

Horse pow’r 
of Boiler. 

Height of 
Chimney. 

Interior Diam. 
at Top. 

10 

60 ft. 

14 inches. 

70 

120 ft. 

30 inches. 

12 

75 “ 

14 “ 

90 

120 “ 

34 “ 

16 

90 “ 

16 “ 

120 

135 “ 

38 

20 

99 “ 

17 “ 

160 

150 “ 

43 “ 

30 

105 “ 

21 

200 

165 “ 

47 

50 

120 “ 

26 

250 

180 “ 

42 “ 

60 

120 “ 

. 27 

380 

195 “ 

57 


Table of the Principal Alloys. 

A combination of copper and tin makes bath metal. 

A combination of copper and zinc makes bell metal. 

A combination of tin and copper makes bronze metal. 

A combination of tin, antimony, copper and bismuth makes 
britannia metal. 

A combination of tin and copper makes cannon metal. 

A combination of copper and zinc makes Dutch gold. 

A combination of copper, nickel and zinc, with sometimes 7 
little iron and tin makes German silver. 

A combination of gold and copper makes standard gold. 

A combination of gold, copper and silver makes old-standard 
gold. 

A combination of tin and copper makes gun metal. 

A combination of copper and zinc makes mosaic gold. 

A combination of tin and lead makes pewter. 

A combination of lead and a little arsenic makes sheet metal. 
A combination of silver and copper makes standard silver. 

A combination of tin and lead makes solder. 

A combination of lead and antimony makes type metal. 

A combination of copper and arsenic makes white copper. 

How to Mix Printing Inks and Paints in the 
Preparation of Tints. 

THE FIRST NAMED COLOR ALWAYS PREDOMINATES. 

Mixing dark green and purple makes bottle green. 

Mixing white and medium yellow makes buff tint. 

Mixing red, black and blue makes dark brown. 

Mixing bronze, blue, lemon yellow and black makes dark green. 
Mixing white, medium yellow and black makes drab tint. 
Mixing white, lake and lemon yellow makes flesh tint. 

vrrA. 

















MIXING INKS AND PAINTS. 


Mixing lemon yellow and bronze blue makes grass-green. 

Mixing white and black makes gray tint. 

Mixing white and purple makes lavender tint. 

Mixing red, black and medium yellow makes maroon. 

Mixing lake and purple makes magenta. 

Mixing medium yellow and purple makes olive green. 

Mixing medium yellow and red makes orange. 

Mixing white, ultramarine blue and black makes pearl tint. 

Mixing white and lake makes pink. 

Mixing ultramarine blue and lake makes purple. 

Mixing orange, lake and purple makes russet. 

Mixing medium yellow, red and white makes sienna. 

Mixing white and ultramarine blue makes sky blue. 

Mixing ultramarine blue, black and white makes slate. 

Mixing vermillion and black makes Turkey red. 

Mixing white, yellow, red and black makes umber. 

Durability of Different Woods. 

Experiments have been lately made by driving sticks, made of 
different woods, each two feet long and one and one-half inches 
square, into the ground, only one-half an inch projecting out¬ 
ward. It was found that in five y.ears all those made of oak, elm, 
ash, fir, soft mahogany, and nearly every variety of pine, were 
totally rotten. Larch, hard pine and teak wood were decayed on 
the outside only, while acacia, with the exception of being also 
slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound. Hard 
mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably good con¬ 
dition; but only Virginia cedar was found as good as when put 
in the ground. This is of some importance to builders, showing 
what woods should be avoided, and what others used by pref¬ 
erence in underground work. 

The duration of wood when kept dry is very great, as beams 
still exist which are known to be nearly 1,100 years old. Piles 
driven by the Romans prior to the Christian era have been ex¬ 
amined of late, and found to be perfectly sound after an immer¬ 
sion of nearly 2,000 years. 

The wood of some tools will last longer than the metals, as in 
spades, hoes and plows. In other tools the wood is first gone, 
as in wagons, wheelbarrows and machines. Such wood should 
be painted or oiled; the paint not only looks well, but preserves 
the wood; petroleum oil is as good as any other. 

Hard wood stumps decay in five or six years; spruce stumps 
decay in about the same time; hemlock stumps in eight to nine 
years; cedar, eight to nine years; pine stumps, never. 

Cedar, oak, yellow pine and chestnut are the most durable 
woods in dry places. 

Timber intended for posts is rendered almost proof against rot 
by thorough seasoning, charring and immersion in hot coal tar. 

275 


Specific Gravity of Various Substances. 

A gallon of water or wine weighs io lbs., and this is taken as 


the basis of the following table. 


LIQUIDS. 

Water. 

.100 

TIMBER. 
Cork. 

. 24 

METALS. 

Zinc... 

Sea water. 

.103 

Poplar. 

. 38 

Cast iron. 

Dead Sea. 

. 124 

Fir. 

. 55 

Tin. 

Alcohol. 

. 84 

Cedar. 

. 61 

Bar iron. 

Olive oil. 

. 92 

Pear. 

. 66 

Steel. 

Turpentine. 

. 99 

Walnut .... 

. 67 

Copper. 

Wine. 

. 100 

Cherry. 

. 72 

Brass. 

Urine... . . 


Maple. 

. 75 

Silver. 

Cider . 

.... 102 

Apple. 

. 79 

Lead. 

Beer. . 

.... 102 

Ash. 

. 84 

Mercury. 

Woman’s milk.... 

.... 102 

Beech . 

. 85 

Gold. 

Cow’s “ .... 

.... 103 

Mahogany . 

. 106 

Platina. 

Goat’s “ .... 

.... 104 

Oak. 

. 117 


Porter. 

... 104 

Ebony. 

. 133 


Emerald. 

... 277.5 

PRECIOUS 
Diamond... 

STONES. 

. 353.0 

I Garnet . 

Crystal . 

... 265.3 

Topaz. 

. 401.1 

1 Ruby . 


719 

721 

729 

779 

783 

869 

840 

1,051 

1,135 

1,357 

1,926 


406.3 

428.3 


SUNDRIES. 


Indigo. 

.... 77 

Peat ....... 

. 133 

Porcelain... 

.226 

Gunpowder. 

.... 93 

Opium. 

. 134 

Stone . 

.252 

Butter. 

.... 94 

Honey. 

. 145 

Marble. 

.270 

Ice. 

.... 117 

Ivory. 

. 183 

Granite. 

.278 

Clay. 

.... 120 

Brick. 

. 200 

Chalk. 

.279 

Coal. 

.130 

Sulphur. 

.203 

Glass.. 

. 289 


Weight in 

Cubic Feet. 




Lbs. per 



Lbs. per 



Cub. Ft. 



Cub. Ft. 

Cork. 


.... 15 

Brick. 


.... 120 

Cedar. 


.... 36 

Stone. 


.... 150 

Beech. 


.... 51 

Granite. 


.... 166 

Butter. 


... 56 

Glass. 


... 172 

Water. 


... 62 

Iron. 



Mahogany. 



Copper. 



Ice. 


•... 70 

Silver. 



Oak. 


.... 70 

Lead. 



Clay. 


.... 72 

Gold. 



Coal. 


.... 80 





Tensile and Transverse Strength 

A crushing force of i,ooo lbs. per square inch on a bar i inch 
square, and 12 inches long, gives the following ratios of 
strength: 


Stone 
Glass . 


Tensile. 
. 100 
• 123 


Transverse. 

10 

10 


Tensile. 

Cast iron. 158 

Timber.1,900 


Sq. Inch Strain, Tons Extension, 

Section. per Sq. Inch. Inches. 

1.0000 13.93 .01 

.9799 16.96 .10 

.9331 23.43 .40 

.8741 . . 27.23 1.00 

Elastic Limit. 17.40 tons. 

Maximum strain. 28.35 “ 

Breaking load. 25.05 “ 


Tensile Test of Steel. 

BAR 8 INCHES LONG. 


Sq. Inch 
Section. 
.8325 
.7088 
.5541 


Strain, Tons 
per Sq. Inch. 
28.35 
27.32 
25.05 


Transverse. 

20 

85 


Extension, 

Inches. 

1.40 

2.00 

2.20 


Cohesion. 45 . 2 I tons. 

Extension. 27% percent. 

Contraction. 44 ^ « 


276 






































































































TENSILE STRENGTH OF STEEL.—Continued. 


Taking the strength of Swedish iron at ioo, the tensik 
strength of steel compares thus: 

Swedish iron. 100 j Cannon steel. 173 

Boiler steel. 118 | Spring steel. 202 


Pecuniary Value of Metals. 

Few people have any idea of the value of precious metals other 
than gold, silver and copper, which are commonly supposed to 
be the most precious of all. There are many metals more valuable 
and infinitely rarer. The following table gives the names and 
prices of all the known metals of pecuniary worth: 


Vanadium. 

Price per 
Av. pound. 
. $10,000 00 

Rubidium. 

. 9.070 00 

Zirconium. 

. 7,200 00 

Lithium. 

. 7,000 00 

Glucium. 

. 5,400 00 

Calcium. 

. 4,500 00 

Strontium. 

. 4.200 00 

Terbium. 

. 4,080 00 

Vitrium. 

. 4,080 00 

Erbium.... 

. 3,400 00 

Cerium. 

. 3,400 00 

Didymium. 

. 3,200 00 

Indium. 

.. 3.200 00 

Ruthenium. 

. 2,400 00 

Rhodium. 

. 2,300 00 

Niobium. 

. 2,300 00 

Barium. 

. 1,800 00 

Palladium. 

. 1,400 00 

Osmium. 

. 1,300 00 

Iridium. 

. 1,090 00 

Uranium. 

. 900 00 

Titanium. 

. 689 00 

Chromium. 

. 500 00 


Price per 


Gold. 

Av. pound. 
. $ 330 00 

Molybdenum. 

. 225 00 

Thallium. 

. 225 00 

Platinum. 

. 150 00 

Manganese. 

. 130 00 

Tungstein. 

. 115 00 

Magnesium. 

. 64 00 

Potassium.. 

. 64 00 

Aluminum. 

. 32 00 

Silver. 

. 20 00 

Cobalt. 

. 16 00 

Sodium. 

. 8 00 

Nickel. 

. 5 00 

Cadmium. 

. 4 00 

Bismuth. 

. 2 50 

Mercury. 

. 95 

Arsenic. 


Tin. 

. 25 

Copper. 

. 25 

Antimony.... 

. 16 

Zinc. 

. 11 

Lead. 

. 08 


VALUE OF METALS AS CONDUCTORS. 



Heat. 

Electricity. 


Heat. 

Electricity. 

Gold. 

.100 

94 

Iron. 

. 37 

16 

Platinum. 

. 98 

16 

Zinc. 

. 36 

29 

Silver. 

. 97 

74 

Tin . 

. 30 

15 

Copper...... 


100 

Lead. 

. 18 

8 



TENACITY OF METALS. 



A wire, 

0.84. of a 

line in diameter, will 

sustain weights as 

follows: 






Lead. 


.... 28 lbs. 

Silver. 



Tin. 



Platinum. 


... 274 “ 

Zinc. 



Copper. 


... 302 “ 

Gold. 



Iron. 


... 549 " 



FLUID DENSITY OF METALS. 



Zinc. 



Copper. 


. 8.22 



. (3 88 

Silver. 



Tin. . 



Lead. 














































































No 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 


TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES 

OF 

ALL NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 500. 


Squares 

Cubes. 

No. 

Squares. 

C ubes. 

1 

1 

55 

30 25 

166 375 

4 

8 

56 

31 36 

175 616 

9 

27 

57 

32 49 

185 193 

16 

64 

58 

33 64 

195 112 

25 

1 25 

59 

34 81 

205 379 

36 

2 16 

60 

36 00 

216 000 

49 

3 43 

61 

37 21 

226 981 

64 

5 12 

62 

33 44 

238 328 

81 

7 29 

63 

39 69 

250 047 

1 00 

1 000 

64 

40 96 

262 144 

1 21 

1 331 

65 

42 25 

274 626 

1 44 

1 728 

66 

43 56 

287 496 

1 69 

2 197 

67 

44 89 

300 763 

1 96 

2 744 

68 

46 24 

314 432 

2 25 

3 375 

69 

47 61 

328 509 

2 56 

4 096 

70 

49 00 

343 000 

2 89 

4 913 

71 

50 41 

357 911 

3 24 

6 832 

72 

51 84 

373 248 

3 61 

6 859 

73 

53 29 

389 017 

4 00 

8 000 

74 

54 76 

405 224 

4 41 

9 261 

75 

56 25 

421 875 

4 81 

10 648 

76 

57 76 

438 976 

5 29 

12 167 

77 

59 29 

456 533 

5 76 

13 824 

78 

60 84 

474 552 

6 25 

15 625 

79 

62 41 

493 039 

6 76 

17 576 

80 

* 64 00 

512 000 

7 29 

19 683 

81 

65 81 

531 441 

7 84 

21 952 

82 

67 24 

551 368 

8 41 

24 389 

83 

68 89 

571 787 

9 00 

27 000 

84 

70 56 

592 704 

9 61 

29 791 

85 

72 25 

614 125 

10 24 

32 768 

86 

73 96 

636 056 

10 89 

35 937 

87 

75 69 

658 503 

11 56 

39 304 

88 

77 44 

681 472 

12 25 

42 875 

89 

79 21 

704 969 

12 96 

46 656 

90 

81 00 

729 000 

13 69 

60 653 

91 

82 81 

753 571 

14 41 

54 872 

92 

84 64 

778 688 

15 21 

59 319 

93 

86 49 

804 357 

16 00 

64 000 

94 

88 36 

830 584 

16 81 

68 921 

95 

90 25 

857 375 

17 64 

74 088 

96 

92 16 

884 736 

18 49 

79 507 

97 

94 09 

912 673 

19 36 

85 184 

98 

96 04 

941 192 

20 25 

91 125 

99 

98 01 

970 299 

21 16 

97 336 

100 

1 00 00 

1 000 000 

22 69 

103 823 

101 

1 02 01 

1 030 301 

23 04 

110 592 

102 

1 04 04 

1 061 298 

21 01 

117 649 

103 

1 06 09 

1 092 727 

25 00 

125 000 

104 

1 08 16 

1 124 864 

26 01 

132 651 

105 

1 10 25 

1 157 625 

27 04 

140 608 

106 

1 12 36 

1 191 016 

28 09 

148 877 

107 

1 14 49 

1 225 043 

29 16 

157 464 

108 

1 16 64 

1 259 712 


278 




















TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES— Continued. 


No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. | 

No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. 

109 

1 18 81 

1 295 029 1 

169 

2 85 61 

4 826 809 

110 

1 21 00 

1 331 000 

170 

2 89 00 

4 913 000 

111 

1 23 21 

1 367 631 

171 

2 92 41 

5 000 211 

112 

1 25 44 

1 404 928 

172 

2 95 84 

5 088 448 

113 

1 27 69 

1 442 897 

173 

2 99 29 

5 177 717 

314 

1 29 96 

1 481 544 

174 

3 02 76 

5 268 021 

115 

1 32 25 

1 520 875 

175 

3 06 25 

5 359 375 

116 

1 34 56 

1 560 896 

176 

3 09 76 

5 451 7"6 

117 

1 36 89 

1 601 613 

177 

3 13 29 

5 545 233 

118 

1 39 24 

1 643 032 

178 

3 16 84 

5 639 752 

119 

1 41 61 

1 685 159 

179 

3 20 41 

5 735 339 

120 

1 44 00 

1 728 000 

180 

3 24 00 

6 832 000 

121 

1 46 41 

1 771 561 

181 

3 27 61 

5 929 741 

122 

1 48 84 

1 815 848 

182 

3 31 24 

6 028 568 

123 

1 51 29 

1 860 867 

183 

*8 34 89 

6 128 487 

124 

1 53 76 

1 906 624 

184 

3 38 56 

6 229 5u4 

125 

1 56 25 

1 953 125 

185 

3 42 25 

6 331 625 

126 

1 58 76 

2 000 376 

186 

3 45 96 

6 434 856 

127 

1 61 29 

2 048 3->3 

187 

3 49 69 

6 539 203 

128 

1 63 84 

2 097 152 

188 

3 53 44 

6 641 672 

129 

1 66 41 

2 146 689 

189 

3 57 21 

6 751 269 

130 

1 69 00 

2 197 000 

190 

3 61 00 

6 859 0O0 

131 

1 71 61 

2 248 091 

191 

3 64 81 

6 9b7 871 

132 

1 74 24 

2 299 968 

192 

3 68 64 

7 077 888 

133 

1 76 89 

2 352 637 

193 

3 72 49 

7 189 057 

134 

1 79 56 

2 406 104 

191 

3 76 36 

7 301 384 

135 

1 82 25 

2 460 375 

195 

3 80 25 

7 414 875 

136 

1 84 96 

2 515 456 

196 . 

3 84 16 

7 529 536 

137 

1 87 69 

2 571 353 

197 

3 88 09 

7 645 373 

138 

1 90 44 

2 628 072 

198 

3 92 04 

7 762 392, 

139 

1 93 21 

2 685 619 

199 

3 96 01 

7 880 599 

140 

1 96 00 

2 744 000 

200 

4 00 00 

8 000 000 

141 

1 98 81 

2 803 221 

201 

4 04 01 

8 120 601 

142 

2 01 64 

2 863 288 

202 

4 08 04 

8 242 408 

143 

2 04 49 

2 924 207 

203 

4 12 09 

8 365 427 

144 

2 07 36 

2 985 984 

204 

4 16 16 

8 489 664 

145 

2 10 25 

3 048 625 

205 

4 20 35 

8 615 125 

146 

2 13 16 

3 112 136 

206 

4 24 36 

8 741 816 

147 

2 16 09 

3 176 523 

207 

4 28 49 

8 869 743 

148 

2 19 04 

3 241 792 

208 

4 32 64 

8 998 912 

149 

2 22 01 

3 307 949 

209 

4 36 81 

9 129 329 

150 

2 25 00 

3 375 000 

210 

4 41 00 

9 261 000 

151 

2 28 01 

3 442 951 

211 

4 45 21 

9 393 931 

152 

2 31 04 

3 511 808 

212 

4 49 44 

9 528 128 

153 

2 34 09 

3 581 577 

213 

4 53 69 

9 663 597 

154 

2 37 16 

3 652 264 

214 

4 57 96 

9 800 344 

155 

2 40 25 

3 723 875 

215 

4 62 25 

9 938 375 

156 

2 43 36 

3 796 416 

216 

4 66 56 

10 077 646 

157 

2 46 49 

3 869 893 

217 

4 70 89 

10 218 313 

158 

2 49 64 

3 944 312 

21 S 

4 75 24 

10 360 232 

159 

2 52 81 

4 019 679 

219 

4 79 61 

10 503 459 

160 

2 56 00 

4 096 000 

220 

4 84 00 

10 648 000 

161 

2 59 21 

4 173 281 

221 

4 88 41 

10 793 861 

162 

2 62 44 

4 251 528 

222 

4 92 84 

10 941 048 

163 

2 65 69 

4 330 747 

223 

4 97 29 

1l 089 567 

164 

2 68 96 

4 410 944 

224 

5 01 76 

1l 239 424 

165 

2 72 25 

4 492 125 

225 

5 06 25 

11 390 625 

166 

2 75 56 

4 574 296 

226 

5 10 76 

1l 543 176 

167 

2 78 89 

4 657 463 

227 

5 15 29 

11 697 083 

168 

2 82 24 

4 741 632 

228 

5 19 84 

11 852 352 


279 



















No. 

229 

230 

231 

232 

233 

234 

235 

236 

237 

238 

239 

240 

241 

242 

213 

244 

245 

246 

247 

248 

249 

250 

251 

252 

253 

254 

255 

256 

257 

258 

259 

260 

261 

262 

263 

264 

265 

266 

267 

268 

269 

270 

271 

272 

273 

274 

275 

276 

277 

278 

279 

280 

281 

282 

283 

284 

285 

286 

287 

288 


TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES -Continued. 


Squares. 

Cubes. 

No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. 

5 24 41 

12 008 989 

289 

8 35 21 

24 137 569 

5 29 00 

12 167 000 

290 

8 41 00 

24 389 000 

5 33 61 

12 326 391 

291 

8 46 81 

24 642 171 

5 38 24 

12 487 168 

292 

8 52 64 

24 897 088 

5 42 89 

12 649 337 

293 

8 58 49 

25 153 757 

5 47 56 

12 812 904 

294 

8 64 36 

25 412 184 

5 52 25 

12 977 875 

295 

8 70 25 

25 672 375 

5 56 96 

13 144 256 

296 

8 76 16 

25 934 336 

5 61 69 

13 312 053 

297 

8 82 09 

26 198 073 

5 66 44 

13 481 272 

298 

8 88 04 

26 463 592 

5 71 21 

13 651 919 

299 

8 94 01 

26 730 899 

5 76 00 

13 824 000 

300 

9 00 00 

27 000 000 

5 80 81 

13 997 521 

301 

9 06 01 

27 270 901 

5 85 64 

14 172 488 

302 

9 12 04 

27 543 608 

5 90 49 

14 348 907 

303 

9 18 09 

27 818 127 

5 95 36 

14 526 784 

304 

9 24 16 

28 094 464 

6 00 25 

14 706 125 

305 

9 30 25 

28 372 625 

6 05 16 

14 886 936 

306 

9 36 36 

28 652 616 

6 10 09 

15 069 223 

307 

9 42 49 

28 934 443 

6 15 04 

15 252 992 

308 

9 48 64 

29 218 112 

6 20 01 

15 438 249 

309 

9 54 81 

29 503 629 

6 25 05 

15 625 000 

310 

9 61 00 

29 791 000 

6 30 01 

15 813 251 

311 

9 67 21 

30 080 231 

6 35 04 

16 003 008 

312 

9 73 44 

30 371 328 

6 40 09 

16 194 277 

313 

9 79 69 

30 664 297 

6 45 16 

16 387 064 

314 • 

9 85 96 

30 959 144 

6 50 25 

16 581 375 

315 

8 92 25 

31 255 875 

6 55 36 

16 777 216 

316 

9 98 56 

31 554 496 

6 60 49 

16 974 593 

317 

10 04 89 

31 855 013 

6 65 64 

17 173 512 

318 

10 11 24 

32 157 432 

6 70 81 

17 373 979 

319 

10 17 61 

32 461 759 

6 76 00 

17 576 000 

320 

10 24 00 

32 768 000 

6 81 21 

17 779 581 

321 

10 30 41 

33 076 161 

6 86 44 

17 984 728 

322 

10 36 84 

33 386 248 

6 91 69 

18 191 447 

323 

10 43 29 

33 698 267 

6 96 96 

18 399 744 

324 

10 49 76 

34 012 224 

7 02 25 

18 609 625 

325 

10 56 25 

34 328 125 

7 06 56 

18 821 096 

326 

10 62 76 

34 645 976 

7 12 89 

19 034 163 

327 

10 69 29 

34 965 783 

7 18 24 

19 248 832 

328 

10 75 84 

35 287 552 

7 23 61 

19 465 109 

329 

10 82 41 

35 611 289 

7 29 00 

19 683 000 

330 

10 89 00 

35 937 000 

7 34 41 

19 902 511 

331 

10 95 61 

36 264 691 

7 39 84 

20 123 648 

332 

11 02 24 

36 594 368 

7 45 29 

20 346 417 

333 

11 08 89 

36 926 037 

7 50 76 

20 570 824 

334 

11 15 56 

37 259 704 

7 56 25 

20 796 875 

335 

11 22 25 

37 595 375 

7 61 76 

21 024 576 

336 

11 28 96 

37 933 056 

7 67 29 

21 253 933 

337 

11 35 69 

38 272 753 

7 72 84 

21 484 952 

338 

11 42 44 

38 614 472 

7 78 41 

21 717 639 

339 

11 49 21 

38 958 219 

7 84 00 

21 952 000 

340 

11 56 00 

39 304 000 

7 89 61 

22 188 041 

341 

11 62 81 

39 651 821 

7 95 24 

22 425 768 

342 

11 69 64 

40 001 688 

8 00 89 

22 665 187 

343 

11 76 49 

40 353 607 

8 06 56 

22 906 304 

344 

11 83 36 

40 707 584 

8 12 25 

23 149 125 

345 

11 90 25 

41 §63 625 

8 17 96 

23 393 656 

346 

11 97 16 

41 421 736 

8 23 69 

23 639 903 

347 

12 04 09 

41 781 923 

8 29 44 

23 887 872 

348 

12 11 04 

42 144 192 


280 






















TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES— Continued. 


No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. 

No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. 

349 

12 18 01 

42 508 549 

409 

16 72 81 

68 417 929 

350 

12 25 00 

42 875 000 

410 

16 81 00 

68 921 000 

351 

12 32 01 

13 243 551 

411 

16 89 21 

69 426 531 

352 

12 39 04 

43 614 208 

412 

16 97 44 

69 934 528 

353 

12 46 09 

43 986 977 

413 

17 05 69 

70 444 997 

354 

12 53 16 

44 361 804 

414 

17 13 96 

70 957 944 

355 

12 60 25 

44 738 875 

415 

17 22 25 

71 473 375 

356 

12 67 36 

45 118 016 

416 

17 30 56 

71 991 296 

357 

12 74 49 

45 499 293 

417 

17 38 89 

72 511 713 

358 

12 81 64 

45 832 712 

418 

17 47 24 

73 034 632 

359 

12 88 81 

46 268 279 

419 

17 55 61 

73 560 059 

360 

12 96 00 

46 656 000 

420 

17 64 00 

74 088 000 

361 

13 03 21 

47 045 881 

421 

17 72 41 

74 618 461 

362 

13 10 44 

47 437 928 

422 

17 80 84 

75 151 448 

363 

13 17 69 

47 832 147 

423 

17 89 29 

75 686 967 

364 

13 24 96 

48 228 544 

424 

17 97 76 

76 225 024 

365 

13 32 25 

48 627 125 

425 

18 06 25 

76 765 625 

566 

13 39 56 

49 027 896 

426 

18 14 76 

77 308 776 

367 

13 46 89 

49 430 863 

427 

18 23 29 

77 854 483 

368 

13 54 24 

49 836 032 

428 

18 31 84 

78 402 752 

369 

13 61 61 

50 243 409 

429 

18 40 40 

78 953 589 

370 

13 69 00 

50 653 000 

430 

18 49 00 

79 507 000 

371 

13 76 41 

51 064 811 

431 

18 57 61 

80 062 991 

372 

13 83 84 

51 478 848 

432 

18 66 24 

80 621 568 

.373 

13 91 29 

51 895 117 

433 

18 74 89 

81 182 737 

374 

13 98 76 

52 313 624 

434 

18 83 56 

81 746 504 

375 

14 06 25 

52 734 375 

435 

18 92 25 

82 312 875 

376 

14 13 76 

53 157 376 

436 

19 00 96 

82 881 856 

377 

14 21 29 

53 582 633 

437 

19 09 69 

83 453 453 

378 

14 28 84 

54 010 152 

438 

19 18 44 

84 027 672 

379 

14 36 41 

54 439 939 

439 

19 27 21 

84 604 519 

380 

14 44 00 

54 872 000 

440 

19 36 00 

85 184 000 

381 

14 51 61 

55 306 341 

441 

19 44 81 

85 766 121 

382 

14 59 24 

55 742 968 

442 

19 53 64 

86 350 888 

383 

14 66 89 

56 181 887 

443 

19 62 49 

86 938 307 

384 

14 74 56 

56 623 104 

444 

19 71 36 

87 528 284 

385 

14 82 25 

56 066 625 

445 

19 80 25 

88 121 125 

386 

14 89 96 

57 512 456 

446 

19 89 16 

88 716 536 

387 

14 97 69 

57 960 603 

447 

20 98 09 

89 314 623 

388 

15 05 44 

68 411 072 

448 

20 07 04 

89 915 392 

389 

15 13 21 

58 863 869 

449 

20 16 01 

90 518 849 

390 

15 21 00 

59 319 000 

450 

20 25 00 

91 125 000 

391 

15 28 81 

59 776 471 

451 

20 34 01 

91 733 751 

392 

15 36 64 

60 236 288 

452 

20 43 04 

92 345 408 

393 

15 44 49 

60 698 457 

453 

20 52 09 

92 959 677 

394 

15 52 36 

61 162 984 

454 

20 61 16 

93 576 664 

395 

15 60 25 

61 629 875 

455 

20 70 25 

94 196 375 

396 

15 68 16 

62 699 136 

456 

20 79 36 

94 818 816 

397 

15 76 09 

62 570 773 

457 

20 88 49 

95 443 993 

398 

15 84 04 

63 044 792 

458 

21 97 64 

96 071 912 

399 

15 92 01 

63 521 199 

459 

21 06 81 

96 702 579 

400 

16 00 00 

64 000 000 

460 

21 16 00 

97 336 000 

401 

16 08 01 

64 481 201 

461 

21 25 21 

97 972 181 

402 

16 61 04 

64 964 808 

462 

21 34 44 

98 611 128 

403 

16 24 09 

65 450 827 

463 

21 43 69 

99 252 847 

404 

16 32 16 

65 939 264 

464 

21 62 96 

99 897 344 

405 

16 40 25 

66 430 125 

465 

21 62 25 

100 551 625 

406 

16 48 36 

66 923 416 

466 

21 71 56 

101 194 696 

407 

16 56 49 

67 419 143 

467 

21 80 89 

101 847 563 

408 

16 64 64 

67 917 321 

468 

21 90 24 

102 503 232 


281 




















TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES— Concluded. 


No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. 

No. 

Squares. 

Cubes. 

469 

21 99 61 

103 161 709 

485 

23 52 25 

114 084 125 

470 

22 09 00 

103 823 000 

486 

23 61 96 

114 791 256 

471 

22 18 41 

104 487 111 

487 

23 71 69 

115 501 303 

472 

22 27 84 

105 154 048 

488 

23 81 44 

116 214 572 

473 

22 37 29 

105 823 817 

489 

23 91 21 

116 930 169 

474 

22 46 76 

106 496 424 

490 

24 01 00 

117 649 000 

475 

22 56 25 

107 171 875 

491 

24 10 81 

118 370 771 

476 

22 65 76 

107 850 176 

492 

24 20 64 

119 095 488 

477 

22 75 29 

103 531 333 

493 

24 30 49 

119 823 157 

473 

22 84 84 

109 215 352 

494 

24 40 36 

120 553 784 

479 

22 94 41 

109 902 239 

495 

24 50 25 

121 287 375 

480 

23 04 00 

110 592 000 

496 

24 60 16 

122 023 936 

481 

23 13 61 

111 284 641 

497 

24 70 09 

122 763 473 

482 

23 23 24 

111 980 168 

498 

24 80 04 

123 505 992 

483 

23 32 89 

112 678 587 

499 

24 90 01 

124 251 499 

484 

23 42 56 

113 379 904 

500 

25 00 00 

125 000 000 


LENGTH OF CIRCULAR ARC. 

Huygens’ approximation to length of a circular arc: 
A = Chord of any circular arc. 

B = Chord of half that arc. 

R = Radius of the circular arc. 

L = Length of the circular arc. 

^ L= 8 B_A. 

3 

Or, as it is usually written, 

L = 2B + K(2B-A). 


WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 

First, cotton; second, paper; third, leather; fifth, wooden; 
seventh, woolen; tenth, tin; twelfth, silk and fine linen; fifteenth, 
crystal; twentieth, china; twenty-fifth, silver; thirtieth, pearl; 
fortieth, ruby; fiftieth, golden; seventy-fifth, diamond. 

YOUR BIRTHDAY. 

Born on Monday, fair in face; 

Born on Tuesday, full of God’s grace, 

* Born on Wednesday, the best to be had; 

Born on Thursday, merry and glad; 

Born on Friday, worthily given; 

Born on Saturday, work hard for a living; 

Born on Sunday, shall never know want. 

An indenture is a deed or instrument in writing. Originally 
such writings were made in duplicate upon a sheet of paper whidi was afterwards 
indented or cut apart in a waved or notched line. One piece was given to each of 
the parties to the contract, and when the two were put together they would, of 
course, fit into each other exactly. This mode of indenture has passed out of use, 
but the term survives. 


282 















to 

u 

R 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 


fcb 

v 

fi 

90 

89 

88 

87 

86 

85 

84 

83 

82 

81 

80 

79 

78 

77 

76 

75 

74 

73 

72 

71 

70 

69 

68 

67 

66 

65 

64 

63 

62 

61 

60 

59 

58 

57 

66 

55 

54 

53 

52 

51 

50 

49 

48 

47 

46 

45 


NATURAL SINES, ETC. 


.00 

.01745 

.03489 

.05233 

.06975 

.08715 

.10452 

.12186 

.13917 

.15643 

.17364 

.19080 

.20791 

.22495 

.24192 

.25881 

.27563 

.29237 

.30901 

.32556 

.34202 

.35836 

.37460 

.39073 

.40673 

.42261 

.43837 

.45399 

.46947 

.48480 

.50000 

.51503 

.52991 

.54463 

.55919 

.57357 

.58778 

.60181 

.61566 

.62932 

.64278 

.65605 

.66913 

.68199 

.69465 

.70710 


Cover. 


.00000 

,98254 

,96510 

,94766 

,93024 

,91284 

,89547 

,87813 

,86082 

,84356 

,82635 

,80919- 

.79208 

,77504 

,75807 

,74118 

,72436 

,70762 

,69098 

.67443 

.65797 

.64163 

.62539 

.60926 

.59326 

.57738 

.56162 

.54600 

.53052 

.51519 

.50000 

.48496 

.47008 

.45536 

.44080 

.42642 

.41221 

.39818 

.38433 

.37067 

.35721 

.34394 

.33086 

.31800 

.30534 

.29289 


Versin. 


Cosecnt. 


Infinite. 

57.2986 

28.6537 

19.1073 

14.3355 

11.4737 

9.5667 

8.2055 

7.1852 

6.3924 

5.7587 

5.2408 

4.8097 

4.4454 

4.1335 

3.8637 

3.6279 

3.4203 

3.2360 

3.0715 

2.9238 

2-7904 

2.6694 

2.5593 

2.4585 

2.3662 

2.2811 

2.2026 

2.1300 

2.0626 

2.0000 

1.9416 

1.8870 

1.8360 

1.7882 

1.7434 

1.7013 

1.6616 

1.6242 

1.5890 

1.5557 

1.5242 

1.4944 

1.4662 

1.4395 

1.4142 


Tangt. 


Secant. 


.0 

.01745 

.03492 

.05240 

.06992 

.08748 

.10510 

.12278 

.14054 

.15838 

.17632 

.19438 

.21255 

.23086 

.24932 

.26794 

.28674 

.30573 

.32491 

.34432 

.36397 

.38386 

.40402 

.42447 

.44522 

.46630 

.48773 

.50952 

.53170 

.55430 

.57735 

.60086 

.62486 

.64940 

.67450 

.70020 

.72654 

.75355 

.78128 

.80978 

.83909 

.86928 

.90040 

.93251 

.96568 

1.00000 


Cotang. 


Infinite. 

57.2899 

28.6362 

19.0811 

14.3006 

11.4300 

9.5143 

8.1443 

7.1153 

6.3137 

5.6712 

5.1445 
4.7046 
4.3314 
4.0107 

3.7320 
3.4874 
3.2708 
3.0776 
2.9042 
2.7474 
2.6050 
2.4750 
2.3558 
2.24C0 

2.1445 
2.0503 
1.9626 
1.8807 
1.8040 

1.7320 
1.6642 
1.6003 
1.5398 
1.4825 
1.4281 
1.3763 
1.3270 
1.2799 
1.2348 
1.1917 
1.1503 
1.1106 
1.0723 
1.0355 
1.0000 


Cotang. 


Tangt. 


Secant. 


1.00000 
1.00015 
1.00060 
1.00137 
1.00244 
1.00381 
1.00550 
1.00750 
1.00982 
1.01246 
1.01542 
1.01871 
1.02234 
1.02630 
1.03061 
1.03527 
1.04029 
1.04569 
1.05146 
1.05762 
1.06417 
1.07114 
1.07853 
1.08636 
1.09463 
1.10337 
1.11260 
1.12232 
1.13257 
1.14335 
1.15470 
1.16663 
1.17917 
1.19236 
1.20621 
1.22077 
1.23606 
1.25213 
T. 26901 
1.28675 
1.30540 
1.32501 
1.34563 
1.36732 
1.39016 
1.41421 


Cosecnt. 


V ersin. 


.0 

.0001 

.0006 

.0013 

.0024 

.0038 

.0054 

.0074 

.0097 

.0123 

.0151 

.0183 

.0218 

.0256 

.0297 

.0340 

.0387 

.0436 

.0489 

.0544 

.0603 

.0664 

.0728 

.0794 

.0864 

.0936 

.1012 

.1089 

.1170 

.1253 

.1339 

.1428 

.1519 

.1613 

.1709 

.1808 

.1909 

.2013 

.2119 

.2228 

.2339 

.2452 

.2568 

.2686 

.2806 

.2928 


Cover. 


Cosin. 


1.00000 

.99984 

.99939 

.99862 

.99756 

.99619 

.99452 

.99254 

.99026 

.98768 

.98480 

.98162 

.97814 

.97437 

.97029 

.96592 

.96126 

.95630 

.95105 

.94551 

.93969 

.93358 

.92718 

.92050 

.91354 

.90630 

.88879 

.89100 

.88294 

.87461 

.86602 

.85716 

.84804 

.83867 

.82903 

.81915 

.80901 

.79863 

.78801 

.77714 

.76604 

.75470 

.74314 

.73135 

.71933 

.70710 


m bankrupt originated in connection with tl 
aly. They sat in the market-place with their money di: 
c, as it was called) before them. When one of these nna 
, banc (or bench) was said to be broken, and. he was s 
todern bank inherits its name from the unimposing 
iseval Italy. 


283 



























Useful information for Printers and Publishers, 


Standard Newspaper Measure. 

The standard newspaper measure, as recognized and now in 
general use, is 13 ems pica. The standard of measurement of 
all sizes of type is the em quad, not the letter m. 

Leads and Slugs. 

Leads are designated as “—to-pica,” the number being that 
fraction of a pica which the lead is, viz.: a 6-to-pica lead is one- 
sixth of a pica in thickness, or six 6-to-pica’s are equal to one 
pica; four 4-to-plca’s one pica, and so with other sizes or thick¬ 
nesses of leads. 

Slugs —“Leads” of nonpareil thickness and.greater are called 
slugs, viz.: nonpareil slugs, brevier slugs, f>ica slugs, etc. 

Average Weight of Matter. 

A “piece” of solid matter 13 ems pica wide and 6 inches long 
will weigh about 3% lbs., but, in order to allow for the sorts 
usually remaining in case , 4% lbs. of type would be required to 
set that amount of solid matter. When the matter is to be leaded 
the weight of the type may be reduced about one-quarter, *. e., a 
single column of six-column folio, solid, will weigh 10% lbs., re¬ 
quiring about 13 lbs. of type, while the same length column, 
leaded with 6-to-pica leads, will contain but 7% lbs. solid matter, 
requiring about 10 lbs. of type to set the same. 

Example —A single page of regular six-column folio or quarto 
(13x19%) contains 256% square inches of matter: 

2 56^X4(square inches of 4 % lbs. of type) = 86 —|—, 
the number of pounds of type required to set that amount of mat¬ 
ter, including sorts in case. 

How to Estimate for Body Type. 

To estimate the quantity of type (solid) necessary to fill a 
given space, multiply the number of square inches by 5% (esti¬ 
mated weight, in ounces, of one square inch of matter, including 
sorts in case) divide the product by 16, and the result will be the 
weight of type required. If leaded, a reduction in weight of 
type may be made as above. 

Example —A single page of regular six-column folio or quarto 
(13x19%) contains 256% square inches of matter: 

2 5 6 M'X5^- ; - i6 = 86 +» 

the number of pounds of type required to set that amount of 
matter, including sorts in case. 

Miscellaneous Information. 


The following table gives the number of “ems” in a space 
6x13 ems pica, also the average number of “ems” in 4 ounces: 


Number of Ems in 

Pearl 

Agate 

No’pi 

Min’n 

Brev’r 

Bourg 

Lg.Pr 

Sm. Pi 

Pica 

6x13 Ems Pica. 

449% 

368)4 

312 

230)4 

177 

138% 

112% 

92 

78 

4 Ounces. 

196 

165 

132 

100 

78 

61 

51 

43 

35 


284 



















Newspaper Measurement. 

Table showing the number of ems of the different sizes of 
newspaper type in a line, the number of lines necessary to make 
1,000 ems, and the length in inches. Also the number of ems 
in the regular lengths of columns: 


13 Ems Pica, 

6 £ 

c i 

•2 " 
■s S 

0 r g a 

ie-s 

© u 0 

ioo 

O tO 

!r§ 

.2-3 

o<-> 

O 

'r£ O 

OO 

WIDTH OF 


JW 

eW 

H Q 


08 s ! 

3 a 

fa S.s 

rv o3 
^ 3 fl 

fc a 


Standard Column. 

d a 
S'" 

d § 

Z M 

6 5 

£ M 

•SO'oO 

5Col. 

or Q 

Emsi 

•3 

o.a 

7 Col. 

or Q 

Ems i 

8 Col. 

Ems 

9 Col. 

Ems i 

Agate. 

m 

35% 

2% 

5,040 

6,505 

7,180 

7.900 

8,630 

9,310 

Nonpareil. 

26 

38 % 

V/4 

4,325 

5,615 

6,160 

6,785 

7,410 

8,020 

Minion.. 

22 % 

!45 

4% 

1 3,175 

4,115 

4,515 

4,970 

5,440 

5,885 

Brevier. 

19/4 

;si% 

5 % 

, 2.465 

3,200 

3,510 

3,865 

4,220 

4,575 

Bourgeois. 


157% 

714 

; 1,950 

2,525 

2,770 

3,050 

3,330 

3,615 

Long Primer. 

15/1 

; 64 ^ 

9 

1,610 

2,085 

2,290 

2,520 

2,755 

2,970 


Leads for Newspapers. 

Table showing the number of leads, 13 ems pica long, con¬ 
tained in one pound, and the number required to lead 1,000 ems 
of matter; together with the number of leads in a single col¬ 
umn of matter, regular sizes of newspapers: 


Size of Body Type 
to be Leaded with 
6-to-Pica Leads. 

No. Leads 
to pound. 

No. Leads 
i.oooEms. 

4 Col. Fol. 
or Quarto. 
Leads in 
Column, 

5 Col. Foil 

or Quarto. | 

Leads in 
Column. 1 

6 Col. Fol. 
or Quarto. 
Leads in 
Column. 

7 Col. Fol. 
or Quarto. 
Leads in 
Column. 

8 Col. Fol. 

Leads in 

C olumn. 

9 Col. Fol. 
Leads in 
Column. 

Agate.... 

60 

26 

132 

170 

185 

206 

224 

241 

Nonpareil. 

60 

29 

125 

162 

179 

197 

215 

233 

Minion. 

60 

34 

108 

140 

154 

169 

185 

201 

Brevier. 

60 

40 

99 

128 

141 

155 

169 

183 

Bourgeois. 

60 

45 

88 

114 

125 

138 

150 

163 

Long Primer. 

60 

52 

84 

108 

119 

131 

143 

154 


Book Work Measurement. 

Table showing the number of ems to a line, and the number 
of lines contained in 1,000 ems of matter, standard book meas¬ 
ure. Also, the space, in inches, filled by 1,000 ems of matter of 
the different measures: 


Size of Type. 

21 Ems Pica. 

23 Ems Pica. 

25 Ems Pica. 

No. Ems 
in Line. 

No. Lines 
1,000 Ems. 

No. Inch’s 

i.oooEms. 

No. Ems 
in Line. 

No. Lines 

i.oooEms. 

No. Inch’s 
1,000 Ems. 

No. Ems j 

in Line. 

<U £ 

c S 

d 8 

£ M 

No. Inch’s 

1,000 Ems. 

Nonpareil. 

Brevier. 

Long Primer. 

Small Pica. 

Pxa. 

42 
31/4 
25 K 
23 

21 

24 

39% 
43 % 
48 

2 i 

5% 

6% 

8 

46 

35 

27% 

25 

23 

21% 

28% 

36 

40 

43% 

1% 

3% 

5 

7% 

50 

37 % 

so 

27% 

25 

20 

m 

& 

1% 

3 

i 


285 





































































Leads for Book Work. 


Number of 4-to-pica and 6-to-pica leads, standard book 
measures, contained in one pound, and number required to lead 
1,000 ems of matter of the standard sizes of book type: 


25 F.MS 

23 kms. 

21 KMS. 

The columns of figures on the right 
give the number ofleads required 
to lead 1,000 ems of matter of the 
sizes of type named. Those on 
the left, the number of leads in 
one pound. 

Nonpareil. 

0 

tt 

1 

1 

ti> 

.-1 

Small Pica. 

Pica. 

No. I 

Leads to 
Pound. 

No. 

Leads to 
Pound. 

No. 

Leads to 
Pound. 




) (21 Ems P’a long 

17 

25 

33 

36 

41 

31 

34 

37 

v 4 -to-Pica. ..<23 “ “ “ 

15 

23 

30 

34 

37 




j (25 “ “ “ 

13 

21 

27 

32 

33 




) (21 “ “ “ 

16 

23 

30 

33 

39 

21 

23 

25 

> 6 -to-Pica. .x 23 “ “ “ 

14 

21 

27 

31 

35 




j (25 “ “ “ 

12 

19 

25 

28 

31 


Sizes of Newspapers. 


TERM. 


SIZE. 

Five-column 

Folio ... 

20 x 26 inches 

Six-column 

Folio - 

- - 22 x 31 inches 

Six column 

Folio, extra margin 

22 x 32 inches 

Seven-column 

Folio - 

- - 24 x 35 inches 

Seven-column 

Folio, extra margin 

24 x 36 inches 

Eight-column 

Folio - 

- 26 x 40 inches 

Nine-column 

Folio 

28 x 44 inches 

Four-column 

Quarto ... 

- 22 x 31 inches 

Five-column 

Quarto - 

26 x 40 inches 

Six-column 

Quarto - 

- 30 x 44 inches 

Seven-column 

Quarto - 

35 x 48 inches 


Common Sizes of Flat Papers. 


NAME. 

SIZE. 

Flat Letter 

10 X 

16 

Small Cap 

13 x 

16 

Flat Cap - 

14 x 

17 

Demy - 

16 x 

21 

Folio 

17 x 

22 


NAMK. SIZE. 

Medium - - 18 x 23 

Double Small Cap - 16 x 26 
Royal - - - 19 x 24 
Double Cap - 17 x 28 


MEASUREMENT BY SQUARE INCHES. 

With the following table the printer dispenses entirely with a 
type measure proper, resorting to the common inch rule. After 
getting the square inches in his job, he may take the figures 
directly from the table, or, if the square inches are in excess of 
the table, add two or more of the numbers together; as, for 
instance, 79 square inches of brevier, the seventh line gives 567 
ems for 7 inches, add a.cipher and you have 5,670 ems for 70 

286 





























SQUARE-INCH TTPE MEASUREMENT . 

inches, and in the ninth line add 729 ems to the 5,670 ems, and 
you have a total of 6,399 ems * n 79 square inches. 


NUMBER OF EMS IN SQUARE INCHE8. 

(Adapted to the Point System.) 


"V - —- 

Pica. 

Small 

Pica. 

Long 

Primer 

Bour¬ 

geois. 

Brevier. 

Minion. 

Nonpa¬ 

reil. 

i sauare 

inch. . 

36 

44 

52 

64 

81 

106 

144 

2 

44 

inches. 

72 

88 

104 

128 

162 

212 

283 

3 

ii 

44 

108 

132 

156 

192 

243 

318 

432 

4 

“ 

44 

144 

176 

208 

256 

324 

424 

576 

5 


“ 

180 

220 

260 

320 

405 

530 

720 

6 

(( 

4 4 

216 

264 

312 

384 

486 

636 

864 

7 

44 


252 

308 

364 

448 

567 

742 

1008 

8 

<4 


288 

352 

416 

512 

648 

848 

1152 

9 

44 

44 

324 

396 

468 

576 

729 

954 

1296 

10 

4« 

44 

360 

440 

520 

640 

810 

1060 

1440 

11 

44 

44 

3% 

484 

572 

704 

891 

1166 

1584 

12 

4< 

44 

432 

528 

624 

768 

972 

1272 

1728 

13 

“ 

44 

468 

572 

676 

832 

1053 

1378 

1872 

14 

“ 

** 

504 

616 

728 

896 

1134 

1484 

2016 

15 

“ 

44 

540 

660 

780 

960 

1215 

1590 

2160 

16 

“ 

4 4 

576 

704 

832 

1024 

1296 

1696 

2304 

17 

44 

4 4 

612 

748 

884 

1088 

1377 

1802 

2442 

18 

44 


648 

792 

936 

1152 

1458 

1908 

2592 

19 

44 

4 4 

684 

803 

988 

1216 

1539 

2014 

2736 

20 

44 

44 

720 

880 

1040 

1280 

1620 

2120 

2880 

21 

44 

44 

756 

924 

1092 

1344 

1701 

2226 

3024 

22 

44 

44 

792 

968 

1144 

1408 

1782 

2332 

3168 

23 

44 

4* 

828 

1012 

1196 

1472 

1863 

2438 

3312 

24 

“ 

4 4 

864 

1056 

1248 

1536 

1944 

2544 

3456 

25 

44 

4 4 

900 

1100 

1300 

1600 

2025 

2650 

3600 

26 

44 

44 

936 

1144 

1352 

1664 ' 

2106 

2756 

3744 

27 

44 

“ .. f. 

972 

1188 

1404 

1728 

2187 

2862 

3888 

28 

*‘ 

44 

1008 

1232 

1456 

1792 

2268 

2968 

4032 

29 

“ 

1 4 

1044 

1276 

1508 

1856 

2349 

3074 

4176 

30 

“ 

44 

1080 

1320 

1560 

1920 

2430 

3180 

4320 

31 

«4 

44 

1116 

1364 

1612 

1984 

2511 

3286 

4464 

32 

4 4 

“ 

1152 

1408 

1664 

2048 

2592 

3392 

4608 

33 

44 

4 4 

1188 

1452 

1716 

2112 

2673 

3498 

4752 

34 

*4 

44 

1224 

1496 

1768 

2176 

2754 

3604 

4896 

35 

44 

4 4 

1260 

1540 

1820 

2240 

28:35 

3710 

5040 

36 

“ 


1296 

1584 

1872 

2304 

2916 

3816 

5184 

37 

“ 

4 4 

1332 

1628 

1924 

2368 

2997 

3922 

5328 

38 

“ 


1368 

1672 

1976 

2432 

3078 

4028 

5472 

39 

44 

44 

1404 

1716 

2028 

2496 

3159 

4134 

5616 

40 

4 4 

44 

1440 

1760 

2080 

2560 

3240 

4240 

5760 

41 

“ 

44 

1476 

1804 

2132 

2624 

3321 

4346 

5904 

42 

“ 


1512 

1848 

2184 

2688 

3402 

4452 

6048 

43 

“ 


1548 

1892 

2236 

2752 

3483 

4558 

6192 

44 

“ 

• 4 

1584 

1936 

2288 

2816 

3564 

4664 

6336 

45 

44 

44 

1620 

1980 

2340 

2880 

3645 

4770 

6480 

46 

“ 


1656 

2024 

2392 

2944 

3726 

4876 

6624 

47 

44 


1692 

2068 

2444 

3008 

3807 

4982 

6768 

48 

44 

44 

1728 

2112 

2496 

3072 

3888 

5088 

6912 

49 

“ 

44 

1764 

2156 

2548 

3136 

3969 

5194 

7056 

50 

** 

44 

1800 

2200 

2600 

3200 

4050 

5300 

7200 


287 






















SIZES OF BOOK AND PRINT PAPERS. 

TO FIND WEIGHT OF A GIVEN SIZE TO CORRESPOND WITH BULK OF SAMPLE. 

Rule —To find weight required for a given size to correspond in thickness with a 
given sample, multiply the weight of sample by the dimensions of sheet required, 
and divide by the product of the dimensions of sample. The table below gives all 
the regular sizes: 


Size and Weight 
of Sample. 

ei 

CO 

X 

8 

8 

X 

83* 

X 

3 

0 

X 

CO 

<M 

c4 

X 

8 

O 

X 

O 

CO 

9 

X 

O 

LBS. 

LBS. 

LBS. 

LBS. 

LBS. 

LBS. 

LBS. 

LBS. 

22x32— 25 

_ 

31 

34 

37 

42 

43 

68 

30 

— 

37 

40 

44 

50 

51 

82 

35 

•- 

43 

47 

52 

58 

60 

95 

40 

— 

49 

54 

59 

67 

68 

109 

24x30— 30 

24 

_ 

33 

36 

41 

42 

67 

35 

29 

— 

38 

42 

48 

49 

78 

40 

33 

— 

44 

48 

54 

56 

89 

45 

37 

— 

49 

54 

61 

62 

100 

50 

41 

— 

55 

60 

68 

69 

111 

60 

49 

— 

66 

72 

82 

83 

133 

25x38— 35 

26 

32 

- ■ 

38 

43 

44 

71 

40 

30 

36 

— 

44 

50 

51 

81 

50 

37 

45 

— 

55 

62 

63 

101 

60 

44 

55 

— 

66 

74 

76 

121 

70 

52 

64 

— 

77 

87 

88 

141 

80 

59 

73 

— 

88 

99 

101 

162 

28x42- 40 

24 

29 

32 

35 

_ 

• 41 

65 

45 

27 

33 

36 

40 

— 

46 

73 

50 

30 

37 

40 

44 

— 

51 

82 

60 

36 

44 

48 

53 

— 

61 

98 

70 

42 

51 

57 

62 

— 

71 

114 

80 

48 

59 

65 

71 

— 

82 

131 

90 

54 

66 

74 

80 

— 

92 

147 

100 

60 

74 

82 

88 

— 

102 

163 

30x40— 40 

23 

29 

32 

35 

39 

- 

64 

50 

29 

36 

40 

43 

49 

— 

80 

60 

35 

43 

48 

52 

59 

— 

96 

70 

41 

50 

55 

61 

69 

— 

112 

80 

47 

58 

63 

69 

78 

— 

128 

90 

53 

65 

71 

78 

88 

— 

144 

100 

59 

72 

79 

87 

98 


160 


For 32x44. (which is just double 22x32) multiply the figures of 22x32 by 2. Like¬ 
wise 38x50 is double 25x38, etc. For odd sizes proceed as per rule above. 

288 




























WIND AND WEATHER SIGNALS 


On March i, 1887, a new system of weather signals was intro¬ 
duced by the United States Signal Office of the War Department, and has since 
been in use at all the stations of the service. The flags adopted for this purpose are 
four in number, and of the form and dimensions indicated below: 


No. 1 . 

tVhite Flag. 

— 


Clear or fair 
uveather. 


No. 2 . 
Blue Flag. 



Rain 
or snow. 


No. 3 . 

Black Triangular 
Flag. 



Temperature 

signal. 


No. 4 . 

White Flag with 
black square in 
center. 

t— _ 



Cold wave. 


Example. 


s 


□ 


Cold wave, fol¬ 
lowed by rain 
or snow, suc¬ 
ceeded by fair 
weather; 
colder. 


No. 

No. 

No. 


Example. 


Number 1, white flag, six feet square, indicates clear or fair weather. Number 2, 
blue flag, six feet square, indicates rain or snow. Number 3, black triangular flag, 
four feet at the base and six feet in length, always refers to temperature; when 
placed above numbers 1 or 2 it indicates warmer weather; when placed below 
numbers 1 or 2 it indicates colder weather; when not displayed, the indications are 
that the temperature will remain stationary, 
or that the change in temperature will not 
vary five degrees from the temperature of the 
same hour of the preceding day. Number 4, 
white flag, six feet square, with black square 
in center, indicates the approach of a sudden 
and decided fall in temperature. This signal 
is usually ordered at least twenty-four hours 
in advance of the cold wave. It is not dis¬ 
played unless a temperature of forty-five de¬ 
grees, or lower, is expected. When number 4 
is displayed, number 3 is always omitted. 

When displayed on poles, *the signals are 
arranged to read downward; when displayed 
from horizontal supports, a small streamer is 
attached to indicate the point from which the 
* signals are to be read. 

Interpretation of Displays. 

, alone, indicates fair weather, station¬ 
ary temperature. 

2, alone, indicates rain or snow, station¬ 
ary temperature. 

1, with No. 3 below it, indicates fair 
weather, colder. 

2, with No. 3 above it, indicates warmer 


BLUE 


Warmer, 
fair 
weather, 
followed 
by rain or 


No. 

weather, rain or snow. 

No. 1. with No. 4 below it, indicatesfair weather, cold wave. 

No. 3, with Nos. 1 and 2 below it, indicates warmer, fair weather, followed by rain 
or snow. 


Storm, Cautionary and Wind-Direction Signals. 

A red flag with a black center indicates that the storm is expected to be of 
marked violence. A yellow flag with a white center indicates that the winds ex¬ 
pected will not be so severe, but well-found; seaworthy vessels can meet them 
.vithout danger. The red pennant indicates easterly winds; that is, from the north- 
' ast to south inclusive, and that generally the storm center is approaching. If 

2851 






























WIND AND WEATHER SIGNALS 


above cautionary or storm-signal, winds from northeast quadrant are more probable; 
below, winds from southeast quadrant. The white pennant indicates westerly 
winds; that is, from north to southwest inclusive, and that generally the storm 
center has passed. If above cautionary or storm-signal, winds from northeast 
quadrant are more probable; if below, winds from southwest quadrant. 



Time Difference Between tlie City of New York and the Principal 

Foreign Cities. 

SLOWER THAN N. Y. 

H. M. 

Canton.H 3 J 

Havana. 33 

Hong Kong.'. .11 27 
Mexico, City of ] 40 

Panama. 12 

Vera Cruz. 1 29 

Yokohama.... 10 45 




FASTER THAN N. Y. 




H. M. 


H. M. 


H. M. 

Antwerp. 

5 13 

Dublin .... 

. 4 31 

Melbourne.... 

9 14 

Berlin. 

5 50 

Edinburgh 

. 4 43 

Paris. 

5 02 

Bremen. 

5 31 

Geneva... 

• 5 21 

K 10 de Janeiro 

2 03 

Brussels. 

5 14 

Hamburg.. 

. 5 36 

Rome. 

5 46 

Buenos Ayres. 

1 02 

Liverpool.. 
London ... 

. 4 44 

St. Petersburg. 

6 57 

Calcutta. 

10 50 

. 4 56 

Valparaiso.... 

10 

Constantinople 6 53 

Madrid.... 

. 4 42 

Vienna. 

6 01 


Actual New York mean time is given. 

The Climates of the United States. 

Mean annual temperature, Fahrenheit, at places named. 


Mobile. 

66° 

46 

69 

63 

55 

Mississippi. 

J ackson......... 

Sitka. 

Missouri. 

St. Louis. 

Tucson.. 

Montana. 

Helena. 

Little Rock. 

Nebraska. 

Omaha. 

San Francisco.. 

Nevada. 

C’pWinfi’ld Scott 

Denver. 

48 

50 

47 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey...... 

Concord. 

Hartford. 

Trenton.. 

Fort Randall.... 

New Mexico.... 

Santa Fe. 

Willmington..... 

53 

55 

69 

58 

52 

50 

51 
60 
49 
51 

New York. 

Albany.. 

Washington. 

North Carolina. . 

Raleigh.. 

J acksonville. 

Ohio. 

Columbus. 

Atlanta. 

Oregon. 

Portland. 

Fort Boise. 

Pennsylvania.... 
Rhode Island.... 

Harrisburg ____ 

Springfield. 

Providence. 

Indianapolis. 

South Carolina... 

Columbia. 

Fort Gibson. 

Tennessee. 

Nashville. 

Des Moines ..... 

Texas. 

Austin. 

Leavenworth.... 

Utah. 

Salt Lake City... 

Louisville. 

•56 

69 

45 

54 

48 

47 

42 

Vermont. 

Montpelier. 

New Orleans .... 

Virginia.. 

Richmond. 

Augusta. 

Washington T.. . 

Steilacoom. 

Baltimore. 

West Virginia... 
Wisconsin . 

Romney. 

Boston ......... 

Madison. 

Detroit. 

Wyoming........ 

Fort Rridger. 

St. Paul. 




Alabama. 

Alaska. 

Arizona.. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecticut. 

Dakota. 

Delaware. 

Dist. Columbia .. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois.. 

Indiana. 

Indian Territory. 

Iowa.. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts ... 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 


64° 

55 

43 

49 

50 
46 
53 

51 
48 
59 
53 

53 

54 
48 
62 
58 
67 

52 
43 
57 

51 

52 
45 
41 


290 






















































































































THE WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY 


THE TELEPHONE. —The principle of the telephone, that sounds 

could be conveyed to a distance by a distended wire, was demonstrated by Robert 
Hook in 1667, but no practical application was made of the discovery until 1821, 
when Professor Wheatstone exhibited his “Enchanted Lyre,” in which the sounds 
of a music box were conveyed from a cellar to^ upper rooms. The first true discov¬ 
erer of the speaking telephone, however, was'Johann Philipp Reis, a German sci¬ 
entist and professor in the institute of Friedrichsdorf. April 25, 1861, Reis exhib¬ 
ited his telephone at Frankfort. This contained all the essential features of the 
modern telephone, but as its commercial value was not at all comprehended, little 
attention was paid to it. Reis, after trying in vain to arouse the interest of scientists 
in his discovery, died in 1874, without having reaped any advantage from it, and 
there is no doubt that his death was hastened by the distress of mind caused by his 
continual rebuffs. Meanwhile, the idea was being worked into more practical 
shape by other persons, Professor Elisha Gray and Professor A.G. Bell, and later by 
Mr. Edison. There is little doubt that Professor Gray’s successful experiments con¬ 
siderably antedated those of the others, but Professor Bell was the first to perfect 
his patent. February 12, 1877, Bell’s articulating telephone was tested by experi¬ 
ments at Boston and Salem, Mass , and was found to convey sounds distinctly from 
one place to the other, a distance of eighteen miles. This telephone was exhibited 
widely in this country and in Europe during that year, and telephone companies 
were established to bring it into general use. Edison’s carbon “loud-speaking” tel¬ 
ephone was brought out in 1878. It is not worth while to go into details on the sub¬ 
ject of priority of invention. The Examiner of Patents at Washington, July 21, 1883, 
decided that Professor Bell was the first inventor, because he was the first to com¬ 
plete his invention and secure a full patent. Since 1878 there have been many im¬ 
provements in the different parts of the telephone, rendering it now nearly perfect 
in its working. 

THE PHONOGRAPH. —The principle of the phonograph is very 
simple. All sound is produced by vibrations of the air. Therefore, any sound 
whatever can be reproduced by reproducing its vibrations. The phonograph is re¬ 
garded as one of the wonders of the nineteenth century, and yet its foundation prin¬ 
ciple is as readily understood as the multiplication table, and its construction is sim¬ 
plicity itself. A small brass cylinder is made to turn on a metal shaft, and upon its 
surface is cut a spiral groove, corresponding to threads cut on the shaft. Over the 
cylinder is spread a sheet of tin foil, secured on its edges by some highly adhering 
substance. A crank attached to the shaft turns the cylinder, giving it at the same 
time a rotary and a horizontal motion. In front of the cylinder is a mouthpiece, hav¬ 
ing on its bottom (next the cylinder) a very thin plate or diaphragm of metal, to which 
is attached a round steel point. Before using the apparatus the steel point must be 
accurately adjusted opposite to that part of the foil lying over the spiral groove. If 
the lips are now applied to the mouthpiece and any sentence spoken, the crank at 
the same time being turned, the vibrations imparted to the metal plate by the voice 
will cause the steel point to come into contact with that part of the foil overlying the 
groove and to make on it a series of indentations as it revolves and is carried forward 
laterally before the mouthpiece. These indentations vary in depth and Sectional 
outline according to the force and kind of vibrations made, and are in fact a tran- 
scripfion of the sounds. They are then translated by bringing the cylinder back to 
its starting-point and substituting for the mouthpiece a resonator. The steel is then 
held by a screw close to the foil, and as the cylinder moves the point retraces the in¬ 
dentations from beginning to end and communicates to the metal diaphragm the 
same vibrations which it had received from it, and these vibrations, communicated 
to the resonating apparatus, are reproduced as spoken words. If the crank is 
turned with exact regularity the exact pitch and tone of the speaker’s voice will 
also be given back. The phonograph was invented by Mr. Edison in 1877 and 
brought before the public early in the following year. The inventor believed that 
the numerous practical applications of this machine would commend it very largely 
to general use. This has not thus far proved to be the case, not because the instru¬ 
ment itself is lacking, for added experiment only proves its more remarkable possi¬ 
bilities, but probably because the invention is so wholly new and strange, so at vari¬ 
ance with anything previously known and understood, that men have not yet been 
able to comprehend its application to everyday affairs. 291 



THE WONDERS OF EL E C TRICITT. 


THE GRAPHOPHONE.—This invention is the work of Mr. Sum ¬ 
ner Taintor, aided by Professor Bell, the telephone inventor. The machine is oper¬ 
ated on the principle of the phonograph. It is very simple and is free from mechan¬ 
ical complication. It has a treadle, and k looks very much like a small sewing- 
machine. Edison discovered the art of recording and reproducing sound, but his in¬ 
vention could not be used because of its clumsy mechanical arrangement, coupled 
with the very inferior and unsatisfactory methods of recording the sounds produced. 
He used a piece of timo.i upon which the sound waves were 
indented and from which they were easily obliterated. The present 
inventor, Mr. Taintor, saw that a iess destructible material was required, and 
after considerable experiment tried a preparation of wax and paraffine. This is the 
surface now used, and it works perfectly. He then made an entirely new apparatus, 
and the result is the graphophone, a machine which will sing a song, report a 
whistle, or give the quality and inflections of the voice in a most charming way. 
The small point which is attached to the diaphragm of the machine cuts a minute 
hair line in the wax surface. This line is so faint that it is scarcely perceptible to 
the naked eye, yet it serves to give a reproduction, so as to be distinctly heard by 
the listener, of a song, a laugh, or an ordinary speech. 

THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY.—Electricity may be applied to the 

propulsion of cars in two different ways. In one case the current is supplied to the 
electro-motors from storage batteries carried by the cars. This method requires no 
change in the ordinary roadbed used by the steam railway, but no means have yet 
been invented for making or operating economically the storage battery required. 
In the second case the current is supplied to the motors on moving trains from sta¬ 
tions along the line of road through properly placed conductors. The method re¬ 
quires a peculiar construction of the road throughout with reference to the necessary 
electrical conditions. Several different forms of the electric railway are possible, 
depending on the method by which the current is conducted to the motors. By one 
method the two rails are used as conductors, the current going out by one rail and 
returning by the other, and passing to the electro-motors through the wheels of the 
train, which are insulated. There is much leakage or loss of power in this method, 
however, and its inventors have essayed to overcome by using a third rail or conduc¬ 
tor for the outgoing current, utilizing both rails for its return. We will briefly de¬ 
scribe the method of working the Siemens electric railway, which has been applied 
successfully to several short railway lines in Europe. The longest of these lines is 
that between Portrush and Bushmills, in the north of Ireland, which is six miles 
long. The line is a three-foot gauge, single track, laid at one side of the country 
road. The third rail, or conductor, is placed beside the roadbed, 17 inches above 
the ground. It is a T-rail carried upon insulator posts. The current is conveyed 
by the conductor to the car by means of two steel springs, one at each end. 
Wherever the railway crosses roads the conductor is carried underground. The 
current from the conducting rail passes through the car to the return rails by a 
switch worked by a lever—with which resistance coils can be placed in or out of 
circuit—then through the electro-motor to the wheels by whieh it reaches the rails. 
The motor is placed in the center of the car, beneath the floor, being connected with 
the axle of one pair of wheels by gearing. The reversing and brake levers are 
placed at each end of the car, so that it can be operated from either end. The rails 
of the track are laid in the usual manner, and are connected with the strips of cop¬ 
per to insure good electrical contact In the Edison and Field railway, which was 
exhibited at the Chicago Exhibition of Railway Appliances, the same general plan 
was observed, but the conductor was placed between the two other rails, and the 
current was conveyed from this rail to the car through stiff wire brushes pressing on 
each side of the rail. These were operated by a lever reaching down from the car. 
This track was 1,553 feet > n length. 

THE ELECTRIC LIGHT.—Setting aside natural phenomena, as 

the lightning and St. Elmo’s fire, and all mere experiments with the electric spark, 
the first inventor of the electric light was Sir Humphrey Davy, who in the early part 
of the century produced the arc light with a battery of 2,000 cells. The mode of 
producing this light is as follows; When the terminal wires of an electric battery 

292 


THE ELECTRIC LIGHT'. 


are brought together and then separated slightly an intense, bright light between 
them results, and this, because of its curved form, is called the electric arc. Thft 
light, in temperature as well as brightness, exceeds all other artificial sources of heat, 
by its means the hardest substances, even the diamond, being entirely consumed. 
The wires of the battery in this light melt and drop off in globules, but it was found 
that hard carbon points on the wires would prevent this, as well as increase the in¬ 
tensity of the lighi. Davy used pieces of charcoal. Foucault, in his experiments 
in 1844 , used carbon from the retorts of gas-works, which is much harder. Foucault’s 
improvement led to the first practical use of the electric light. It was used to il¬ 
luminate the Place de la Concorde, in Paris, being placed on the knee of one of the 
statues there, and amazing all beholders with its brilliant power. The carbon 
points, though not destroyed as rapidly as wire, yet of course must waste in the con¬ 
suming heat of the light. In time the distance between them is increased until the 
light is interrupted, and they must be brought together again to renew the illumina¬ 
tion. Thomas Wright, of London, invented the first apparatus for moving the points 
automatically toward each other, a feature which now belongs to several forms of 
electric lighting As it has been found that the positive carbon wastes more rapidly 
than the negative, that point is made to move over a wider space than the other in 
the same interval of time. 

In 1855 Jules Duboscq’s electric lamp—thus far the most perfect of the kind—was 
shown at the Paris Exhibition, and Professor Tyndall, of England, adopted it for 
the illustration of his lectures on light and colors In 1858 the works of the new 
Westminster bridge, London, were illuminated by Watson’s electric light, and che 
following year the magneto-electric light, invented by Professor Holmes, was suc¬ 
cessfully tried at the lighthouse at Dover. In 1861 the French Government pro¬ 
vided for the illumination of eight coast light-houses by the electric light. But, 
though improvements were made in the invention during the fifteen years following, 
little was accomplished toward practical electric lighting until the invention ol 
JablochkofPs candle. Paul Jablochkoff was a Russian, who for his scientific knowl¬ 
edge and skill had been appointed director of telegraph lines between Moscow and 
Kursk. He resigned this post in 1875, desiring to devote his time wholly to scien¬ 
tific study. He intended to visit the Centennial Exhibition in this country in 1876. 
but on his way hither stopped in Paris, where a noted chemist induced him to re¬ 
main by placing a large laboratory at his disposal. Here a few months later ha 
produced the electric candle, whose discovery made a great sensation. This con¬ 
sisted of two carbons placed side by side, separated and encased in an insulating 
and fusible substance. As the carbons wasted the fusible substance was also con¬ 
sumed. The light given by this candle was soft and steady, and a large number of 
them speedily came into use in Europe. It was quite overshadowed in importance, 
however, by the incandescent lamp, which was first invented about 1870. The dif¬ 
ferent kinds of electric lights now in use may be divided into five groups, thus: 1. 
Glow lamps or incandescent lamps, in which the light is produced by a bad conduc¬ 
tor in an uninterrupted circuit, the conductor itself being not directly consumed. 2, 
Mixed or semi-incandescent lamps, in which the light is produced at the place of 
contact between two conductors, one of them being consumed more or less rapidly. 
3. Regulated lamps, in which the light is formed by the voltaic arc, and the dis¬ 
tance of the carbons is continually regulated by clockwork or other means. 4. 
Electric candles, having the .carbons parallel, as'above described. In each of these 
groups a series of different lamps have been invented, differing somewhat in details 
of construction. Thus we have, in the incandescent lamps, the Swan lamp, the 
Maxim lamp, the Edison lamp, the Siemens lamp, and others. We may briefly de¬ 
scribe the Edison as a type of the class. In this bamboo fiber is used for the carbon 
filament, and this is attached to platinum wire. By means of machinery the bam¬ 
boo is divided into small fibers, and pressed in U-shaped moulds, then put into 
ovens, where they are allowed to become carbonized. They are then attached to 
the plantinum wire and fused in a glass stopper. A glass tube is now blown into a 
bulb, the stopper is placed in it, and both bulb and stopper are fused together. 
The bulb is then exhausted of its air—for the electric light requires a vacuum 
for its brilliancy—and the opening at its apex is closed by fusing. The platinum 
wires of the lamp are connected with the copper wires from a battery, and the lamp 
Is ready for use. A very simple contrivance for breaking the current by turning a 

293 


STORAGE OF ELECTRICITT. 


key serves to ignite or extinguish the lamps. Each lamp is guaranteed to burn 800 
hours; after about that period both the platinum and the carbon are exhausted by 
slow combustion, and a new lamp must be fitted on. The principal difference be- 
tween the incandescent lamps is in the preparation of the carbon filament. Those 
for the Swan lamp are made from cotton fibers soaked in sulphuric acid, then packed 
in fine coal-dust, and exposed to heat. The Maxim lamp filaments are prepared 
from Bristol paper; those of the Lane-Fox lamp from hemp and coke; those of the 
Bernstein lamp—one of the most brilliant made—are of silk carbonized in coal-dust. 
The half-incandescent lamps are quite a recent invention, the first being made in 
1878. In these the light arises at the point of contact, and the essential features of 
the plan consist of a pencil of carbon pressed against a carbon block; as its point is 
consumed the pencil is pushed forward, thus rendering the light continuous. Some 
eight or nine different lamps have been invented on this plan. The regulated arc 
lamps include an even larger number of patents, of which the best known in this 
country is the Brush light. The lights in all these are formed between the points 
of the carbon rods, and the details of clockwork for moving forward the rods as they 
are consumed are too technical for description Still another style of eleetric lamp 
has the carbons inclined at an angle to each other, and some very successful lamps, 
as the Soleil, have been made on this plan. It might be here noted that the great 
5 mpetus given to the electric light by the work of Mr. Edison was not so much in 
improving the lamp as in cheapening the process of generating the electricity, and 
inventing a ready mode of dividing the light. Hitherto the expense attendant 
upon the production of the electric force, and the difficulty of using it simul¬ 
taneously at a large number of illuminating points, had been the two principal bar¬ 
riers in the way of applying the electric light to public use. 

STORAGE OF ELECTRICITY.—It must be noted, to begin with, 

that the term “storing electricity” conveys, usually, an altogether erroneous idea to 
the uninitiated. They are apt to conceive of it as pouring electricity into some re¬ 
ceptacle, as we pour oil into a lamp, to be used when needed. But, in fact, elec¬ 
tricity is an energy, not a substance, and therefore is not capable of storage, in the 
ordinary sense. What is really done by the “storage” apparatus is to convert elec¬ 
tricity into chemical energy, under such circumstances that, by proper arrange¬ 
ments, it may be readily converted back into electricity. The secondary batteries 
used for the storing purpose are more correctly termed accumulators. The first bat¬ 
tery of this kind was made by Ritter about 1840, and it consisted of a series of disks 
of a single metal, alternated with cloth or card moistened in a liquid by which the 
metal would not be affected chemically. In 1859 Mr. Gaston Plante made a sec¬ 
ondary battery, for which he used plates of lead, instead of plates of platinum. 
Passing a current through these, lead oxide was deposited, and after the charging 
current was removed, the lead and lead oxide were found to yield a very slight cur¬ 
rent. To increase this Plante devised the plan of first charging the plates, then 
discharging, then charging again with the battery current reversed,and so on,until,by 
repeated oxidations and subsequent reductions of the oxidized material, very porous 
plates were made. These, by their porosity, exposed a large surface to the oxidizing 
action of the current, so that a small porous plate took up as much electricity as one 
of large superficial area. Plante found that by connecting a number of cells to¬ 
gether, and after charging them, arranging them in series, that is, the positive plate 
»>f one connected with the negative plate of another, and soon, he could store for 
use quite powerful currents of electricity. In 1880 another electrician, M. Camille 
Faure, devised the plan of coating Plante’s lead plates with red lead, and then en- 
casmj them in flannel. The advantage of the red lead is that it is very quickly 
madw porous, and therefore the process of repeated charging of the plates, known 
as the ••forming” process, was reduced from weeks to days, and even to hours. This 
discovery, by reducing the time and expense of making the secondary battery, gave 
it a commercial value thai it never had before, and it was hailed as a great advan¬ 
tage. Since that time a number of patents have been obtained tor storage batteries, 
and they now exist in different forms, but generally modeled on the inventions of 
Plante and Faure. The efforts of inventors have been mainly directed toward re¬ 
ducing the weight of the cells and to devising new ways of holding the red lead on 
the plates. This last-named substance, becoming porous, drops off readily, and for 

294 


ELECTRICAL TERMS . 


this reason the encasements of flannel, etc., were first devised. In some of the stor¬ 
age batteries, a plate, or frame, of cast lead is used, with receptacles, cells, etc., 
which are filled with the red lead. 

ELECTRICAL TERMS.—The technical terms used in regard to 

electricity refer to units of various nature. Thus the unit of capacity is one farad; the 
unit of activity, one watt; the unit of work one joule; the unit of quantity, one coul¬ 
omb; the unit of current, one ampere; the unit of resistance, one ohm; the unit of 
magnetic field, one gauss; the unit of pressure, one volt; the unit of force, one 
dyne. The names are mostly derived from the names of men that have been famous 
in the field of electrical research. Thus Michael Faraday, James Watt and James 
P. Joule, famous English discoverers, give their names to the first three units men¬ 
tioned; Charles A. Coulomb and Andre M. Ampere, French inventors, to the two 
units following; G. S. Ohm and Carl F. Gauss. Germans, name two more units; and 
the volt is named from the Italian discoverer, Volta. The dyne is derived from the 
root word of dynamo, itself meaning for ce. 

Preserving Wood. —There have been a number of processes 

patented for preserving wood. One of them, very generally used, consists in im¬ 
mersing the timber in a bath of corrosive sublimate. Another process consists in first 
filling the pores with a solution of chloride of calcium under pressure, and next 
forcing in a solution of sulphate of iron, by which an insoluble sulphate of lime is 
formed in the body of the wood, which is thus rendered nearly as hard as stone. 
Wood prepared in this way is now very largely used for railroad ties. Another pro¬ 
cess consists in impregnating the wood with a solution of chloride of zinc. Yet 
another way is to thoroughly impregnate the timber with oil of tar containing crea- 
sote and a crude solution of acetate of iron. The process consists in putting the 
wood in.a cylindrical vessel, connected with a powerful air pump. The air is with¬ 
drawn, and the liquid subjected to pressure, so that as much of it as possible is 
forced into the pores of the wood. The processes above given not only season the 
timber so that it is not subject to dry rot, but also keep it from being injured by the 
weather, or being attacked by insects or worms. 

To Make Cloth Waterproof. —There have been various 

devices for rendering cloth waterproof without the use of India rubber. The most 
successful of these, no doubt, is the Stenhouse patent. This consists of the appli¬ 
cation of paraffine combined wi> n drying oil. Paraffine was first used alone, but it 
was found to harden and break off from the cloth after a time. When drying oil 
was added, however, even in a very small quantity, it was found that the two sub¬ 
stances, by the absorption of oxygen, became converted into a tenacious substance 
very like resin. To apply this the paraffine is melted with drying oil, and then cast 
into blocks. The composition can then be applied to fabrics by rubbing them over 
with a block of it, either cold or gently warmed. Or the melted mixture may be 
applied with a brush and the cloth then passed through hot rollers in order to 
cover its entire substance perfectly. This application makes cloth very repellantto 
water, though still pervious to air. 

The Rule of the Road.—T he “rule of the road” in the 

United states is “turn to the right;” in England it is the reverse. The rule holds in 
this country in the case where two vehicles going in opposite directions meet. 
When one vehicle overtakes another the foremost gives way to the left and the 
other passes by on the “offside;” and when a vehicle is crossing the direction of 
another it keeps to the left and crosses in its rear. These two rules are the same in 
this country and in England, and why the rule concerning meeting vehicles 
should have been changed it is impossible to say. We find this point of difference 
noted by all authorities, but no reason for it is ever suggested. Probably, as it is 
easier to turn to the right than to the left, it was adopted as the more preferable 
custom in some of the early colonies, and in due time became embodied in local 
law, and thus was handed down to later times. 

Piano Polish. —Take equal proportions of turpentine, linseed 

.?il and vinegar. Mix; rub in well with a piece of flannel cloth. Then polish with a 
piece of chamois skin. This treatment will entirely remove the dingy appearance 
that age gives to fine woods. 


295 



The Standard Silver Dollar. 

The coinage of the standard silver dollar was first authorizes 
by Act of April 2, 1792. Its weight was to be 416 grains stand¬ 
ard silver; fineness, 892.4; which was equivalent to 371J4 grains 
of fine silver, with 44% grains of pure copper alloy. This 
weight was changed by act of January 18, 1837, to 412)4 grains, 
and fineness changed to 900, thus preserving the same amount of 
pure silver as before. By act of February 12, 1873, the coinage 
was discontinued. The total number of silver dollars coined 
from 1792 to 1873 was 8,045,838. The act of 1873 provided for 
the coinage of the “trade dollar,” of weight 420 grains, and an 
act passed in June, 1874, ordered that all silver coins should only 
be “legal tender at their nominal value for amounts not exceed- 
ing $5.” The effect of these acts was the “demonetization” of 
silver, of which so much has been said. Feb. 28, 1878, the coin¬ 
age of the standard dollar of 41234 grains was revived by act of 
Congress; $2,000,000 per month was ordered coined, and the 
coins were made legal tender for all debts, public and private. 
From February, 1878, to Nov. 1,1885,213,257,594 of these stand¬ 
ard dollars were coined under the above act. 


Standard Time. 

What is known as the “new standard time” was adopted by 
agreement by all the principal railroads of the United States at 
12 o’clock, noon, on Nov. 18, 1883. The system divides the con¬ 
tinent into five longitudinal belts, and fixes a meridian of time 
for each belt. These meridians are fifteen degrees of longitude, 
corresponding to one hour of time, apart. Eastern Maine, New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia use the the 60th meridian; the Can¬ 
adas, New England, the Middle States, Virginia and the Caro- 
linas use the 75th meridian, which is that of Philadelphia; the 
States of the Mississippi Valley, Alabama, Georgia and Florida, 
and westward, including Texas, Kansas, and the larger part of 
Nebraska and Dakota, use the 90th meridian, which is that of 
New Orleans. The Territories to the western border of Arizona 
and Montana go by the time of the 105th meridian, which is that of 
Denver; and the Pacific States employ the 120th meridian. The 
time divisions are known as intercolonial time, eastern time, 
central time, mountain time and Pacific time. A traveler pass¬ 
ing from one time belt to another will find his watch an hour too 
fast or too slow, according to the direction in which he is going. 
All points in any time division using the time of the meridian must 
set their time-pieces faster or slower than the time indicated by 
the sun, according as their position is east or west of the line. 
This change of system reduced the time standards used by the 
railroads from fifty-three to five, a great convenience to the rail¬ 
roads and the traveling public. The suggestion leading to the 
adoption of this new system originated with Professor Abbe, of 
the Signal Bureau at Washington. J 296 ] 



Theosophy. 

Much is said nowadays about theosophy, which is really but 
another name for mysticism. It is not a philosophy, for it will 
have nothing to do with pholosophical methods: it might be 
called a religion, though it has never had a following large 
enough to make a very strong impression on the world’s religious 
history. The name is from the Greek word theosophia—divine 
wisdom—and the object of theosophical study is professedly to 
understand the nature of divine things. It differs, however, from 
both philosophy and theology even when these have the same 
object of investigation. For, in seeking to learn the divine nature 
and attributes, philosophy employs the methods and principles 
of natural reasoning; theology uses these, adding to them cer¬ 
tain principles derived from revelation. Theosophy, on the 
other hand, professes to exclude all reasoning processes as im¬ 
perfect, and to derive its knowledge from direct communication 
with God himself. It does not, therefore, accept the truths of 
recorded revelation as immutable, but as subject to modification 
by later direct and personal revelations. The theosophical idea 
has had followers from the earliest times. Since the Christian 
era we may class among theosophists such sects as Neo-Platon- 
ists, the Hesychasts of the Greek Church, the Mystics of medize- 
val times, and, in later times, the disciples of Paracelsus, Thal- 
hauser, Bohme, Swedenborg, and others. Recently a small sect 
has arisen, which has taken the name of Theosophists. Its 
leader was an English gentleman who had become fascinated 
with the doctrine of Buddhism. Taking a few of his followers 
to India, they have been prosecuting their studies there, certain 
individuals attracting considerable attention by a claim to mirac¬ 
ulous powers. It need hardly be said that the revelations they 
have claimed to receive have been, thus far, without element of 
benefit to the human race. 


The Evolution Theory. 

The evolution or development theory declares the universe 
as it now exists to be the result of a long series of changes, which 
were so far related to each other as to form a series of growths 
analogous to the evolving of the parts of a growing organism. 
Herbert Spencer defines evolution as a progress from the homo¬ 
geneous to the heterogeneous, from general to special, from the 
simple to the complex elements of life, and it is believed that 
this process can be traced in the formation of worlds in space, in 
the multiplieation of types and species among animals and 
plants, in the origin and changes of languages and literature and 
the arts, and also in all the changes of human institutions and 
society. Asserting the general fact of progress in nature, the 
evolution theory shows that the method of this progress has 
been (i) by the multiplication of organs and functions; (2) ac- 



THE MIND CURE. 


cording to a defined unity of plan, although with (3) the inter¬ 
vention of transitional forms, and (4) with modifications depend¬ 
ent upon surrounding conditions. Ancient writers occasionally 
seemed to have a glimmering knowledge of the fact of progress 
in nature, but as a theory “evolution” belongs to the enlighten¬ 
ment of the nineteenth century. Leibnitz, in the latter part of 
the seventeenth century, first uttered the opinion that the earth 
was once in a fluid condition, and Kant, about the middle of the 
eighteenth century, definitely propounded the nebular hypothesis, 
which was enlarged as a theory by the Herschels. The first 
writer to suggest the transmutation of species among animals was 
Buffon, about 1750, and other writers followed out the idea. The 
eccentric Lord Monboddo was the first to suggest the possible de¬ 
scent of man from the ape, about 1774. In 1813 Dr. W. C. Wells first 
proposed to apply the principle of natural selection to the natur¬ 
al history of man, and in 1822 Professor Herbert first asserted 
the probable transmutation of species of plants. In 1844 a book 
appeared called “Vestiges of Creation,” which, though evidently 
not written by a scientific student, yet attracted great attention 
by its bold and ingenious theories. The authorship of this book 
was never revealed until after the death of Robert Chambers, a 
few j'-ears since, it became known that this publisher, whom no 
one would ever have suspected of holding such hetorodox the¬ 
ories, had actually written it. But the two great apostles of the 
evolution theory were Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. 
The latter began his great work, the “First Principles of Philos¬ 
ophy,” showing the application of evolution in the facts of life, 
in 1852. In 1859 appeared Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” The 
hypothesis of the latter was that different species originated in 
spontaneous variation, and the survival of the fittest through 
natural selection and the struggle for existence. This theory 
was further elaborated and applied by Spencer, Darwin, Huxley, 
and other writers in Europe and America, and though to-day by 
no means all the ideas upheld by these early advocates of the 
theory are still accepted, evolution as a principle is now 
acknowledged by nearly all scientists. It is taken to be an estab¬ 
lished fact in nature, a valid induction from man’s knowledge of 
natural order. 


The Mind Cure. 

The mind cure, otherwise known in its various subdivisions as 
metaphysics, Christian science, mental science, etc., is a species of 
delusion quite popular at the present time. Every era of the world 
has cherished similar delusions, for the mass of the human race, 
even in what are considered the educated classes, are so unfa¬ 
miliar with the processes of exact reasoning that they fall a 

298 



THE MIND CURE. 

ready prey to quacks of all kinds. The fundamental idea of the 
mind cure system is that there is no such thing as sickness. Dis 
ease, says one of their apostles, is an error of the mind, the result 
of fear. Fear is only faith inverted and perverted. God, who is 
all good Himself, and who made everything good, cannot have 
been the author of any disease. As disease, therefore, is not a 
creation, it has no existence, and when the healer has succeeded 
in impressing this fact upon the mind of the patient, the cure is 
effected. It is curious to note into what utter absurdities the 
need for consistency carries these apostles. Poisons, they say, 
w r ould be quite harmless if the fear of them was removed, but we 
have yet to find the “mental science” teacher who will under¬ 
take to prove this by herself taking liberal doses of aconite and 
strychnine. The illnesses of children are explained by the hy¬ 
pothesis of hereditary fear. The majority of the teachers of this 
new faith are women, many of whom, no doubt, are sincere in 
their belief; but it may be safely stated that the men engaged as the 
so-called physicians of the new practice are, with few exceptions, 
unprincipled quacks, who have gone into the business for the 
money they can make by duping the ignorant. As far as there 
is any truth underlying the vagaries of mind cures, and their 
boasts of remarkable cases of healing, it may be admitted that 
the mind has much influence over the body. This fact has been 
recognized by intelligent physicians for centuries. And that the 
peculiar modern type of nervous diseases, which are so largely 
caused by excessive stimulus of the nerves and the imagination, 
should be amenable to cure through the imagination, is not 
strange. It will be noted that this mental cure has effected its 
miracles mainly among women, where it has the emotional tem¬ 
perament to work on, and almost wholly in the ranks of the 
wealthy and well-to-do, where there is little or no impoverish¬ 
ment of the system by insufficient food and excessive toil to hin¬ 
der its effects. We have not heard, nor are we likely to hear, of 
an epidemic disease checked by thp mind cure, or of the healing 
of acute affections or organic troubles through its agency. Nor 
do we hear of its seeking to carry its message of healing into the 
houses of the suffering poor in large cities, where hunger, expos¬ 
ure and foul airs open wide the door to fevers and all deadly 
diseases, nor yet into hospitals for contagious or incurable affec¬ 
tions. In the presence of such realities it would prove, as its 
votaries probably understand, a too-painful mockery. Intelli¬ 
gently analyzed, therefore, this new revelation amounts to noth¬ 
ing more than a quite striking proof of the remarkable influence 
of the mind over the nervous system. Beyond this, the craze, in 
attempting to disprove the existence of disease, and to show that 
poisons do not kill, is simply running against the plain and inevi¬ 
table facts of life, and can safely be left to perish through it* 
own rashness. 299 


GEMS OF POETRY 


There is a tide in the affairs of men 

Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; 

Omitted, all the voyage of their life 

Is bound in shallows and in miseries.— Shakespeare. 

Therefore, since brevity is the soul of wit. 

And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes— 

I will be brief.— Shakespeare. 

The quality of mercy is not strain’d; 

It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven. 

Upon the place beneath.— Shakespeare. 

What are monuments of bravery 
Where no public virtues bloom? 

What avail, in lands of slavery, 

Trophied temples, arch and tomb?— Campbell. 

Virtue alone outbuilds the pyramids; Not to him who rashly dares. 

Her monuments shall last when Egypt’s But to him who nobly bears, 

fall.— Young. Is the victor’s garland sure. — Whittier. 

A trinity there seems of principles. 

Which represent and rule created life— 

The love of self, our fellows, and our God.— Bailey. 

Hark, his hands the lyre explore! 

Bright-eyed Fancy, hovering o’er, 

Scatters from her pictur’d urn 

Thoughts that breathe and words that burn.— Gray. 

I hold it truth with him who sings 
To one clear harp in divers tones, 

« That men may rise on stepping-stones 
Of their dead selves to higher things.— Tennyson. 

Think’st thou existence doth depend on time? 

It doth; but actions are our epochs.— Byron. 

Man but dives in death; 

Dives from the sun in fairer day to r>’se. 

The grave his subterranean road to bliss.— Young. 

There is no death! What seems so is transition ; 

This life of mortal breath 
Is but a suburb of the life Elysian, 

• Whose portal we call death.— Longfellow. 

Know, then, thyself; presume not God to scan; 

The proper study of mankind is man.— Pope. 

Lowliness is young ambition’s ladder, 

Whereto the climber upward turns his face; 

But when he once attains the utmost round. 

He then unto the ladder turns his back. 

Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees 
By which he did ascend.— Shakespeare. 

Condition, circumstance, is not the thing; 

Bliss is the same in subject or in king.— Pope. 

300 



GEMS OF POETRT. 


Men who their duties know. Oh, fear not in a world like this. 

But know their rights, and, knowing, And thou shalt know ere long. 

Dare maintain.— Jones. Know how sublime a thing it is 

To suffer and be strong.— Longfellow. 

The Arve and Arveiron at thy base 

Rave ceaselessly; but thou, most awful Form l 

Risestfrom forth thy silent sea of pines. 

How silently! Around thee and above 
Deep is the air, and dark, substantial black. 

An ebon mass; methinksthou piercest it 
As with a wedge.— Coleridge (On Mt. Blanc). 

Let fate do her worst, there are moments of joy, 

Bright dreams of the past, which she cannot destroy; 

Which come in the nighttime of sorrow and care, 

And bring back the features that joy used to wear.— Moore. 

Delightful task ! to rear the tender thought, „ 

To teach the young idea how to shoot. 

To pour the fresh instruction o’er the mind. 

To breathe th’ enliv’ning spirit, and to fix 

The generous purpose in the glowing breast.— Thomson. 

Every inordinate cup 

Is unblessed, and the ingredient is a devil.— Shakespeare. 

And I will trust that He who heeds 

The life that hides in mead and wold. 

Who hangs yon alder’s crimson beads. 

And stains these mosses green and gold. 

Will still, as HE hath done, incline 

His gracious care to me and mine.— Whittier. 

Yet I doubt not through the ages 
One increasing purpose runs. 

And the thoughts of men are widened 

With the process of the suns.— Tennyson. 

Oh, that men should put an enemy in 

Their mouths to steal away their brains !— Shakespeare. 

’Tis strange, but true, for truth is always strange. 

Stranger than fiction.— Byron. 

Still to ourselves in every place consigned. 

Our own felicity we make or find.— Goldsmith. 

Shall man alone, for whom all else revives. 

No resurrection know?— Young. 

To gild refined gold, to paint the lily. 

To throw a perfume on the violet. 

To smooth the ice or add another hue 
Unto the rainbow, or with taper light 
To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish, 

Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.— Shakespeare, 

The purest treasure mortal times afford 
Is spotless reputation: that away. 

Men are but gilded loam or painted clay.— Shakespeare. 

301 


GEMS OF POETRT. 


Our little lives are kepi in equipoise 
By opposite attractions and desires; 

The struggle of the instinct that enjoys. 

And the more noble instinct that aspires.— Longfellow. 

Oh! many a shaft at random sent 
Finds mark the archer little meant, 

And many a word at random spoken 

May soothe or wound a heart that’s broken.— Scott. 

A weapon that comes down as still 
As snowflakes fall upon the sod, 

But executes a freeman’s will 

As lightning does the will of God; 

And from its force nor doors nor locks 

Can shield you; ’tis the ballot-box.— Pierpont. 

Happy the man who sees a God employed 
In all the good and ill that checker life ! — Ccnvper. 

'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past hours, 

And ask them what report they bore to heaven.— Young\ 

Kind hearts are more than coronets, 

And simple faith than Norman blood.— Tennyson. 

’Tis distance lends enchantment to the view. 

And clothes the mountain in its azure hue.— Campbell. 

Good name, in man and woman, dear my lord, 

Is the immediatejewel of their souls.— Shakespeare. 

Who, then, to frail mortality shall trust, 

But limns the water, or but writes in dust.— Lord Bacon. 

My mind to me a kingdom is ; 

Such present joys therein I find 
That it excels all other bliss 

That earth affords or grows by kind ; 

Though much I want which most would have. 

Yet still my mind forbids to crave.— Dyer. 

But words are things, and a small drop of ink. 

Falling, like dew, upon a thought, produces 

That which makes thousands, perhaps millions, think. 

—Byron. 


His golden locks hath Time to silver turned, 

O time too swift! O swiftness never ceasing 1 
His youth ’gainst time and age hath ever spurned. 

But spurned in vain; youth waneth by increasing. 

Beauty, strength, youth, are flowers but fading seen, 

Duty, faith, love, are roots, and ever green .—Lord Bacon. 

Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, 

When wealth accumulates and men decay; 

Princes and lords may flourish and may fade, 

A breath can make them as a breath has made, 

But an honest peasantry, a country’s pride. 

When once destroyed, can never be supplied,— Goldsmith. 

302 


GEMS OF POETRT. 


An honest man’s the noblest work of God.— Pope. 

Tis heaven alone that is given away; 

’Tisonly God may be had for the asking.— LtnvelL 

There is no death! An angel form 

Walks o’er the earth with silent tread; 

He bears our best lov’d things away, 

And then we call them “dead.”— Harvey. 

First, then, a woman will or won’t, depend on’t: 

If she will do’t, she will; and there’s an end on’t. 

But if she won’t, since safe and sound youi trust is. 
Fear is affront, and jealousy injustice.— Hill. 

What stronger breastplate than a heart untainted ? 

Thrice is he arm’d that hath his quarrel just; 

And he but naked, though lock’d up in steel, 

Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted.— Shakespeare. 

So dear to heaven is saintly chastity 
That, when a soul is found sincerely so, 

A thousand liveried angels lackey her. 

Driving far off each thing of sin and guilt.— Milton. 

Who has not felt how sadly sweet 

The dream o. home, the dream of home. 

Steals o’er the heart, too soon to fleet. 

When far o’er sea or land we roam 'l—Moore. 

No peace nor ease the heart can know 
Which, like the needle true. 

Turns at the touch of joy or woe, 

But, turning, trembles too.— Mrs. Greville. 

Truth crushed to earth shall rise again; 

The eternal years of God are hers; 

But Error, wounded, writhes with pain. 

And dies among his worshipers.— Byron. 

Rest here, distrest by poverty no more ; 

Here find that calm thou gav’st so oft before; 

Sleep, undisturb’d, within this peacelul shrine, 

’Till angels wake thee with a note like thine,— Johnson. 

Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt. 

And every grin so merry draws one out.— IVolcot. 

Shall I, wasting in despair, 

Die because a woman's fair? 

Or make pale my cheeks with care 
’Cause another’s rosy are? 

Be she fairer than the day, 

Or the flow’ry meads in May, 

If she be not so to me, 

What care I how fair she be?— Wither. 

The world’s a bubble, and the life of man, 

Less than a span.— Bacon. 

Great wit is sure to madness close allied. 

And thin partitions do their bounds divide.— Dryden, 
303 


GEMS OF POETRT. 


What a piece of work is man ! How noble in reason ! how infinite in faculties ! in 
form and moving, how express and admirable ! inaction, how like an angel! in ap¬ 
prehension, how like a god '.—Shakespeare. 

She walks in beauty, like the night 
Of cloudless climes and starry skies; 

And all that’s best of dark and bright 
Meet in her aspect and her eyes; 

Thus mellow’d to that tender light 

Which Heaven to gaudy day denies.— Byron. 

I thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small.— Old Testament. 

In Faith and Hope the world will disagree, 

But all mankind’s concern is Charity.— Pope. 

Sweet are the uses of adversity, 

Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, 

Wears yet a precious jewel in his head ; 

And thus our life, exempt from public haunt, 

Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks. 

Sermons in stones, and good in everything.— Shakespeare. 

Should auld acquaintance be forgot. 

And never brought to min’? 

Should auld acquaintance be forgot, 

And days o’ auld lang syne?— Burns. ■ 

Statesman, yet friend to truth ! Of soul sincere. 

In action faithful and in honor clear ; 

Who broke no promise, serv’d no private end ; 

Who gained no title, and who lost no friend.— Pope. 

O woman, lovely woman ! nature made thee 
To temper man ; we had been brutes without you. 

Angels are painted fair, to look like you ; 

There’s in you all that we believe in heaven : 

Amazing brightness, purity and truth, 

• \ Eternal joy and everlasting love.— Otway. 


MISQUOTATIONS. 

It is a peculiar faculty of human memory to misquote proverbs 

and poetry, and almost invariably to place the credit where it does not belong. 

Nine men out of ten think that “The Lord tempers the wind to the shorn lamb” is 
from the Bible, whereas Lawrence Sterne is the author. “Pouring oil upon the 
troubled waters” is also ascribed to the sacred volume, whereas it is not there ; in 
fact, no one knows its origin. 

Again, we hear people say : “The proof of the pudding is in chewing the string.” 
This is arrant nonsense, as the proverb says: 

“The proof of the pudding is in the eating thereof, and not in chewing the string.” 

Nothing is more common than to hear : »» 

A man convinced against his will 
Is of the same opinion still. 

This is an impossible condition of the mind, for fto one can be convinced of an 
opinion and at the same time hold an opposite one. What Butler wrote was emi¬ 
nently sensible: 

He that complies against his will 
Is of his own opinion still. 

304 



POS TA L IN FORM A TION. 

A famous passage of Scripture is often misquoted thus: “He that is without sin 
among you, let him cast the first stone.” It should be: “Let him first cast a stone.* 

Sometimes we are told: “Behold how great a fire a little matter kindleth,” 
whereas St. James said; “Behold how great a matter a little fire kindleth,” which 
is quite a different thing. 

We also hear that a “miss is as good as a mile,” which is not as sensible or forcible 
as the true proverb: “A miss of an inch is as good as a mile.” 

“Look before you leap” should be : “And look before you ere you leap.” 

Pope is generally credited with having written : 

Immodest words admit of no defense. 

For want of decency is want of sense, 

though it would puzzle any one to find the verses in his writings. They were writ¬ 
ten by the Earl of Roscommon, who died before Pope was born. 

Franklin said : “Honesty is the best of policy,” but the maxim is of Spanish ori¬ 
gin, and may be found in “Don Quixote.” 


POSTAL INFORMATION. 

Local, or Drop Letters^ two cents for each ounce at all 

letter carrier offices, and at other offices i cent. # 

Letters to anj’- part of the United States or the Dominion oi 

Canada, 2 cents for each ounce or fraction thereof. 

Letters to Great Britain or Ireland, or the Continent of 

Europe, 5 cents for each half ounce. 

Valuable Letters may be registered by paying a charge 

of 10 cents. 

Postal Cards costing one cent each can be sent to any part 
of the United States or Canada. They may be sent to Newfoundland, Great Brit¬ 
ain and Ireland by adding a 1 cent stamp. 

Printed Matter: i. Printed Books, Periodicals, Transcient 

Newspapers and other matter wholly in print, in unsealed envelopes, 1 cent for 
each two ounces or fraction thereof. 

2. Printed circulars may bear the date, address and signature 

at this rate. 

3. Reproductions by electric pen, Hekograph, and similar pro¬ 

cesses, same as Printed Matter. 

Articles of Merchandise, Seeds, Cuttings, Roots, 

an' 1 other mailable matter, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. 

All Packages of mail matter not charged with letter post¬ 
age must be arranged so the same can be conveniently examined by postmas¬ 
ters. If not so arranged, letter postage will be charged. 

Articles of Merchandise may he registered at the rate of 

10 cents a package, subject to proper examination before registration. The name 
and the address of sender must be indorsed in writing, or in print, on each package 
offered for registration. 

Any Package may have the name and address of the sender, 

with the word “from” prefixed on the wrapper, and the number and names of the 
articles maybe added in brief form. 

Postal Note, payable to bearer at any money order office 

designed by the purchaser of the note, must be for an amount under five dollars, 
and will cost three cents. 

Money Orders : The fee for a money order not exceeding 
$iG is 8 cents; jjio to 815, 10 cents; $15 to $30, 15 cents; $30 to $40, 20 cents; $40 to 
te* 25 cents; $50 to $60, 30 cents; #60 to #70, 35 cents; $70 to $80 dollars, 40 cents; 
$80 to $100, 45 cents. 


305 



THE TARIFF AND RECIPROCITY 


THE CUSTOMS TARIFF ACT OF OCTOBER 1, 1890 

(Known as the McKinley Bill). 

Seo Alphabetical Index on p. 350. 

An Act to Reduce the Revenue and Equalize Duties on Imports, and 

for Other Purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled : 

That on and after the sixth day of October, eighteen hundred and 
ninety, unless otherwise specially provided for in this Act, there shall 
be levied, collected and paid upon all articles imported from foreign 
countries, and mentioned in the schedules herein contained, the rates 
of duty which are by the schedules and paragraphs respectively pre¬ 
scribed, namely : 

Schedule A.—Chemicals, Oils and Paints. 

ACIDS. 1 . Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the specific gravity of 
one and forty-seven one-thousandths, one and one-half cents per pound; exceed¬ 
ing the specific gravity of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, four cents pet- 
pound. 

3 . Boracic acid, five cents per pound. 

3 . Chromic acid, six cents per pound. 

4 . Citric acid, ten cents per pound. 

5 . Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, not otherwise specially provided for, one- 
fourth of one cent per pound. 

6 . Tannic acid or tannin, seventy-five cents per pound. 

7 . Tartaric acid, ten cents per pound. 

8 . Alcoholic perfumery, including cologne water and other toilet waters, two 
dollars per gallon and fifty per centum ad valorem; alcoholic compounds not 
specially provided for in this act, two dollars per gallon and twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

9 . Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, and alumin¬ 
ous cake, and alum in crystals or ground, six-tenths of one cent per pound. 

10 . Ammonia, carbonate of, one and three-fourths cents per pound ; muriate 
of, or sal-ammoniac, three-fourths of one cent per pound; sulphate of, one-half 
of one cent per pound. 

11 . Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

13 . Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, two cents per pound. 

13 . Bone-char, suitable for use in decolorizing sugars, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

14 . Borax, crude, or borate of soda, or borate of lime, three cents per pound; 
refined borax, five cents per pound. 

15 . Camphor, refined, four cents per pound. 

16 . Chalk, prepared, precipitated, French, and red, one cent per pound; all 
other chalk preparations not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum 
ad valorem. 

17 . Chloroform, twenty-five cents per pound. 

' COAL-TAR PREPARATIONS. 18 . All coal-tar colors or dyes, by what¬ 
ever name known, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

19 . All preparations of «oal-tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided for 
in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

306 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 

J 80 » Cobalt, oxide of, thirty cents per pound. 

• 1 . Collodion and all compounds of pyroxyline, by whatever name known, 
fifty cents per pound; rolled or in sheets, but not made up into articles, sixty 
cents per pound; if in finished or partly finished articles, sixty cents per pound 
and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

22 . Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

23 . Copperas or sulphate of iron, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 

24 . Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs and bulbous 
roots, and excrescences, such as nut galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, 
gums, and gum resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots and stems, 
spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), and seeds of morbid 
growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of the 
foregoing which are not edible, but which have been advanced in value or condi¬ 
tion by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, and not specially 
provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 

25 . Ethers sulphuric, forty cents per pound; spirits of nitrous ether, twenty- 
five cents per pound; fruit ethers, oils or essences, two dollars and fifty cents 
per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially provided for in this act, one dollar 
per pound. 

26 . Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dye-woods, extract of 
sumac and extracts of barks, such as are commonly used for dyeing or tanning, 
not specially provided for in this act, seven-eighths of one cent per pound: ex¬ 
tracts of hemlock bark, one-half of one cent per pound. 

27 . Gelatine, glue and isinglass, or fish-glue, valued at not above seven cents 
per pound, one and one-half cents per pound ; valued at above seven cents per 
pound and not above thirty cents per pound, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; 
valued at above thirty cents per pound, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

28 . Glycerine, crude, not purified, one and three-fourths cents per pound; 
refined, four and one-half cents per pound. 

29 . Indigo, extracts or paste of, three-fourths of one cent per pound; car- 
mined, ten cents per pound. 

30 . Ink and ink-powders, printers’ ink and all other ink not specially pro¬ 
vided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

31 . Iodine, resublimed, thirty cents per pound. 

32 . Iodoform, one dollar and fifty cents per pound. 

33 . Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls or other forms, five and one-half 
cents per pound. 

34 Magnesia, carbonate of, medicinal, four cents per pound; calcined, eight 
cents per pound; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, three-tenths of one cent per pound 

35 . Morphia, or morphine, and all salts thereof, fifty cents per ounce. 

OILS. 36 . Alizarine assistant, or soluble oil, or oleate of soda, or Turkey 
red oil, containing fifty per centum or more of castor oil, eighty cents per gal 
Ion; containing less than fifty per centum of castor oil, forty cents per gallon ; all 
other, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

37 . Castor oil, eighty cents per gallon. 

38 . Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. 

39 . Cotton-seed oil, ten cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 

40 . Croton oil, thirty cents per pound. ... 

41 . Flaxseed or linseed and poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled or oxidized, thirty- 
two cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 

42 . Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, ten per centum ad valorem. 

43 . Hemp-seed oil and rape-seed oil,.ten cents per gallon. 

44 . Olive oil, fit for salad purposes, thirty-five cents per gallon. 

45 . Peppermint oil, eighty cents per pound. . 

46 . Seal, herring, whale and other fish oil not specially provided for in this 
act, eight cents per gallon. 

47 . Opium, aqueous extract of, for medical uses, and tincture of, as lauda¬ 
num, and all other liquid preparations of opium not specially provided for in 
this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

307 




THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY, ETC. 

48 . Opium, containing less than nine per centum of morphia, and opium pre¬ 
pared for smoking, twelve dollars per pound; but opium prepared for smoking 
and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouse shall not be re¬ 
moved therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be re¬ 
funded. 

PAINTS, COLORS AND VARNISHES. 49 . Baryta, sulphate of, or 
barytes, including Darytes earth unmanufactured, one dollar and twelve cents 
per ton; mannfactured, six dollars and seventy-two cents per ton. 

50 . Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, Chinese and all other containing ferro- 
cyanide of iron, dry or ground in or mixed with oil, six cents per pound; in pulp 
or mixed with water, six cents per pound on the material contained therein when 
dry. 

51 . Blanc-fixe, or satin white, or artificial sulphate of barytes, three-fourths of 
one cent per pound. 

52 . Black, made from bone, ivory or vegetable, under whatever name known, 
including bone-black and lamp-black, dry or ground in oil or water, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

53 . Chrome yellow, chrome green and all other chromium colors in which lead 
and bichromate of potash or soda are component parts, dry or ground in or 
mixed with oil, four and one-half cents per pound; in pulp or mixed with water, 
four and one-half cents per pound on the material contained therein when dry. 

54 . Ocher and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, umber and umber 
earths, not specially provided for in this act, dry, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound; ground in oil one and one-half cents per pound. 

55 . Ultramarine blue, four and one-half cents per pound. 

56 . Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem; and on spirit varnishes for the alcohol contained therein, one dollar 
and thirty-two cents per gallon additional. 

57 . Vermilion red, and colors containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or 
water, twelve cents per pound. 

58 . Wash blue, containing ultramarine, three cents per pound. 

59 . Whiting and Paris white, dry, one-half of one cent per pound; ground in 
oil or putty, one cent per pound. 

60 . Zinc, oxide of, and white paint containing zinc, but not containing lead; 
dry, one and one fourth cents per pound; ground in oil, one and three-fourths 
cents per pound. 

61 . All other paints and colors, whether dry or mixed, or ground in water or 
oil, including lakes, crayons, smalts, and frostings, not specially provided for in 
this act, and artists’ colors of all kinds, in tubes or otherwise, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. AH paints and colors, mixed or ground with water or solu¬ 
tions other than oil, and commercially known as artists’ water color paints, thirty 
per centum ad valorem. 

LEAD PRODUCTS. 62 . Acetate of lead, white, five and one-half cents per 
pound; brown, three and one-half cents per pound. 

63 . Litharge, three cents per pound. 

64 . Nitrate of lead, three cents per pound. 

65 . Orange mineral, three and one-half cents per pound. 

66 . Red lead, three cents pef pound. 

67 . White lead and white paint containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground or 
mixed with oil, three cents per pound. 

68 Phosphorus, twenty cents per pound. 

POTASH. 69 . Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound 

70 . Caustic or hydrate of, refined, in sticks or rolls, one cent per pound. 

71 . Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of, fifty cents per pound. 

72 . Nitrate of, or saltpeter, refined, one cent per pound. 

73 . Prussiate of, red, ten cents per pound ; yellow, five cents per pound. 

PREPARATIONS. 74 . All medicinal preparations, including medicinal pro¬ 
prietary preparations, of which alcohol is a component part, or in the preparation 
of which alcohol is used, not specially provided for in this act, fifty cents per 
pound. 


308 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY, FTC. 

75. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary preparations, 
of which alcohol is not a component part, and not specially provided for in this 
act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; calomel and other mercurial medicinal 
preparations, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

76. Products or preparations known as alkalies, alkaloids, distilled oils, es 
sential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinations of the foregoing, 
and all chemical compounds and salts, not specially provided for in this act, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

77. Preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, such 
as cosmetics, dentrifices, pastes, pomades, powders, and tonics, including all 
known as toilet preparations, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 

78. Santonine, and all salts thereof containing eighty per centum or over of 
Santonine, two dollars and fifty cents per pound. 

79. Soap; castile soap, one and one-fourth cents per pound : fancy, perfumed, 
and all descriptions of toilet soap, fifteen cents per pound; all other soaps, not 
specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

SODA. 80. Bicarbonate of soda or supercarbonate of soda or saleratus, one 
cent per pound. 

81. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, one cent per pound. 

82. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 

83. Sal soda or soda-crystals, and soda-ash, one-fourth of one cent per 
pound. 

84. Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicate, one-half of one cent per pound. 

85. Sulphate of soda, or salt-cake, or niter-cake, one dollar and twenty-five 
cents per ton. 

86 . Sponges, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

87. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all salts thereof, forty cents per ounce. 

88 . Sulphur, refined, eight dollars per ton; sublimed, or flowers of, ten dollars 
per ton. 

89. Sumac, ground, four-tenths of one cent per pound. 

90. Tartar, cream of, and patent tartar, six cents per pound. 

91. Tartars and lees crystals, partly refined, four cents per pound. 

93. Tartrate of soda and potassa, or Rochelle salts, three cents per pound. 

Schedule B.—Earths, Earthenware and Glassware. 

BRICK AND TILE. 93. Fire-brick, not glazed, enameled, ornamented or 
decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton; glazed, enam¬ 
eled, ornamented or decorated, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

94. Tiles and brick, other than fire-brick, not glazed, ornamented, painted, 
enameled, vitrified, or decorated, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; ornamented, 
glazed, painted, enameled, vitrified, or decorated, and all encaustic, forty-five 
per centum ad valerem. 

CEMENT, LIME AND PLASTER. 95. Roman, Portland, and other 
hydraulic cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hun¬ 
dred pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven cents per one 
hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

96. Lime, six cents per one hundred pounds; including weight of barrel or 
package. 

97. Plaster of Paris, or gypsum, ground, one dollar per ton; calcined, one 
dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. 

CLAYS OR EARTHS 98. Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, 
not specially provided for in this act, one dollar and fifty cents per ton; wrought 
or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, three dollars per ton; 
china, clay, or kaolin, three dollars per ton. 

EARTHENWARE AND CHINA. 99. Common brown earthenware, com¬ 
mon stoneware, and crucibles, not ornamented or decorated in any manner, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

100. China, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crockery ware, tn- 

309 • _ 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


eluding plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, tinted, 
stained, enameled, printed, gilded, or otherwise decorated or ornamented in any 
manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if plain white, and not ornamented or 
decorated in any manner, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

101. All other china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crockery 
ware and manufactures of the same, by whatsoever designation or name known in 
the trade, including lava tips for burners, not specially provided for in this act, 
if ornamented or decorated in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if not 
ornamented or decorated, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

102. Gas retorts, three dollars each. 

GLASS AND GLASSWARE. 103. Green and colored, molded or pressed 
and flint, and lime glass bottles, holding more than one pint, and demijohns, and 
carboys (covered or uncovered), and other molded or pressed green and colored 
and flint or lime bottle glassware, not specially provided for in this act, one cent 
per pound. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint, and lime glass 
bottles, and vials holding not more than one pint and not less than one-quarter 
of a pint, one and one-half cents per pound; if holding less than one-fourth of a 
pint, fifty cents per gross. 

104. All articles enumerated in the preceding paragraph, if filled, and not 
otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem 
rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based upon the value, the value of such bottles, 
vials, or other vessels shall be added to the value of the contents for the ascer¬ 
tainment of the dutiable value of the latter; but if filled, and not otherwise pro¬ 
vided for in this act, and the contents are not subject to an ad valorem rate of 
duty, or to rate of duty based on the value, or are free of duty, such bottles, 
vials or other vessels shall pay, in addition to the duty, if any, on their contents, 
the rates of duty prescribed in the preceding paragraph: Provided, That no 
article manufactured from glass described in the preceding paragraph shall pay a 
less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 

105. Flint and lime, pressed glassware, not cut, engraved, painted, etched, 
decorated, colored, printed, stained, silvered, or gilded, sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 

10G. All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, 
decorated, silvered, or gilded, not including plate glass silvered, or looking-glass 
plates, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

10 7. Chemical glassware for use in laboratory, and not otherwise specially 
provided for in this act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

108. Thin blown glass, blown with or without a mold, including glass chimneys 
and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the component 
material ot chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 

109. Heavy blown glass, blown with or without a mold, not cut or decorated, 
finished or unfinished, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

110. Porcelain or opal glassware, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

111. All cut, engraved, painted or otherwise ornamented or decorated glass 
bottles, decanters, or other vessels of glass shall, if filled, pay duty' in addition to 
any' duty chargeable on the contents, as if not filled, unless otherwise specially 
provided for in this act. 

112. Unpolished cylinder, crown and common window-glass, not exceeding 
ten by fifteen inches square, one and three-eighths cents per pound; above that, 
and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, one and seven-eighths 
cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches 
square, two and three-eighths cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding 
twenty-four by thirty-six inches square, two and seven-eighths cents per pound; 
all above that, three and one-eighth cents per pound: Provided, That unpolished 
cylinder, crown and common window-glass, imported in boxes, shall contain fifty 
square feet, as nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be computed thereon 
according to the actual weight of the glass. 

113. Cylinder and crown-glass, polished, not exceeding sixteen by twenty- 
four inches square, four cents per square foot; above that, ami not exceeding 

• 310 


TIIE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , FTC. 


twenty-four by thirty inches square, six cents per square foot; above that, and 
not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, twenty cents per square foot; 
above that, forty cents per square foot. 

114. Fluted, rolled or rough plate-glass, not including crown, cylinder or 
common window-glass, not exceeding ten by fifteen inches square, three-fourths 
of one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four 
inches square, one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty- 
four by thirty inches square, one and one-half cents per square foot; all above 
that, two cents per square foot; and all fluted, rolled or rough plate-glass, 
weighing over one hundred pounds per one hundred square feet, shall pay an 
additional duty on the excess at the same rates herein imposed : Provided , That 
all of the above plate-glass when ground, smoothed or otherwise obscured shall 
be subject to the same rate of duty as cast polished plate-glass unsilvered. 

115. Cast polished plate-glass, finished or unfinished and unsilvered, not 
exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, five cents per square foot; above 
that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, eight cents per square 
foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, twenty- 
five cents per square foot; all above that, fifty cents per square foot. 

116. Cast polished plate-glass, silvered and looking-glass plates, not exceed¬ 
ing sixteen by twenty-four inches square, six cents per square foot; above that, 
and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, ten cents per square foot; 
above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, thirty-five 
cents per square foot; all above that, sixty cents per square foot. 

3 17. But no looking-glass plates, or plate-glass silvered, when framed, shall 
pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like description 
not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the rate of duty 
applicable thereto when imported separate. 

118. Cast polished plate-glass, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, crown or 
common window-glass, when ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enameled, 
beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, stained, colored or otherwise ornamented 
or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of ten per centum ad valorem in addition 
to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 

119. Spectacles and eye-glasses, or spectacles and eye-glass frames, sixty 
per centum ad valorem. 

120. On lenses costing one dollar and fifty cents per gross pairs, or less, sixty 
per centum ad valorem. 

121. Spectacle and eye-glass lenses with their edges ground or beveled to 
fit frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 

122. All stained or painted window-glass and stained or painted glass win¬ 
dows, and hand, pocket or table mirrors, not exceeding in size one hnndred and 
forty-four square inches, with or without frames or cases, of whatever material 
composed, lenses of glass or piebble, wholly or partly manufactured, and not 
specially provided for in this act, and fusible enamel, forty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

MARBLE AND STONE, AND MANUFACTURES OF. 123. Marble 
of all kinds in block, rough or squared, sixty-five cents per cubic foot. 

124. Veined marble, sawed, dressed or otherwise, including marble slabs and 
marble paving-tiles, one dollar and ten cents per cubic foot (but in measurement 
no slab shall be computed at less than one inch in thickness). 

125. Manufactures of marble not specially provided for in this act, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

STONE 126. Burr-stones manufactured or bound up into mill-stones, 
fifteen per centum ad valorem. 

127. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or monu¬ 
mental stone, except marble, manufactured or undressed, not specially provided 
for in this act, eleven cents per cubic foot. 

128. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or monu¬ 
mental stone, except marble, not specially provided for in this act, hewn, dressed, 
or polished, forty per centum ad valorem. 


311 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 

129. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar and seventy-five cents 
per ton. 

SLATE. 130. Slates, slate-chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables and all 
other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per 
centum ad valorem. 

• 131. Roofing slates, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule C.—Metals and Manufactures of. 

IRON AND STEEL. 132. Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, fifteen per 
centum ad valorem. 

133. Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum 
from burnt pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton. Sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sul- 
phuret of iron in its natural state, containing not more than three and one-half 
per centum copper, seventy-five cents per ton: Provided, That ore containing 
more than two per centum of copper shall pay, in addition thereto, one-half of 
one cent per pound for the copper contained therein: Provided, also. That sul¬ 
phur ore as pyrites or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing in excess 
of twenty-five per centum of sulphur, shall be free of duty, except on the copper 
contained therein, as above provided: And provided further. That in levying 
and collecting the duty on iron ore no deduction shall be made from the weight of 
the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined 
therewith. 

134. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, ferro-silicon, 
wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap steel, three-tenths of one cent per pound; 
but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except waste or refuse iron 
or steel fit only to be remanufactured. 

135. Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than one inch 
wide, nor less than three-eighths of one inch thick, eight-tenths of one cent per 
pound; round iron not less than three-fourths of one inch in diameter, and square 
iron not less than three-fourths of an inch square, nine-tenths of one cent per 
pound; flats less than one inch wide, or less than three-eighths of one inch thick; 
round iron less than three-fourths of one inch and not less than seven-sixteenths 
of one inch in diameter; and square iron less than three-fourths of one inch 
square, one cent per pound. 

136. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in 
diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially provided for in this act, 
one and one-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, 
loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig- 
iron, except castings, shall be rated as iron in bars, and be subject to a duty of 
eight-tenths of one cent per pound; and none of the iron above enumerated in 
this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem: Provided further, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, or sizes or 
shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be 
subject to a duty of not less than twenty-two dollars per ton. 

137. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car truck channels, T T, col¬ 
umns and posts, or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, 
and building forms, together with all other structural shapes, of iron or steel, 
whether plain or punched, or fitted for use, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 

138. Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except saw plates hereinafter provided 
for, not thinner than number ten wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, and skelp 
iron or steel, sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at one cent per pound or less, 
five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and not above one and 
four-tenths cents per pound, sixty-five hundredths of one cent per pound; valued 
above one and four-tenths cents, and not above two cents per pound, eight-tenths 
of one cent per pound; valued above two cents and not above'three cents per 
pound, one and one-tenth cents per pound; valued above three cents and not 
above four cents per ponnd, one and five-tenths cents per pound; valued above 
four cents and not above seven cents per pound, two cents per pound; valued 
above seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, two and eight-tenths 

312 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY\ ETC. 


cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not above thirteen cents per 
pound, three and one-half cents per pound; valued above thirteen cents per 
pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all plate iron or steel 
thinner than number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. 

139. Forgings of iron or steel, or forged iron and steel combined, of what¬ 
ever shape, or in whatever stage of manufacture, not specially provided for in 
this act, two and three-tenths cents per pound: Provided, That no forgings of 
iron or steel, or forgings of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, 
shall pay a less rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

140. Hoop, or band, or scroll, or other iron or steel, valued at three cents per 
pound or less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths of one 
inch thick, and not thinner than number ten wire gauge, one cent per pound; 
thinnef than number ten wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty wire 
gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound; thinner than number twenty wire 

. gauge, one and three-tenths cents per pound: Provided, That hoop or band 
iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to length, or wholly or partially manufactured 
into hoops or ties for baling purposes, barrel hoops of iron or steel, and hoop or 
band iron, or hoop or band steel flared, splayed or punched, with or without 
buckles or fastenings, shall pay two-tenths of one cent per pound more duty than 
that imposed on the hoop or band iron or steel from which they are made. 

141. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway bars made in part of 
steel, T-rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails, six-tenths of one cent per 
pound. 

143. Sheets of iron or steel, common or black, including all iron or steel com¬ 
mercially known as common or black taggers iron or steel, and skelp iron or 
steel, valued at three cents per pound or less: Thinner than number ten and not 
thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one cent per pound; thinner than num¬ 
ber twenty wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty-five wire gauge, one 
and one-tenths cents per pound; thinner than number twenty-five wire gauge, 
one and four-tenths cents per pound; corrugated or crimped, one and four-tenths 
cents per pound: Provided, That all common or black sheet-iron or sheet-steel 
not thinner than number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as plate iron or plate 
steel. 

143. All iron or steel sheets or plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll iron or 
steel, excepting what are known commercially as tin plates, terne plates, and 
taggers tin, and hereinafter provided for, when galvanized or coated with zinc or 
spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay three-fourths of 
one cent per pound more duty than the rates imposed by the preceding paragraph 
upon the corresponding gauges, or forms, of common or black sheet or taggers 
iron or steel; and on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, 
all iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron coated with tin or lead or with 
a mixture of which these metals or either of them is a component part, by the 
dipping or any other process, and commercially known as tin plates, terne 
plates, and taggers tin, shall pay two and two-tenths cents per pound; Pro- 
7’ided, That on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, manufact¬ 
ures of which tin, tin plates, terne plates, taggers tin, or either of them, are com¬ 
ponent materials of chief value, and all articles, vessels or wares manufactured, 
stamped or drawn from sheet-iron or sheet-steel, such material being the compo¬ 
nent of chief value, and coated wholly or in part with tin or lead or a mixture of 
which these metals or either of them is a component part, shall pay a duty of 
fifty-five per centum ad valorem: Provided, That on and after October first, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, tin plates and terne plates lighter in weight 
than sixty-three pounds per hundred square feet shall be admitted free of duty, 
unless it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the President (who shall 
thereupon by proclamation make known the fact) that the aggregate quantity of 
such plates lighter than sixty-three pounds per hundred square feet produced in 
the United States during either of the six years next preceding June thirtieth, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, has equaled one-third the amount of such 
plates imported and entered for consumption during any fiscal year alter the pas¬ 
sage of this act, and prior to said October first, eighteen hundred and ninety- 

313 


THE TARIFF ; RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


seven: Provided, That the amount of such plates manufactured into articles 
exported, and upon which a drawback shall be paid, shall not be included in as¬ 
certaining the amount of such importations: And provided further, That the 
amount or weight of sheet-iron or sheet-steel manufactured in the United States 
and applied or wrought in the manufacture of articles or wares tinned or terne- 
plated in the United States, with weight allowance as sold to manufacturers or 
others, shall be considered as tin and terne plates produced in the United States 
within the meaning of this act. 

144. Sheet-iron or sheet-steel, polished, planished, or glanced, by whatever 
name designated, two and one-half cents per pound : Provided, That plate or 
sheet or taggers iron or steel, by whatever name designated, other than the pol¬ 
ished, planished, or glanced herein provided for, which has been pickled or cleaned 
by acid, or by any other material or process, or which is cold-rolled, smoothed 
only, not polished, shall pay one-quarter of one cent per pound more duty than 
the corresponding gauges of common or black sheet or taggers iron or steel. 

145. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with tin 
or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals, or either of them, is a compo¬ 
nent part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially known as tin¬ 
plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, one cent per pound until July first, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-one. 

146. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, by whatever process made; 
die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; steamer, crank 
and other shafts; shafting; wrist or crank pins; connecting-rods and piston-rods; 
pressed, sheared or stamped shapes; saw-plates, wholly or partially manufact¬ 
ured; hammer molds or swagged steel; gun-barrel molds not in bars; alloys used 
as substitutes for steel tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or 
iron-molded steel castings; sheets and plates not specially provided for in this 
act; and steel in all forms and shapes not specially provided for in this act; all of 
the above valued at one cent per pound or less, four-tenths of one cent per pound; 
valued above one cent and not above one and four-tenths cents per pound, five- 
tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one and four-tenths cents and not 
above one and eight-tenths cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; 
valued above one and eight-tenths cents and not above two and two-tenths cents 
per pound, nine-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and two-tenths 
cents and not above three cents per pound, one and two-tenths cents per pound; 
valued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and six-tenths 
cents per pound; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, 
two cents per pound; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, 
two and eight-tenths cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not above 
thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; valued above thir¬ 
teen cents and not above sixteen cents per pound, four and two-tenths cents per 
pound ; valued above sixteen cents per pound, seven cents per pound. 

WIRE. 147. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence and other iron or steel wire 
rods, and nail rods, whether round, oval, flat, square, or in any other shape, in 
coils or otherwise, not smaller than number six wire guage, valued at three and 
one-half cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound; and iron or 
steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing, valued at three 
cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound: Provided, That all iron 
or steel rods, whether rolled or drawn through dies, smaller than number six wire 
gauge, shall be classed and dutiable as wire. 

148. Wire made of iron or steel, not smaller than number ten wire gauge, one 
and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number ten and not smaller than 
number sixteen wire gauge, one and three-fourths cents per pound; smaller than 
number sixteen and not smaller than number twenty-six wire gauge, two and one- 
fourth cents per pound; smaller than number twenty-six wire gauge, three cents 
per pound: Provided, That iron or steel wire covered with cotton, silk, or other 
material, and wires or strip steel, commonly known as crinoline wire, corset wire 
grid hat wire, shad pay a duty of five cents per pound: And provided further, 
That flat steal wire, or sheet steel in strips, whether drawn through dies or 
rolls, untempered or tempered, of whatsoever width, twenty-five one-thousandths 

314 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 

of an inch thick or thinner (ready for use or otherwise), shall pay a duty of fifty 
per centum ad valorem: And provided further. That no article made from iron 
or steel wire, or of which iron or steel wire is a component part of chief value, 
shall pay a less rate of duty than the iron or steel wire from which it is made 
either wholly or in part: And provided further. That iron or steel cloths, and 
iron or steel wire nettings made in meshes of any form, shall pay a duty equal in 
amount to that imposed on iron or steel wire used in the manufacture of iron or 
steel wire cloth, or iron or steel wire nettings, and two cents per pound in addi¬ 
tion thereto. 

There shall be paid on iron or steel wire coated with zinc or tin, or any other 
metal (except fence-wire and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs, for the 
manufacture of fencing), one-half of one cent per pound in addition to the rate 
imposed on the wire of which it is made; on iron wire rope and wire strand, 
one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is 
made; on steel wire rope and wire strand, two cents per pound in addition to the 
rate imposed on the wire of which they or either of them are made. Provided 
further. That all iron or steel wire valued at more than four cents per pound 
shall pay a duty of not less than forty-five per centum ad valorem, except that 
card-wire for the manufacture of card clothing shall pay a duty of thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 


General Provisions. 

149. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in conse¬ 
quence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon any description of iron or 
steel, or upon any article wholly or partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon 
any manufacture of iron and steel. 

150. All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is cast and malleable, of 
whatever description or form, without regard to the percentage of carbon con¬ 
tained therein, whether produced by cementation, or converted, cast, or made 
from iron or its ores, by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffiths, pneumatic, 
Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth process, or by the 
equivalent of either, or by a combination of two or more of the processes, or their 
equivalents, or by any fusion or other process which produces from iron or its 
ores a metal either granular or fibrous in structure, which is cast and malleable, 
excepting what is known as malleable-iron castings, shall be classed and denomi¬ 
nated as steel. 

151. No article not specially provided for in this act, wholly or partly manu¬ 
factured from tin plate, terne plate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron 
or steel herein provided for, or of which such tin plate, terne plate, sheet, plate, 
hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the material of chief value, shall pay a 
lower rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, terne plate, or sheet, plate, 
hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it is made, or of which it shall be the 
component thereof of chief value. 

152. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape or section, which are 
cold rolled, cold hammered, or polished in any way in addition to the ordinary 
process of hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid one-fourth of one cent per 
pound in addition to the rates provided in this act; and on all strips, plates, 
or sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, other than the polished, planished, or 
glanced sheet-iron or sheet-steel hereinbefore provided for, which are cold rolled, 
cold hammered, blued, brightened, tempered, or polished by any process to such 
perfected surface finish, or polish better than the grade of cold rolled, smooth 
only, hereinbefore provided for, there shall be paid one and one-fourth cents per 
pound in addition to the rates provided in this act upon plates, strips or sheets 
of iron or steel of common or black finish; and on steel circular saw plates there 
shall be paid one cent per pound in addition to the rate provided in this act for 
steel saw plates. 

MANUFACTURES OF IRON AND STEEL. 153. Anchors, or parts 
thereof, of iron or steel, mill irons and mill cranks of wrought iron, and wrought 
iron for ships, and forgings of iron or steel or of combined iron and steel, for 

316 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY , ETC . 


vessels, steam engines and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each twenty- 
live pounds or more, one and eight-tenths cents per pound. 

154. Axles, or parts thereof, axle-bars, axle-blanks, or forgings for axle , 
whether of iron or steel, without reference to the stage or state of manufacture, 
two cents per pound: Provided , That when iron or steel axles are imported fit 
ted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be dutiable at the 
same rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. 

155. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whatever pro¬ 
cess made or in whatever stage of manufacture, two and one-half cents per 
pound. 

156. Blacksmiths’ hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges and crowbars, 
whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 

157. Boiler or other tubes, pipes, flues or stays of wrought iron or steel, two 
and one-half cents per pound. 

158. Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt-blanks, and finished 
hinges or hinge-blanks, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per 
pound. 

159. Card clothing, manufactured from tempered steel wire, fifty cents per 
square foot; all other, twenty-five cents per square foot. 

160. Cast iron pipe of every description, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 

161. Cast iron vessels, plates, stove-plates, andirons, sadirons, tailors’ irons, 
hatters’ irons and castings of iron not specially provided for in this act, one and 
two-tenths cents per pound. 

162. Castings of malleable iron not specially provided for in this act, one and 
three-fourths cents per pound. 

163. Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed or tinned, three cents per pound. 

164. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than three- 
fourths of one inch in diameter, one and six-tenths cents per pound; less than 
three-fourths of one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diameter, 
one and eight-tenths cents per pound; less than three-eighths of one inch in diam¬ 
eter, two and one-half cents per pound, but no chain or chains of any description 
shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

CUTLERY. 165. Pen-knives or pocket-knives of all kinds, or parts thereof, 
and erasers, or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, valued at not more 
than fifty cents per dozen, twelve cents per dozen; valued at more than fifty cents 
per dozen, and not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, fifty cents per 
dozen; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding 
three dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than three dol¬ 
lars per dozen, two dollars per dozen, and in addition thereto on all the above, 
fifty per centum ad valorem. Razors and razor blades, finished or unfinished, 
valued at less than four dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued at four 
dollars or more per dozen, one dollar and seventy-five cents per dozen, and in 
addition thereto on all the above razors and razor blades, thirty per centum ad 
valorem. 

166. Sv/ords, sword-blades and side-arms, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

167. Table-knives, forks, steels and all butchers’, hunting, kitchen, bread, 
butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers’, painters’, palette and artists’ knives 
of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than one dollar per dozen 
pieces, ten cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and not more than 
two dollars, thirty-five cents per dozen; valued at more than two dollars and not 
more than three dollars, forty cents per dozen; valued at more than three dollars 
and not more than eight dollars, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than eight 
dollars, two dollars per dozen, and in addition upon all the above named articles, 
thirty p er centum ad valorem. All carving and cooks’ knives and forks of all 
sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than four dollars per dozen 
pieces, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than four dollars and not more than 
eight dollars, two dollars per dozen pieces; valued at more than eight dollars and 
not more than twelve dollars, three Hollars per dozen pieces; valued at more than 
twelve dollars, five dollars per dozen pieces, and in addition upon all the 
above named articles, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

316 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


168. Files, file-blanks, rasps, and floats, of all cuts and kinds, four inches m 
length and under, thirty-five cents per dozen; over four inches in length and 
under nine inches, seventy-five cents per dozen; nine inches in length and under 
fourteen inches, one dollar and thirty cents per dozen; fourteen inches in length 
and over, two dollars per dozen. 

FIRE-ARMS. 169. Muskets and sporting-rifles, twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

170. All double-barreled, sporting, breech-loading shot-guns valued at not 
more than six dollars each, one dollar and fifty cents each; valued at more than 
six dollars and not more than twelve dollars each, four dollars each; valued at 
more than twelve dollars each, six dollars each; and in addition thereto on all 
the above, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Single-barrel, breach-loading 
shot-guns, one dollar each and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Revolving 
pistols valued at not more than one dollar and filty cents each, forty cents each; 
valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents, one dollar each; and in addition 
thereto on all the above pistols, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

171. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed with 
vitreous glasses, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

172. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed as 
above with more than one color, or ornamented, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

NAILS, SPIKES, TACKS AND NEEDLES. 173. Cut nails and cut 
spikes of iron or steel, one cent per pound. 

174. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and all other wrought iron or steel nails not 
specially provided for in this act, four cents per pound. 

175. Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, two inches long and longer, 
not lighter than number twelve wire gauge, two cents per pound; from one inch 
to two inches in length, and lighter than number twelve and not lighter than 
number sixteen wire gauge, two and one-half cents per pound; shorter than one 
inch and lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, four cents per pound. 

176. Spikes, nuts and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, of wrought iron 
or steel, one and eight-tenths cents per pound. 

177. Cut tacks, brads, or springs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou¬ 
sand, two and one-fourth cents per thousand; exceeding sixteen ounces to the 
thousand, two and three-fourths cents per pound. 

178. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, crochet-needles, and tape- 
needles and bodkins made of metal, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

179. Needles, knitting, and all others not specially provided for in this act, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

PLATES. 180. Steel plates engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, 
and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed for printing, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

181. Railway fish-plates, or splice bars, made of iron or steel, one cent per 
pound. 

182. Rivets of iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 

SAWS. 183. Cross-cut saws, eight cents per linear foot; mill, pit and drag- 
saws, not over nine inches wide, ten cents per linear foot; over nine inches wide, 
fifteen cents per linear foot; circular saws, thirty per centum ad valorem; hand, 
buck and all other saws, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

184. Screws, commonly called wood screws, more than two inches in length, 
five cents per pound; over one inch and not more than two inches in length, 
seven cents per pound; over one-half inch and not more than one inch in length, 
ten cents per pound; one-half inch and less in length, fourteen cents per pound. 

185. Wheels, or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels for 
railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, 
tar, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, two 
and one-half cents per pound; and ingots, cogged ingots, blooms or blanks for 
the same, without regard to the degree of manufacture, one and three-fourths 
cents per pound : Provided, Tha£ when wheels or parts thereof, of iron or steel, 
are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together 

317 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY , ETC. 

shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided for the wheels when imparted 

^IlISCELLANEOUS METALS AND MANUFACTURES OF. 186. Alum¬ 
inium or aluminum, in crude form, and alloys of any kind in which aluminum is 
the component material of chief value, fifteen cents per pound. 

187. Antimony, as regulus or metal, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 

188. Argentine, albata, or German silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

189. Brass, in bars or pigs, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch metal, 
and old sheathing, or yellow metal, fit only for remanufacture, one and one-half 
cents per pound. 

190. Bronze powder, twelve cents per pound; bronze or Dutch metal, or 
aluminum, in leaf, eight cents per package of one hundred leaves. 

COPPER. 191. Copper imported in the form of ores, one-half of one cent 
per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 

192. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, clippings from new copper, and 
all composition metal of which copper is a component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound. 

193. Regulus of copper and black or coarse copper, and copper cement, one 
cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 

194. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, 
not manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-fourth cents 
per pound. 

195. Copper in rolled plates, called braziers’ copper, sheets, rods, pipes, and 
copper bottoms, also sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the component 
material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of iron ungalvanized, 
thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

GOLD AND SILVER. 196. Bullions and metal thread of gold, silver, or 
other metals, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

197. Gold leaf, two dollars per package of five hundred leaves. 

198. Silver leaf, seventy-five cents per package of five hundred leaves 

LEAD. 199. Lead ore and lead dross, one and one-half cents per pound: 

Provided, That silver ore and all other ores containing lead shall pay a duty of 
one and one-half cents per pound on the lead contained therein, according to 
sample and assay at the port of entry. 

200. Lead in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks and 
bars, and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, two cents per pound. 

201. Lead in sheets, pipe, shot, glaziers’ lead, and lead wire, two and one- 
half cents per pound. 

202. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought, not 
specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; mica, thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

NICKEL 203. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is 
the component material of chief value, ten cents per pound. 

204. Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per gross. 

205. Pen-holder tips, pen-holders or parts thereof, and gold pens, thirty per 
centum ad valorem. 

206. Pins, metallic, solid-head or other, including hair-pins, safety-pins, and 
hat, bonnet, shawl and belt-pins, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

207. Quicksilver, ten cents per pound. The flasks, bottles or other vessels 
in which quicksilver is imported shall be subject to the same rate of duty as they 
would be subjected to if imported empty. 

208. Type metal, one and one-half cents per pound for the lead contained 
therein; new types, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

TIN. 209. On and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, ther^ 
shall be imposed and paid upon cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, 
block, and pig tin, a duty of four cents per pound: Provided, That unless it 
shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States 
(who shall make known the fact by proclamation) that the product of the mines of 
the United States shall have exceeded five thousand tons of cassiterite, and bar, 

318 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


block, and pig tin in any one year prior to July first, eighteen hundr«4 and nine¬ 
ty-five, then all imported cassiterite, bar, block, and pig tin shall after July Arst, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-five, be admitted free of duty. 

WATCHES. 210. Chronometers, box or ship’s, and parts thereof, ten per 
centum ad valorem. 

211. Watches, parts of watches, watch cases, watch movements, and watch- 
glasses, whether separately packed or otherwise, twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

ZINC OR SPELTER. 212. Zinc in blocks or pigs, one and three-fourths 
cents per pound. 

213. Zinc in sheets, two and one-half cents per pound. 

214. Zinc, old and worn out, fit only to be remanufactured, one and one-fourth 
cents per pound. 

215. Manufactures, articles or wares, not specially enumerated or provided 
for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, copper, nickel, pew¬ 
ter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or any other metal, and whether partly 
or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule D.—Wood and Manufactures of. 

21G. Timber, hewn and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building 
wharves, ten per centum ad valorem. 

217. Timber, squared or sided, not specially provided for in this act, one-half 
of one cent per cubic foot. 

218. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber of hemlock, white wood, 
sycamore, white pine and basswood, on: dollar per thousand feet board measure; 
sawed lumber, not specially provid for in this act, two dollars per thousand 
feet board measure; but when lumuer of any sort is planed or finished, in addi¬ 
tion to the rates herein provided, there shall be levied and paid for each side so 
planed or finished fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on 
one side and tongued and grooved, one dollar per thousand feet board measure; 
and if planed on two sides, and tongued and grooved, one dollar and fifty cents 
per thousand feet board measure; and in estimating board measure under this 
schedule no deduction shall be made on board measure on account of planing, 
tonguing and grooving: Provided, That in case any foreign country shall im¬ 
pose an export duty upon pine, spruce, elm, or other logs, or upon stave bolts, 
shingle wood, or heading blocks exported to the United States from such country, 
then the duty upon the sawed lumber herein provided for, when imported from 
such country, shall remain the same as fixed by the law in force prior to the pas¬ 
sage of this act. 

219. Cedar: That on and after March first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, 
paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone and telegraph poles of cedar, shall be 
dutiable at twenty per centum ad valorem. 

220. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all forms of sawed cedar, lignumvitae, 
lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all other 
cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per centum ad va¬ 
lorem; veneers of wood and wood unmanufactured, not specially prov ided for in 
this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

221. Pine clapboards, one dollar per one thousand. 

222. Spruce clapboards, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand. 

223. Hubs for wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, 
heading-blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewn or sawed only, twenty 
pef centum ad valorem. 

' 224. Laths, fifteen cents per one thousand pieces. 

225. Pickets and palings, ten per centum ad valorem. 

226. White pine shingles, twenty cents per one thousand; all other, thirty 
cents per one thousand. 

227. Staves of wood of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. 

228. Casks and barrels (empty), sugar box shooks, and packing boxes and 
packing box shooks, of wood, not specially provided, for in this act, thirty per 
centum ad valorem. 


319 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY, ETC. 


339. Chair cane, or reeds, wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, and 
whether round, square, or in any other shape, ten per centum ad valorem. 

330. House or cabinet furniture or wood, wholly or partly finished, manufact¬ 
ures of wood, or of which wood is the component material of chief value, not 
specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule E.—Sugar. 

331. That on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and until 
July first, nineteen hundred and five, there shall be paid, from any moneys in the 
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, under the provisions of section three thou¬ 
sand six hundred and eighty-nine of the Revised Statutes, to the producer of 
sugar testing not less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, from beets, sor¬ 
ghum or sugar cane grown within the United States, or from maple 
sap produced within the United States, a bounty of two cents per pound, 
and upon such sugar testing less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, 
and not less than eighty degrees, a bounty of one and three-fourths cents per 
pound, under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Rev¬ 
enue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe. 

333. The producer of said sugar, to be entitled to said bounty, shall have 
first filed, prior to July first of each year, with the Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue, a notice of the place of production, with a general description of the 
machinery and methods to be employed by him, with an estimate of the amount 
of sugar proposed to be produced in the current or next ensuing year, including 
the number of maple trees to be tapped, and an application for license to so pro¬ 
duce, to be accompanied by a bond in a penalty, and with sureties to be approved 
by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, conditioned that he will faithfully ob¬ 
serve all rules and regulations that shall be prescribed for such manufacture 
and production of sugar 

333. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, upon receiving the application 
and bond hereinbefore provided for, shall issue to the applicant a license to pro¬ 
duce sugar from sorghum, beets or sugar-cane grown within the United States, 
or from maple sap produced within the United States, at the place and with the 
machinery and by the methods described in the application; but said license 
shall not extend beyond one year from date thereof. 

334. No bounty shall be paid to any person engaged in refining sugars which 
have been imported into the United States, or produced in the United States, 
upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or applied for, 
nor to any person unless he shall have first been liceitsed as herein provided, 
and only upon sugar produced by such person from sorghum, beets or sugar¬ 
cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the 
United States. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of 
the secretary of the Treasury, shall from time to time make all needful rules and 
regulations for the manufacture of sugar from sorghum, beets or sugar-cane 
grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the United 
States, and shall, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, exercise 
supervision and inspection of the manufacture thereof. 

335. And for the payment of these bounties the Secretary of the Treasury is 
authorized to draw warrants on the Treasurer of the United* States for such 
sums as shall be necessary, which sums shall be certified to him by the Commis¬ 
sioner of Internal Revenue, by whom the bounties shall be disbursed, and no 
bounty shall be allowed or paid to any person licensed as aforesaid in any one 
year upon any quantity of sugar less than five hundred pounds. 

336. That any person who shall knowingly refine or aid in the refining of 
sugar imported into the.United States, or upon which the bounty herein provided 
for has already been paid or applied for, at the place described in the license 
issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and any person not entitled to 
the bounty herein provided for, who shall apply for or receive the same, shail be 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall pay a fine not ex- 


320 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY , ETC. 

ceeding five thousand dollars, or be imprisoned for a period not exceeding five 
years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

237. All sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay a 
duty of five-tenths of one cent per pound: Provided, That all such sugars 
above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay one-tenth of 
one cent per pound in addition to the rate herein provided for, when ex¬ 
ported from or the product of any country when and so long as such 
country pays, or shall hereafter pay, directly or indirectly, a bounty on the 
exportation of any sugar that may be included in this grade which is greater than is 
paid on raw sugars ot a lower saccharine strength; and the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe suitable rules and regulations to carry this provision into effect: 
And provided further , That all machinery purchased abroad and erected in a 
beet sugar factory and used in the production of raw sugar in the United States 
from beets produced therein shall be admitted duty free until the first day of 
July, eighteen hundred and ninety-two: Provided, That any duty collected on 
any of the above-described machinery purchased abroad and imported into the 
United States for the uses above indicated since January first, eighteen hundred 
and ninety, shall be refunded. 

238. Sugar candy, and all confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, 
made wholly or in part of sugar, valued at twelve cents or less per pound, and on 
sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulterated, 
five cents per pound. 

239. All other confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, not specially 
provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

240. Glucose, or grape, sugar, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 

241. That the provisions of this act providing terms for the admission of im¬ 
ported sugars and molasses, and for the payment of a bounty on sugars of 
domestic production, shall take effect on the first day of April, eighteen hundred 
and ninety-one: Provided, That on and after the first day of March, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-one, and prior to the first dayof April, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-one, sugars not exceeding number sixteen Dutch standard in color may 
be refined in bond without payment of duty, and such refined sugars may be 
transported in bond and stored in bonded warehouse at such points of destina 
tion as are provided in existing laws relating to the immediate transportation of 
dutiable goods in bond, under such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed 
by the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Schedule F.—Tobacco and Manufactures of. 

242. Leaf tobacco suitable for cigar-wrappers, if not stemmed, two dollars per 
pound; if stemmed, two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound: Provided, 
That if any portion of any tobacco imported in any bale, box, or package, or in 
bulk, shall be suitable for cigar-wrappers, the entire quantity of tobacco con¬ 
tained in such bale, box, or package, or bulk, shall be dutiable; if not stemmed, 
at two dollars per pound; it stemmed, at two dollars and seventy-five cents per 
pound. 

243. All other tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, thirty-five 
cents per pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 

$244. Tobacco, manufactured, of all descriptions, not specially enumerated or 
provided for in this act, forty cents per pound. 

245. Snuff, and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, 
^pr pickled, scented, or otherwise, of all descriptions, fifty cents per pound. 

246. Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots of all kinds, four dollars and fifty cents 
per pound, and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; and paper cigars and cigar¬ 
ettes, including wrappers, shall be subject to the same duties as herein imposed 
upon cigars. 

Schedule G.—Agricultural Products and Provisions. 

ANIMALS, LIVE. 247. Horses and mules, thirty dollars per head: Pro - 
vided, That horses valued at one hundred and fifty dollars and over shall pay a 
duty of thirty per centum ad valorem. 


321 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


248. Cattle, more than one year old, ten dollars per head; one year old or 
less, two dollars per head. 

249. Hogs, one dollar and fifty cents per head. 

250. Sheep, one year old or more,'one dollar and fifty cents per head; less 
than one year old, seventy-five cents per head. 

251. All other live animals, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per 
centum ad valorem. 

BREADSTUFF'S AND FARINACEOUS SUBSTANCES. 252. Barley, 
thirty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 

253. Barley-malt, forty-five cents per bushel of thirty-four pounds. 

254. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per pound. 

255. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 

256. Corn or maize, fifteen cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds. 

257. Corn-meal, twenty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 

258. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations, two cents per pound. 

259. Oats, fifteen cents per bushel. 

260. Oatmeal, one cent per pound. 

261. Rice, cleaned, two cents per pound; uncleaned rice, one and one-quarter 
cents per pound; paddy, three-quarters of one cent per pound; rice Hour, rice 
meal, and rice broken, which will pass through a sieve known commercially as 
number twelve wire sieve, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

263. Rye, ten cents per bushel. 

263. Rye flour, one-half of one cent per pound. 

264. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. 

265. Wheat flour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

DAIRY PRODUCTS. 266. Butter, and substitutes therefor, six cents per 
pound, 

267. Cheese, six cents per pound. 

268. Milk, fresh, five cents per gallon. 

269. Milk, preserved or condensed, including weight of packages, three cents 
per pound; sugar of milk, eight cents per pound. 

FARM AND FIELD PRODUCTS. 270. Beans, forty cents per bushel of 
sixty pounds. 

271. Beans, pease, and mushrooms, prepared or preserved, in tins, jars, bot¬ 
tles, or otherwise, forty per centum ad valorem. 

272. Broom-corn, eight dollars per ton. 

273. Cabbages, three cents each. 

274. Cider, five cents per gallon. 

275. Eggs, five cents per dozen. 

276. Eggs, yolk of, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

277. Hay, four dollars per ton. 

278. Honey, twenty cents per gallon. 

279. Hops, fifteen cents per pound. 

280. Onions, forty cents per bushel. 

281. Pease, green, in bulk, or in barrels, sacks, or similar packages, forty 
cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease, dried, twenty cents per bushel: split 
pease, fifty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in cartons, papers, or other 
small packages, one cent per pound. 

282. Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, commonly known as nursery 
stock, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

283. Potatoes, twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty pounds. 

SEEDS. 284. Castor beans or seeds, fifty cents per bushel of fifty pounds. 

285. Flaxseed or linseed, poppy seed and other oil seeds, not specially pro¬ 
vided for in this act, thirty cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; but no drawback 
shall be allowed on oil-cake made from imported seed. 

286. Garden seeds, agricultural seeds, and other seeds, not specially provided 
for in this act, twenty por centum ad valorem. 

287. Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved, including pickles and 
sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this act, forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 


322 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY, FTC . 

288. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially provided for in this act, 
twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

280. Straw, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

290. Teazles, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

FISH. 291. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil, or otherwise, in tin boxes 
measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and three and one- 
half inches deep, ten cents per whole box; in half boxes, measuring not more 
than five inches long, four inches wide, and one and five-eighths inches deep, five 
cents each; in quarter-boxes, measuring not more than four and three-fourths 
inches long, three and one-half inches wide, and one and one-fourth inches deep, 
two and one-half cents each; when imported in any other form, forty per centum 
ad valorem. 

292. Fish, pickled, in barrels or half-barrels, and mackerel or salmon, pickled 
or salted, one cent per pound. 

293. Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice, or otherwise 
prepared for preservation, and fresh fish, not specially provided for in this act, 
three-fourths of one cent per pound. 

294. Herrings, pickled or salted, one-half of one cent per pound; herrings, 
fresh, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 

295. Fish in cans or packages made of tin or other material, except anchovies 
and sardines and fish packed in any other manner, not specially enumerated or 
provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

296. Cans or packages made of tin or other metal, containing shell fish admit¬ 
ted free of duty, not exceeding one quart in contents, shall be subject to a duty 
of eight cents per dozen cans or packages, and, when exceeding one quart, shall 
be subject to an additional duty of four cents per dozen for each additional half 
quart or fractional part thereof: Provided , That until June thirtieth, eighteen 
hundred and ninety-one, such cans or packages shall be admitted as now pro¬ 
vided by law. 

FRUITS AND NUTS. 297. Fruits; Apples, green or ripe, twenty-five 
cents per bushel 

298. Apples, dried, desiccated, evaporated or prepared in any manner, and 
not otherwise provided for in this act, two cents per pound. 

299. Grapes, sixty cents per barrel of three cubic feet capacity, or fractional 
part thereof; plums and prunes, two cents per pound. 

300. Figs, two and one-half cents per pound. 

301. Oranges, lemons and limes, in packages of capacity of one and one- 
fourth cubic feet or less, thirteen cents per package; in packages of capacity ex¬ 
ceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two and one-half cubic 
feet, twenty-five cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding two and 
one-half cubic feet and not exceeding five cubic feet, fifty cents per package; in 
packages of capacity exceeding five cubic feet, for every additional cubic foot or 
fractional part thereof, ten cents; in bulk, one dollar and fifty cents per one thou¬ 
sand, and in addition thereto a duty of thirty per centum ad valorem upon the 
boxes or barrels containing such oranges, lemons or limes. 

302. Raisins, two and one-half cents per pound. 

303. Comfits, sweetmeats and fruits preserved in sugar, sirup, molasses or 
spirits, not specially provided for in this act, and jellies of all kinds, thirty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

304. Fruits preserved in their own juices, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

305. Orange-peel and lemon-peel, preserved or candied, two cents per pound. 

NUTS. 306. Almonds, not shelled, five cents per pound; clear almonds, 

shelled, seven and one-half cents per pound. 

307. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, three cents per pound; 
shelled, six cents per pound. 

308 Peanuts and ground beans, unshelkd, one cent per pound; shelled, one 
and one-half cents per pound. 

309. Nuts of all kinds shelled or unshelled, not specially provided for in this 
act, one and one half cents per pound. 

MEAT PRODUCTS. 310. Bacon and hams, five cents per pound. 

323 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC . 


311. Beef, mutton and pork, two cents per pound. 

3155. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not specially provided for in 
this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

313. Extracts of meat, all not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five cents 
per pound; fluid extract of meat, fifteen cents per pound, and no separate or ad¬ 
ditional duty shall be collected on such coverings, unless as such they are suit¬ 
able and apparently designed for use other than in the importation of meat 
extracts. 

314. Lard, two cents per pound. 

315. Poultry, live, three cents per pound; dressed, five cents per pound. 

316. Tallow, one cent per pound; wool grease, including that known com¬ 
mercially as degras, or brown wool grease, one-half of one cent per pound. 

317. Chicory-root, burnt or roasted, ground or granulated, or in rolls, or 
otherwise prepared, and not specially provided for in this act, two cents per 
pound. 

318. Chocolate (other than chocolate confectionery and chocolate com¬ 
mercially known as sweetened chocolate), two cents per pound. 

319. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, 
two cents per pound. 

3550. Cocoa-butter, or cocoa-butterine, three and one-half cents per pound. 

321. Dandelion-root and acorns prepared, and other articles used as coffee, or 
as substitutes for coffee, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-half 
cents per pound. 

SALT. 322. Salt, in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, twelve cents per 
one hundred pounds; in bulk, eight cents per one hundred pounds: Provided , 
That imported salt in bond may be used in curing fish taken by vessels licensed 
to engage in the fisheries, and in curing fish on the shores of the navigable waters 
of the United States, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe, and upon proof that the salt has been used for either of the pur¬ 
poses stated in this proviso, the duties on the same shall be remitted: Provided 
further, That exporters of meats, whether packed or smoked, which have been 
cured in the United States with imported salt, shall, upon satisfactory proof, 
under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, that such 
meats have been cured with imported salt, have refunded to them from the Treas¬ 
ury the duties paid on the salt so used in curing such exported meats, in amounts 
•not less than one hundred dollars. 

323. Starch, including all preparations, from whatever substance produced, fit 
for use as starch, two cents per pound. 

324. Dextrine, burnt starch, gum substitute, or British gum, one and one-half 
cents per pound. 

325. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, ten cents per 
pound. 

326. Spices, ground or powdered, not specially provided for in this act, four 
cents per pound; cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents p»r pound, unground; 
sage, three cents per pound. 

327. Vinegar, seven and one-half cents per gallon. The standard for vinegar 
shall be taken to be that strength which requires thirty-five grains of bicarbonate 
of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. 

328. There shall be allowed on the imported tin-plate used in the manufacture 
ol cans, boxes, packages, and all articles of tin ware exported, either empty or 
filled with domestic products, a drawback equal to the duty paid on such tin¬ 
plate, less one per centum of such duty, which shall be retained for the use of the 
United States. 

• 

Schedule H.—Spirits, Wines and Other Beverages, 

SPIRITS. 329. Brandy and other spirits, manufactured or distilled from 
grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this act, two dollars 
and fifty cents per proof gallon. 

330. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be counted as 

324 


THE TARIFF\ RECIPROCITY, ETC. 


at least one proof gallon; and the standard for determining the proof of brandy 
and other spirits or liquors of any kind imported shall be the same as that whicn 
is defined in the laws relating to internal revenue; but any brandy or other spir¬ 
ituous liquors, imported in casks of less capacity than fourteen gallons, shall be 
forfeited to the United States; Provided, That it shall be lawful for the Secre¬ 
tary, in his discretion, to authorize the ascertainment of the proof of wines, cor¬ 
dials, or other liquors, by distillation or otherwise, in cases where it is impractica¬ 
ble to ascertain such proof by the means prescribed by existing law or regulations. 

331. On all compounds or preparations of which distilled spirits are a compo¬ 
nent part of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, there shall be levied 
a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 

33£. Cordials, liquors, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other spir¬ 
ituous beverages or bitters of all kinds containing spirits, and not specially pro¬ 
vided for in this act, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 

333. No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid on 
brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages than that fixed by law for the de¬ 
scription of first proof; but it shall be increased in proportion for any greater 
strength than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy or spirits or 
wines imported, by any names whatever, shall be subject to the highest rate of 
duty provided for the genuine article respectively intended to be represented, and 
in no case less than one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. 

334. Bay-rum or bay-water, whether distilled or compounded, of first proof, 
and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof, one dollar and fifty 
cents per gallon. 

WINES, 335. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles contain¬ 
ing each not more than one quart, and more than one pint, eight dollars per 
dozen; containing not more than one pint each, and more than one-half pint, four 
dollars per dozen; containing one-half pint each, or less, two dollars per dozen; 
in bottles or other vessels containing more than one quart each, in addition to 
eight dollars per dozen bottles, on the quantity in excess of one quart at the rate 
of two dollars and fifty cents per gallon. 

336. Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial and vermuth, in casks, 
fifty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs, 
containing each not more than one quart, and more than one pint, or twenty-four 
bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one dollar and sixty 
cents per case; and any excess beyond these quantities found in such bottles or 
jugs shall be subject to a duty of five cents per pint, or fractional part thereof, 
but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs: 
Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth imported containing more 
than twenty-four per centum of alcohol shall be forfeited to the United States: 
And provided further. That there shall be no constructive or other allowance 
for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, cordials, or distilled spirits. 
Wines, cordials, brandy, and other spirituous liquors imported in bottles or jugs 
shall be packed in packages containing not less than one dozen bottles or jugs in 
each package; and all such bottles or jugs shall pay an additional duty of three 
cents for each bottle or jug unless specially provided for in this act. 

337. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon, but no 
separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs; otherwise 
than in bottles or jugs, twenty cents per gallon. 

338. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, twenty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, 
forty cents per gallon; solid or condensed, forty per centum ad valorem. 

339. Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wine, and other fruit juice, not 
specially provided for in this act, containing not more than eighteen per centum 
of alcohol, sixty cents per gallon ; if containing more than eighteen per centum 
of alcohol, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 

340. Ginger-ale, ginger-beer, lemonade, soda-water, and other similar waters 
in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, containing each not 
more than three-fourths of a pint, thirteen cents per dozen; containing more than 
three-fourths of a pint each and not more than one and one-half pints, twenty-six 
cents per dozen; but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bot- 

325 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


ties; if imported otherwise than in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass 
bottles, or in such bottles containing more than one and one-half pints each, 
fifty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto, duty shall be collected on the 
bottles, or other covet ings, at the rates which would be chargeable thereon if 
imported empty. 

341. All mineral waters, and all imitations of natural mineral waters, and all 
artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in this act, in plain green or 
colored glass bottles, containing not more than one pint, sixteen cents per dozen 
bottles. It containing more than one pint and not more than one quart, twenty- 
five cents per dozen bo’ttles. Hut no separate duty shall be assessed upon the 
bottles. If imported otherwise than in plain green or colored glass bottles, or if 
imported in such bottles containing more than one quart, twenty cents per gallon, 
and in addition thereto duty shall be collected upon the bottles or other covering 
at the same rate that would be charged if imported empty or separately. 

Schedule I.—Cotton Manufactures. 

343. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp-yarn, whether single or advanced 
beyond the condition of single, by grouping or twisting two or more single yarns 
together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins or cops, or in any other form, 
except spool-thread of cotton, hereinafter provided for, valued at not exceeding 
twenty-five cents per pound, ten cents per pound; valued at over twenty-five 
cents per pound and not exceeding forty cents per pound, eighteen cents per 
pound; valued at over forty cents per pound and not exceeding fifty cents per 
pound, twenty-three cents per pound; valued at over fifty cents per pound and 
not exceeding sixty cents per pound, twenty-eight cents per pound; valued at 
over sixty cents per pound and not exceeding seventy cents per pound, thirty- 
three cents per pound ; valued at over seventy cents per pound and not exceeding 
eighty cents per pound, thirty-eight cents per pound; valued at over eighty cents 
per pound and not exceeding one dollar per pound, forty-eight cents per pound; 
valued at over one dollar per pound, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

343. Spool-thread of cotton, containing on each spool not exceeding one 
hundred yards of thread, seven cents per dozen; exceeding one hundred yards 
on each spool, for every additional one hundred yards of thread or fractional 
part thereof in excess of one hundred yards, seven cents per dozen spools. 

344. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted or printed, 
and not exceeding fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 
two cents per square yard; if bleached, two and one-half cents per square yard; 
if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per square yard. 

345. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, count¬ 
ing the warp and filling, two and one-fourth cents per square yard; if bleached, 
three cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four 
cents per square yard: Provided , That on all cotton cloth not exceeding one 
hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained painted or printed, valued at over six and one-half cents 
per square yard; bleached, valued at over nine cents per square yard; and 
dyed, colored stained, painted, or printed, valued at over twelve cents per 
square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of thirty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

346. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the 
square inch, counting the warp and filling, three cents per square yard; if 
bleached, four cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, five cents per square yard; Provided , That on all cotton cloth exceed¬ 
ing one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the square 
inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, paint¬ 
ed, or printed, valued at over seven and one-half cents per square yard; 
bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard; dyed, colored, stained, 

326 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY, FTC. 


painted, or printed, valued at over twelve and one-half cents per square yard, 
there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty per centum ad valorem. 

347. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads 
to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three and a half cents 
per square yard; if bleached, four and one-half cents per square yard ; if dyed, 
colored, stained, painted, or printed, five and one-half cents per square yard: 
Provided, That on all cotton cloth exceeding one hundred and fifty and not ex¬ 
ceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 
not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over eight 
cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard; 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over twelve cents per 
square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five per 
centum ad valorem. 

348. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, 
exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, 
four and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached, five and one-half cents per 
square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, six and three-fourths 
cents per square yard: Provided, That on all such cotton cloths not bleached, 
dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over ten cents per square 
yard; bleached, valued at over twelve cents per square yard, and dyed, colored, 
stained, painted or printed, valued at over fifteen cents per square yard, there 
shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem: 
Provided further. That on cotton cloth, bleached, dyed, colored, stained, 
painted, or printed, containing an admixture of silk, and not otherwise provided 
for, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of ten cents per square yard, 
and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

349. Clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every descrip¬ 
tion, handkerchiefs, and neckties or neck wear, composed of cotton or other 
vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the component 
material of chief value, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, 
seamstress or manufacturer; all of the foregoing not specially provided for in this 
act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

Provided, That all such clothing ready made and articles of wearing apparel 
having India rubber as a component material (not including gloves or elastic 
articles that are specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of 
fifty cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 

350. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys and all pile fabrics composed of 
cotton or other vegetable fiber, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or 
printed, ten cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; on all 
such goods if bleached, twelve cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad 
valorem: if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, fourteen cents per square 
yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; but none of the foregoing articles in this 
paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 

351. Chenille curtains, table covers, and all goods manufactured of cotton 
chenille, or of which cotton chenille forms the component material of chief value, 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 

352. Stockings, hose and half-hose, made on knitting machines or frames, 
composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise specially provided 
for in this act, and shirts and drawers composed of cotton, valued at not more 
than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

353. Stockings, hose, and half-hose selvedgcd, fashioned, narrowed, or shaped 
wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand, including such 
as are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose or half-hose, all of the 
above composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, finished or unfinished, valued 
at not more than sixty cents per dozen pairs, twenty cents per dozen pairs, and in 
addition thereto twenty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than sixty cents 
per dozen pairs and not more than two dollars per dozen pairs, fifty cents per 
dozen pairs, and in addition thereto thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more 
than two dollars per dozen pairs and not more than four dollars per dozen pairs, 

327 


TIIE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


seventy-five cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem; valued at more than four dollars per dozen pairs, one dollar per dozen 
pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; and all shirts and 
drawers composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, valued at more than one 
dollar and fifty cents per dozen and not more than three dollars per dozen, one 
dollar per dozen, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem: val¬ 
ued at more than three dollars per dozen and not more than five dollars per dozen, 
one dollar and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in addition thereto forty per 
centum ad valorem ; valued at more than five dollars per dozen and not more than 
seven dollars per dozen, one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, and in addition 
thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than seven dollars per 
dozen, two dollars per dozen, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem. 

354. Cotton cords, braids, boot, shoe, and corset lacings, thirty-five cents per 
pound; cotton gimps, galloons, webbing, goring, suspenders, and braces, any of 
the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, forty per centum ad valorem: Pro¬ 
vided, That none of the articles included in this paragraph shall pay a less rate 
of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 

355. Cotton damask, in the piece or otherwise, and all manufactures of cotton, 
not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

Schedule j.—Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures of. 

356. Flax straw, five dollars per ton. 

357. Flax, not hackled or dressed, one cent per pound. 

358. Flax, hackled, known as “ dressed line,” three cents per pound. 

359. Tow, of flax or hemp, one-half of one cent per pound. 

360. Hemp, twenty-five dollars per ton; hemp, hackled, known as line of 
hemp, fifty dollars per ton. 

361. Yarn, made of jute, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

363. Cables, cordage and twine (except binding twine, composed wholly of 
istleor Tampico fiber, manilla, sisal grass or sunn), one and one-half cents per 
pound; all binding twine manufactured in whole or in part from istle or Tampico 
fiber, manilla, sisal grass, or sunn, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; cables and 
cordage made of hemp, two and one-half cents per pound; tarred cables and 
cordage, three cents per pound. 

363. Hemp and jute carpets and carpetings, six cents per square yard. 

364. Burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, of flax, jute or hemp, or of 
which flax, jute or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component material of 
chief value (except such as may be suitable for bagging for cotton), one and five- 
eighths cents per pound. 

365. Bags for grain made of burlaps, two cents per pound. 

366. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and all similar material suitable for 
covering cotton, composed in whole or in part of hemp, flax, jute, or jute butts, 
valued at six cents or less per square yard, one and six-tenths cents per square 
yard; valued at more than six cents per square yard, one and eight-tenths cents 
per square'yard. 

367. Flax gill-netting, nets, webs and seines, when the thread or twine of 
which they are composed is made of yarn of a number not higher than twenty, 
fifteen cents per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; when made of 
threads or twines, the yarn of which is finer than number twenty, twenty cents 
per pound, and in addition thereto forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

368. Linen hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, hemp or jute, 
twenty cents per pound. 

369. Oil cloth for floors, stamped, painted or printed, including linoleum, cor- 
ticene, cork-carpets, figured or plain, and all other oil cloth (except silk oil cloth), 
and water-proof cloth, not specially provided for in this act, valued at twenty-five 
cents or less per square yard, forty per centum ad valorem; valued above twenty- 
five cents per square yard, fifteen cents per square yard and thirty per centum 
ad valorem. 


328 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY\ ETC. 


370. Yarns or threads composed of flax or hesnp, or of a mixture of either of 
these substances, valued at thirteen cents or less per pound, six cents per pound; 
valued at more than thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 

371. All manufactures of flax or hemp, or of which these substances, or either 
of them, is the component material of chief value, not especially provided for in 
this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, Thatuntil January first, eight¬ 
een hundred and ninety-four, such manufactures of flax containing more than one 
hundred threads to the square inch, counting both warp and filling, shall be sub¬ 
ject to a duty of thirty-five per centum ad valorem in lieu of the duty herein 
provided. 

373. Collars and cuffs, composed entirely of cotton, fifteen cents per dozen 
pieces and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; composed in whole or in part of 
linen, thirty cents per dozen pieces and forty per centum ad valorem; shirts and 
all articles of wearing apparel of every description, not especially provided for in 
this act, composed wholly or in part of linen, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

373. Laces, edgings, embroideries, insertings, neck rufflings, ruchings, trim¬ 
mings, tuckings, lace window-curtains, and other similar tamboured articles, and 
articles embroidered by hand or machinery, embroidered and hem-stiched hand¬ 
kerchiefs, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, rufflings, tuckings or ruch¬ 
ings, all of the above named articles, composed of flax, jute, cotton or other vege¬ 
table fiber, or of which these substances, or either of them, or a mixture of any of 
them, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this 
act, sixty per centum ad valorem ; Provided, That articles of wearing apparel 
and textile fabrics, when embroidered by hand or machinery, and whether spe¬ 
cially or otherwise provided for in this act, shall not pay a less rate of duty than 
that fixed by the respective paragraphs and schedules of this act upon embroid¬ 
eries of the materials of which they are respectively composed. 

374. All manufactures of jute, or other vegetable fi 1 er, except flax, hemp or 
cotton, or of which jute or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp or cotton is the 
component material of chief value, n«t specially provided for in this act, valued at 
five cents per pound or less, two cents per pound; valued above five cents per 
pound forty per centum ad valorem. 


Schedule K.—Wool and Manufactures of Wool. 

375. All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca and other like animals shall be 
divided for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon into the three 
following classes; 

376. Class one, that is to say, Merino, mestiza, metz or metis wools, or other 
wools of Merino blood, immediate or remote, Down clothing wools, and wools of 
like character with any of the preceding, including such as have been heretofore 
usually imported into the United States from Buenos Ayres, New Zealand, Aus¬ 
tralia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain, Canada and elsewhere, and 
also including all wools not hereinafter described or designed in classes two and 
three. 

377. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down comb¬ 
ing wools, Canada long wools, or other like combing, wools of English blood, and 
usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the camel, goat, alpaca 
and other like animals. 

378. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South America, Cordova, Val¬ 
paraiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel’s hair, and including all such wools of 
like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States 
from Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria and elsewhere, excepting improved wools 
hereinafter provided for. 

379. The standard samples of all wools which are now or may be hereafter 
deposited in the principal custom houses of the United .States, under the author¬ 
ity of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be the standards for the classification 
of wools under this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall have the author¬ 
ity to renew these standards, and to make such additions to them from time to 

329 


THE TARIFF,\ RECIPROCITY ,, ETC. 


time as may be required, and he shall cause to be deposited like standards in 
other custom houses of the United States when they may be needed. 

380. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the admix¬ 
ture of Merino or English blood from their present character, as represented by 
the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal custom 
houses of the United States, such improved wools shall be classified for duty 
either as class one or class two, as the case may be. 

381. The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed 
shall be twice the amount of the duty to which they would be subjected if im¬ 
ported unwashed, and the duty on wools of the first and second classes which 
shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they would be 
subjected if imported unwashed. 

382. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn from 
the sheep without any cleansing; that is, in their natural condition. Washed 
wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water on the sheep’s 
back. Wool washed in any other manner than on the sheep’s back shall be con¬ 
sidered as scoured wool. 

383. The duty upon wool of the sheep, or hair of the camel, goat, alpaca and 
other like animals which shall be imported in any other than ordinary condition, 
or which shall be changed in its character or condition for the purpose of evading 
the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the admixture of dirt or any other 
foreign substance, or which has been sorted or increased in value by the rejection 
of any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it would beother- 
wise subject; Provided , That skirted wools as now imported are hereby ex¬ 
cepted. Wools on which a duty is assessed amounting to three times or more 
than that wh ch would be assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, such 
duty shall not be doubled on account of its being sorted If any bale or package 
of wool or hair specified in this act imported as of any specified class, or claimed 
by the importer to be dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or 
hair subject to a higher rate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or 
package shall be subject to the highest rate of duty chargeable on wool of the 
class subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed 
by the importer to be shoddy, mungo, flocks, wool, hair or other material of any 
class specified in this act, and such bale contain any admixture of any one or 
more of said materials, or of any other material, the whole bale or package shall 
be subject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article in said bale or 
package. 

384. The duty upon all wools and hair of the first class shall be eleven 
cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of the second class, twelve cents per 
pound. 

385. On wools of the third class, and on camel’s hair of the third class the 
value whereof shall be thirteen cents or less per pound, including charges, the 
duty shall be thirty-two per centum ad valorem. 

386. On wools of the third class, and on camel’s hair of the third class, the 
value whereof shall exceed thirteen cents per pound, including charges, the duty 
shall be fifty per centum ad valorem. 

387. Wools on the skin shall pay the same rate as other wools, the quantity 
and value to be ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe. 

388. On noils, shoddy, top waste, slubbing waste, roving waste, ring waste, 
yarn waste, garnetted waste, and all other wastes composed wholly or in part of 
wool, the duty shall be thirty cents per pound. 

389. On woolen rags, mungo and flocks the duty shall be ten cents per pound. 

390. Wools and hair of the camel, goat, alpaca or other like animals, in the 
form of roping, roving or tops, and all wool and hair which has been advanced in 
any manner or by any process of manufacture beyond the washed or scoured 
condition, not specially provided for in this act, shall be subject to the same 
duties as are imposed upon manufactures of wool not specially provided for in 
this act. 

391. On woolen and worsted yarns made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, 

330 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not more than 
thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be two and one-half times the 
duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and 
in addition thereto, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than 
thirty cents and not more than forty cents per pqpnd, the duty per pound shall be 
three times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at 
more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and one-half 
times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, 
and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

392. On woolen or worsted cloths, shawls, knit fabrics, and all fabrics made 
on knitting machines or frames, and all manufactures of every description made 
wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other 
animals, not specially provided for in this act, valued at not more than thirty 
cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by 
this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto 
forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and not more than 
forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be three and one-half times the 
duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in 
addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at above forty cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a 
pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 

393. On blankets, hats of wool, and flannels for underwear, composed 
wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, 
valued at not more thirty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be the same 
as the duty imposed by this act on one pound and one-half of unwashed wool 
of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum ad valorem; valued 
at more than thirty and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall be twice the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the 
first class, valued at more than forty cents and not more than fifty cents per 
pound, the duty per pound shall be three times the duty imposed by this act on 
a pound of unwashed wool of the first class; and in addition thereto upon all the 
above-named articles thirty-five per centum ad valorem. On blankets and hats of 
wool composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or 
other animals, valued at more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound 
shall be three and a half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un¬ 
washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad 
valorem. Flannels composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, 
goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at above fifty cents per pound shall be 
classified and pay the same duty as women’s and children’s dress goods, coat 
lining, Italian cloths, and goods of similar character and description provided by 
this act. 

394. On women’s and children’s dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloths, 
and goods of similar character or description of which the warp consists wholly 
of cotton or other vegetable material, with the remainder of the fabric composed 
wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other 
animals, valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per square yard, seven cents per 
square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at above 
fifteen cents per square yard, eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto 
fifty per centum ad valorem. Provided, That on all such goods weighing over 
four ounces per square yard the duty per pound shall be four times the duty im¬ 
posed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition 
thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 

395. On women’s and children’s dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloth, 
bunting, and goods of similar description or character composed wholly or in 
part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, and 
not specially provided for in this act, the duty shall be twelve cents per square 
yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem; Provided, That on 
all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty per pound 

331 


THE TARIFF\ RECIPROCITY , FTC. 


shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool 01 
the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 

396. On clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de¬ 
scription, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, not specially provided for 
in this act, felts not woven and not specially provided for in this act, and plushes, 
and other pile fabrics, all the foregoing, composed wholly or in part of wool, 
worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, the duty per pound 
shall be four and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un¬ 
washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad 
valorem. 

397. On cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters or other outside garments 
for ladies’ and children’s apparel, and goods of similar description, or used for 
like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the 
camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in 
part, the duty per pound shall be four and one-half times the duty imposed by 
this acton a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto 
sixty per centum ad valorem. 

398. On webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, 
galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, laces and 
embroideries, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms, for 
tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, any of the fore¬ 
going which are elastic or non-elastic, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the 
camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the 
camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, the duty shall be 
sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 

399. Aubusson, Axminster, Moquette, and Chenille carpets, figured or plain, 
carpets woven whole for rooms, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or 
description, and Oriental, Berlin, and other similar rugs, sixty cents per square 
yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

400. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all 
carpets or carpeting of like character or description, sixty cents per square yard, 
and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

401. Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like 
character or description, forty-four cents per square yard, and in addition 
thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

403. Velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, printed on the warp 
or otherwise, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, forty 
cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

403. Tapestry Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting 
of like character or description, printed on the warp or otherwise, twenty-eight 
cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

404. Treble ingrain, three-ply and all chain Venetian carpets, nineteen cents 
per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

405. Wool Dutch and two-ply ingrain carpets, fourteen cents per square yard, 
and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 

406. Druggets and bookings, printed, colored, or otherwise, twenty-two cents 
per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Felt car¬ 
peting, figured or plain, eleven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto 
forty per centum ad valorem. 

407. Carpets and carpeting of wool, flax or cotton, or composed in part of 
either, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

408. Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bed sides, art squares, and other 
portions of carpets or carpeting made wholly or in part of wool, and not specially 
provided for in this act, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein imposed on 
carpets or carpeting of like character or description. 

Schedule L.—Silk and Silk Goods. 

409. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not 
further advanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk, fifty cents per 
pound. 

332 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY,\ ETC. 


410. Thrown silk, not more advanced than singles, tram, organzine, sewing 
silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of every description except spun silk, 
thirty per centum ad valorem; spun silk in skeins or cops or on beams, thirty- 
five per centum ad valorem. 

411. Valvets, plushes, or other pile fabrics, containing, exclusive of selvedges, 
less than seventy-five per centum in weight of silk, one dollar and fifty cents per 
pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; containing, exclusive of selvedges, 
seventy-five per centum or more in weight of silk, three dollars and fifty cents 
per pound, and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but in no case shall any of the 
foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. 

412. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, gal¬ 
loons, fringes, cords and tassels, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non¬ 
elastic, buttons; and ornaments made of silk, or of which silk is the component 
material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

413. Laces and embroideries, handkerchieis, neck rufflings and ruchings, 
clothing ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, includ¬ 
ing knit goods, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seam¬ 
stress, manufacturer, composed of silk, or of which silk is the component material 
of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That all such clothing ready-made and articles of wearing apparel 
when composed in port of India rubber (not including gloves or elastic articles 
that are specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of eight 
cents per ounce, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 

414. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: 
Provided, That all such manufactures of which wool, or the hair of the camel, 
goat or other like animals is a component material, shall be classified as manu¬ 
factures of wool. 

Schedule M.—Pulp, Paper and Books. 

PULP AND PAPER. 415. Mechanically ground wood pulp, two dollars 
and filty cents per ton dry weight; chemical wood pulp, unbleached, six dollars 
per ton dry weight; bleached, seven dollars per ton dry weight. 

416. Sheatir.g paper, ten per centum ad valorem. 

417. Printing paper, unsized, suitable only for books and newspapers, fifteen 
per centum ad valorem. 

418. Printing paper, sized or glued, suitable only for books and newspapers, 
twenty per centum ad valorem. 

419. Paper known commercially as copying paper, filtering paper,silver paper, 
and all tissue paper, white or colored, made up in copying books, reams, or in 
any other form, eight cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifteen per centum 
ad valorem, albuo.enized or sensitized paper, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

420. Paper known commercially as surface-coated papers, and manufactures 
thereof, card-boards, lithographic prints from either stone or zinc, bound or un¬ 
bound (except illustrations when forming a part Q,f a periodical, newspaper or in 
printed books accompanying the same), and all articles produced either in whole 
or in part by lithographic process, and photograph, autograph and scrap albums, 
wholly or partially manufactured, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

MANUFACTURES OF PAPER. 421. Paper envelopes, twenty-five cents 
per thousand. 

422. Paper hangings and paper for screens or fire-boards, writing paper, draw¬ 
ing-paper, and all other paper not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem. 

423. Books, including blank books of all kinds, pamphlets and engravings, 
bound or unbound, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, and all printed matter 
not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

424. Playing cards, fifty cents per pack. 

425. Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the component material of 
chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 


333 


THE TARIFF, RECIPROCITY , ETC. 
Schedule N.—Sundries. 


420. Bristles, ten cents per pound. 

427. Brushes and brooms of all kinds, including feather dusters and hair pen¬ 
cils in quills, forty per centum ad valorem. 

428. Button forms: Lastings, mohair cloth, silk, or other manufactures of 
cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape*or form, or cut in such man¬ 
ner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, ten per centum ad valorem. 

429. Buttons commercially known as Agate buttons, twenty-five per centum 
ad valorem. Pea*d and shell buttons, two and one-half cents per line button 
measure of one-fortieth of one inch per gross, and in addition thereto twenty-five 
per centum ad valorem 

480. Ivory, vegetable ivory, bone or horn buttons, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

431. Shoe-buttons, made of paper, board, papier mache, pulp, or other simi¬ 
lar material not especially provided for in this act, valued at not exceeding three 
cents per gross, one cent per gross. 

432. Coal, bituminous, and shale, seventy-five cents per ton of twenty-eight 
bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel; coal slack or culm, such as will pass 
through a half-inch screen, thirty cents per ton of twenty-eight bushels, eighty 
pounds to the bushel. 

433. Coke, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

434. Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes, ten cents per pound; manul'actuied 
corks, fifteen cents per pound. 

435. Dice, draughts, chess-men, chess-balls, billiard, pool, and bagatelle balls, 
of ivory, bone, or other materials, fifty per centum ad valorem. 

436. Dolls, doll-heads, toy marbles, of whatever material composed, and all 
other toys not composed of rubber, china, porceiain, parian, bisque, earthen or 
stoneware, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad 
valorem. 

437. Emery grains and emery manufactured, ground, pulverized, or refined, 
one cent per pound. 

EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES. 438. Fire-crackers of all kinds, eight cents 
per pound, but no allowance shall be made for tare or damage thereon. 

439. Fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles, not specially pro¬ 
vided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 

440. Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, ar¬ 
tillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per pound, five 
cents per pound; valued above twenty cents per pound, eight cents per pound. 

441. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hundred 
and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per box, ten 
cents per gross; when imported otherwise than in boxes containing not more than 
one hundred matches each, one cent per thousand matches. 

442. Percussion-caps, forty per centum ad valorem. 

443. Feather and downs of all kinds, crude, or not dressed, colored, or man¬ 
ufactured, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem ; when 
dressed, colored, or manufactured, including quilts of down and other manufact¬ 
ures of down, and also including dressed and finished birds suitable for millinery 
ornaments, and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers or parts thereof, of 
whatever material composed, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per 
centum ad valorem. 

444. Furs, dressed on the skin, but not made up into articles, and furs not on 
the skin, prepared for hatters’ use, twenty per centum ad valorem. 

445. Glass beads, loose, unthreaded or unstrung, ten per centum ad valorem. 

446. Gun-wads of all descriptions, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

447. Hair, human, if clean or drawn, but not manufactured, twenty per centum 
ad valorem. 

448. Hair-cloth, known as “crinoline-cloth,” eight cents per square yard. 

449. Hair-cloth, known as “hair-seating,” thirty cents per square yard. 

450. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, fifteen per centum ad 
valorem. 


384 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


451. Hats, for men’s, women’s and children’s wear, composed of the fur of 
the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, or of which such fur is the component mate¬ 
rial of chief value, wholly or partially manufactured, including fur hat bodies, 
fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 

JEWELRY AND PRECIOUS STONES. 453. Jewelry: All articles, not 
elsewhere specially provided for in this act, composed of precious metals or imi¬ 
tations thereof, whether set with coral, jet, or pearls, or with diamonds, rubys, 
cameos, or other precious stones, or imitations thereof, or otherwise, and which 
shall be known commercially as “jewelry,” and cameos in frames, fifty per centum 
ad valorem. 

453. Pearls, ten per centum ad valorem. 

454. Precious stones of all kinds, cut but not set, ten per centum ad valorem; 
if set, and not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad va¬ 
lorem. Imitation of precious stones, composed of paste or glass, not exceeding 
one inch in dimensions, not set, ten per centum ad valorem. 

LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF. 455. Bend or hewing leather 
and sole leather, and leather not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum 
ad valorem. 

450. Calf skins, tanned, or tanned and dressed, dressed upper leather, in¬ 
cluding patent, enameled and japanned leather, dressed or undressed, and fin¬ 
ished, chamois or other skins not specially enumerated or provided for in this 
act, twenty per centum ad valorem; bookbinders’ calf-skins, kangaroo, sheep and 
goat skins, including lamb and kid skins, dressed and finished, twenty per 
centum ad valorem; skins for morocco, tanned but unfinished, ten per centum 
ad valorem; pianoforte leather and pianoforte action leather, thirty-five per centum 
ad valorem; boots and shoes, made of leather, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 

457. But leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms suitable for 
conversion into manufactured articles, shall be classified as manufactures of 
leather, and pay duty accordingly. 

453. Gloves of all descriptions, composed wholly or in part of kid or other 
leather, and whether wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the rates 
fixed in connection with the following specified kinds thereof, fourteen inches in 
extreme length, when stretched to the full extent, being in each case hereby fixed 
as the standard, and one dozen pairs as the basis, namely: Ladies’ and chil¬ 
dren's schmaschen of said length or under, one dollar and seventy-five cents per 
dozen; ladies’ and children’s lamb of said length or under, two dollars and 
twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies’ and children’s kid of said length or under, 
three dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies’ and children’s suedes of said 
length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all other ladies’and children’s 
leather gloves, and all men’s leather gloves of said length or under, fifty per 
centum ad valorem; all leather gloves over fourteen inches in length, fifty per 
centum ad valorem; and in addition to the above rates there shall be paid on all 
men’s gloves one dollar per dozen; on all lined gloves, one dollar per dozen; on 
pique or prick seam gloves, fifty cents per dozen; on all embroidered gloves with 
more than three single strands or cords, fifty cents per dozen pairs. Provided, 
That all gloves represented to be of a kind or grade below their actual kind or 
grade shall pay an additional duty of five dollars per dozen pairs. Provided 
further , That none of the articles named in this paragraph shall pay a less rate 
of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. 

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES. 459. Manufactures of alabas¬ 
ter, amber, asbestos, bladders, coral, cat-gut, or whip-gut or worm-gut, jet, 
paste, spar, wax, or of which these substances or either of them is the component 
material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per 
centum ad valorem; osier or willow, prepared for basket makers’ use, thirty per 
centum ad valorem; manufactures of osier or willow, forty per centum ad 
valorem. 

460. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, India-rubber, palm-leaf, straw, 
weeds or whalebone, or of which these substances or either of them is the com¬ 
ponent material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per 
centum ad valorem. 

3 ° 


335 


THE TARIFF , RECIPROCITY , ETC. 


461. Manufactures of leather, fur, gutta-percha, vulcanized India-rubber, 
known as hard rubber, human hair, papier-mache and indurated fiber wares, and 
other manufactures composed of wood or pulp, or of which these substances or 
either of them is the component material of chief value, all of the above not 
specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

462. Manufactures of ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl, and shell, or of 
which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, 
not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 

463 Masks, composed of paper or pulp, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 

464. Matting made of cocoa-fiber or rattan, twelve cents per square yard; 
mats made of cocoa-fiber or rattan, eight cents per square foot. 

465. Paintings, in oil or water colors, and statuary, not otherwise provided 
for in this act, fifteen per centum ad valorem; but the term “ statuary ” as herein 
used shall be understood to include only such statuary as is cut, tarved or other¬ 
wise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, stone or alabaster, 
or from metal, and as is the professional production of a statuary or sculptor 
only. 

466. Pencils of wood filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead, 

fifty cents per gross and thirty per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, four cents 
per gross. ^ 

467. Pencil leads, not in wood, ten per centum ad valorem. 

PIPES AND SMOKERS’ ARTICLES. 468. Pipes, pipe-bowls, of all ma¬ 
terials, and all smokers’ articles whatsoever, not specially provided for in this act, 
including cigarette books, cigarette book-covers, pouches for smoking or chewing 
tobacco, and cigarette-paper in all forms, seventy-five per centum ad valorem; all 
common tobacco pipes of clay, fifteen cents per gross. 

469. Plush, black, known commercially as hatters’ plush, composed of silk, 
or of silk and cotton, and used exclusively for making men’s hats, ten per centum 
ad valorem. 

470. Umbrellas, parasols, and sun-shades, covered with silk or alpaca, fifty- 
five per centum ad valorem; if covered with other material, forty-five per centum 
ad valorem. 

471. Umbrellas, parasols and sun-shades, sticks for, if plain, finished or un¬ 
finished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if carved, fifty per centum ad 
valorem. 

472. Waste, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 


THE FREE LIST. 

SEC. 2 . On and after the sixth day of October, eighteen hundred and ninety, 
unless otherwise specially provided for in this act, the following articles when 
imported shall be exempt from duty. 

473. Acids used for medicinal, chemical, or manufacturing purposes, not 
specially provided for in this act. 

474. Aconite. 

475. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground. 

476. Agates, unmanufactured. 

477. Albumen 

478. Alizarine, natural or artificial, and dyes commercially known as Alizarine 
yellow, Alizarine orange, Alizarine green. Alizarine blue. Alizarine brown. 
Alizarine black. 

479. Amber, unmanufactured, or crude gum. 

480. Ambergris. 

481. Aniline salts. 

482. Any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admitted 
free: Provided, That no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure bred of 

336 


THE FREE LIST. 


a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established for 
that breed; and Provided further. That certificate of such record and of the 
pedigree of such animal shall be produced and admitted to the customs officer, 
duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, together with 
the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that such animal is the identical 
animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree. The Secretary of 
the Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as may be required for 
the s:rict enforcement of this provision. 

483. Animals brought into the United States temporarily for a period not ex¬ 
ceeding six months, for the purpose of exhibition or competition for prizes offered 
by any agricultural or racing association; but a bond shall be given in accord¬ 
ance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury; also, teams 
of animals, including their harness and tackle and the wagon or other vehi¬ 
cles actually owned by persons emigrating from foreign countries to the United 
States with their families, and in actual use for the purpose of such emigration, 
unde- such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and wild 
animals intended for exhibition in zoological collections for scientific and educa¬ 
tional purposes, and not for sale or profit. 

484. Annatto, roucou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of. 

485. Antimony ore, crude sulphide of. 

486. Apatite. 

487. Algal, or argol, or crude tartar. 

488. Arrowroot, raw or unmanufactured. 

489. Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 

490. Arseniate of aniline. 

491. Art educational stops composed of glass and metal and valued at not 
more than six cents per gross. 

462. Articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning not specially provided 
for in this act. 

493. Articles, the growth, produce and manufacture of the United States, 
when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in 
value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other means; 
cask s, barrels, carboys, bags, and other vesssls of American manufacture exported 
filled with American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign 
products, including shooks when returned as barrels or boxes; also quicksilver 
flasks or bottles, of either domestic or foreign manufacture, which shall have been 
actually exported from the United States, but proof of the identity of such articles 
shall be made, under general regulations to be prescribed b.y the Secretary of the 
Treasury; and if any such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of ex¬ 
portation, such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not 
refunded; Provided , That this paragraph shall not apply to articles upon which 
an allowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby 
prohibited except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to 
any article manufactured in bonded-warehouse and exported under any provision 
of law; And provided further. That when manufactured tobacco, which has 
been exported without payment of internal-revenue tax, shall be reimported, it 
shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs until internal-revenue 
stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be placed thereon, 

494. Asbestos, unmanufactured. 

495. Ashes, wool and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 

496. Asphaltum and bitumen, crude. 

497. Asafetida. 

498. Balm of Gilead. 

499. Barks, cinchona or other from which quinine may be extracted. 

500. Baryta, carbonate of, or witherite. 

501. Bauxite, or beauxitc. 

502. Beeswax. 

503. Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and lit only to be remanufactured. 

504. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments, and bird skins, pre¬ 
pared for preservation, but not further advanced in manufacture. 

337 


THE FREE LIST. 


505. Birds and land and water fowls. 

506. Bismuth. 

507. Bladders, including fish-bladders or fish-sounds, crude, and all integu¬ 
ments of animals not specially provided for in this act. 

508. Blood, dried. 

509. Bologna sausages. 

510. Bolting cloths, especially for milling purposes, but not suitable for the 
manufacture of wearing apparel. 

511. Bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, or otherwise 
manufactured, and bone-dust or animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only for fertil¬ 
izing purposes. 

512. Books, engravings, photographs, bound or unhound, etchings, maps and 
charts, which shall have been printed and bound or manufactured more than 
twenty years at the date of importation. 

513. Books and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages other than Eng¬ 
lish; also books and music, in raised print used exclusively by the blind. 

514. Books, engravings, photograghs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps 
and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for the 
use of the Library of Congress. 

515. Books, maps, lithographic prints, arid charts, specially imported, not 
more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use of any society 
incorporated or established for educational, philosophical, literary or religious 
purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use or by order of any 
college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, subject 
to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, 

516. Books, or libraries, or parts of libraries, and other household effects of 
persons or families from foreign countries if actually used abroad by them not'less 
than one year, and not intended for any other person or persons, nor for sale. 

517. Brazil paste. 

518. Braids, plaits, laces, and similar manufactures, composed of straw, 
chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, suitable for making or ornament¬ 
ing hats, bonnets, and hoods. 

519. Brazilian pebble unwrought or unmanufactured. 

520. Breccia, in block or slabs. 

521. Bromine. 

522. Bullion, gold or silver. 

523. Burgundy pitch. 

524. Cabinets of old coins and medals, and other collections of antiquities, 
but the term “ antiquities ” as used in this act shall include only such articles as 
are suitable for souvenirs <or cabinet collections, and which shall have been pro¬ 
duced at any period prior to the year seventeen hundred, 

525. Cadmium. 

526. Calamine. 

527. Camphor, crude. 

528. Castor or castoreum. 

529. Cat gut, whip gut, or worm gut, unmanufactured, or not further manu¬ 
factured than in strings or cords. 

530. Cerium. 

531. Chalk, unmanufactured. 

532. Charcoal. 

533. Chicory-root, raw, or undried, but unground. 

534. Civet, crude. 

535. Clay—Common blue clay in casks suitable for the manufacture of 
crucibles. 

536. Coal, anthracite. 

537. Coal stores of American vessels; but none shall be unloaded. 

538. Coal-tar, crude. 

539. Cobalt, and cobalt-ore. 

540. Cocculus indicus. 

541. Cochineal. 


338 


THE FREE LIST. 

% 

642. Cocoa, or cocao, crude, and fiber, leaves and shells of. 

643. Coffee. 

644. Coins, gold, silver, and copper.. 

645. Coir, and coir yarn. 

546. Copper, old, taken from the bottom of American vessels compelled by 

marine disaster to repair in foreign ports. / 

547. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured. 

548. Cork-wood, or cork-bark, unmanulactured. 

549. Cotton, and cotton-waste or flocks. 

5;>0. Cryolite, or kryolith. 

551. Cuybear. 

552. Curling-stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. 

553. Curry, and curry-powder. 

554. Cutch. 

555. Cuttle-fish bone. 

556. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 

557. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, including glaziers’ 
and engravers’ diamonds not set, and diamond dust or bort, and jewels to be 
used in the manufacture of watches. 

558. Divh-divi. 

559. Dragon’s blood. 

540. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, ar.d bulbous 
roots, excrescences such as nut galls, fruits, flowers, dried insects, grains, gums, 
and gum-resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, spices, 
vegetables, seeds aromatic, and seeds @f morbid growth, weeds, and wood used 
expressly for dyeing; any of the foregoing which are not edible and are in a crude 
state, and not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other 
process of manufacture, and not specially provided for in this act. 

551. Eggs of birds, fish and insects. 

562. Emery ore. 

663. Ergot. 

564. Fans, common palm-leaf and palm-leaf unmanufactured. 

565. Farina. 

566. Fashion-plates, engraved on steel or copper, or on wood, colored or plain. 

567. Feathers and downs for beds. 

568. Feldspar. 

569. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels. 

570. Fibrin, in all forms. 

571. Fish, the product of American fisheries, and fresh or frozen fish (except 
salmon) caught in fresh waters by American vessels, or with nets or other devices 
owned by citizens of the United States. 

572. Fish for bait. 

573. Fish skins. 

574. Flint, flints, and ground flint stones. 

575. Floor matting, manufactured from round or split straw, including what 
is commonly known as Chinese matting. 

576. Fossils. 

577. Fruit-plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the purpose of propagation 
or cultivation. 

FRUITS AND NUTS. 578. Currants, Zante or other. 

579. Dates. 

580. Fruits, green, ripe or dried, not specially provided for in this act. 

581. Tamarinds. 

582. Cocoa nuts. 

583. Brazil nuts. 

584. Cream nuts. 

585. Palm nuts. „ 

586. Palm-nut kernels. 

587. Furs undressed. 

588. Fur-skins of all kinds not dressed in any manner. * 

339 *' 


THE FREE LIST. 


689. Gambier. 

690. Glass, broken, and old glass, which can not be cut for use, and fit only to 
be remanufactured. 

691. Glass plates or disks, rough-cut or unwrought, for use in the manufacture 
of optical instruments, spectacles and eye-glasses, and suitable only for such use: 
Provided , however, That such disks exceeding eight inches in diameter may be 
polished sufficiently to enable the character of the glass to be determined. 

GRASSES AND FIBERS. 592. Istle or Tampico fiber. 

593. Jute. 

594. Jute butts. 

595. Manilla. 

596. Sisal-grass. 

597. Sunn. 

And all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, unmanufactured or 
undressed, not specially provided for in this act, 

598. Gold beaters’ molds and gold beaters’ skins. 

599. Grease and oils, such as are commonly used in soap-making, or in wire¬ 
drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for such uses, 
not specially provided for in this act. 

600. Guano, manures, and all substances expressly used for manure. 

601. Gunny bags and gunny cloths, old or refuse, fit only for remanufactufe. 

602. Guts, salted. 

603. Gi^tta percha, crude. 

604. Hatr of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn or 
undrawn, but unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this act; and human 
hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn. 

605. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled, Angora goat 
skins, raw without the wool, unmanufactured, asses’ skins, raw or unmanufact¬ 
ured, and skins, except sheep-skins with the wool on. 

606. Hide-cuttings, raw, with or without hair, and all other glue-stock. 

607. Hide-rope. 

608. Hones and whetstones. 

609. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 

610. Hop roots for cultivation. 

611. Horns and parts of, unmanufactured, including horn strips and tips. 

612. Ice. 

613. India rubber, crude, and milk of, and scraps or refuse Indian rubber 
which has been worn out by use and is fit only for remanufacturc. 

614. I ndigo. 

615. Iodine, crude. 

616. Ipecac. 

617. Iridium. 

618. Ivory and vegetable ivory, not sawed, cut or otherwise manufactured. 

619. Jalap. 

620. Jet, unmanufactured. 

621. Joss-sticks, or Joss-light. 

622. Junk, old. 

623. Kelp. 

624. Kieseritc, 

625. Kyanite. or cyanite, and kainitc 

626. Lac-dye, crude, seed, button, stick and shell. 

627. I ^ac spirits. 

628. I .actarine. 

629. Lava, unmanufactured. 

630. Leeches. 

631. Lemon juice, lime juice and sour-orange juice. 

632. Licorice root, unground. 

63"3. Life-boat and life-saving apparatus specially imported by societies incor¬ 
porated or established to encourage the saving of human life. 

634. Lime, citrate of. 


340 


THE FREE LIST. 


635. Lime, chlorate of, or bleaching powder. 

G36. Lithographic stones, not engraved. 

637. Litmus, prepared or not prepared. 

638. Loadstones. 

639. Madder and munjet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all 
extracts of. 

640. Magnesito, or native mineral carbonate of magnesia. 

641. Magnesium. 

643. Magnets. 

643. Manganese, oxide and ore of. 

644. Manna. 

‘ 645. Manuscripts. 

646. Marrow, crude. 

647. Marsh-mallows. 

648. Medals of gold, silver or copper, such as trophies or prizes. 

649. Meerschaum, crude or unmanufactured. 

650. Mineral waters, all not artificial. 

651. Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by refining or 
grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not specially provided for in this 
act. 

653. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, including 
patterns for machinery, but no article shall be deemed a model or pattern which 
can be fitted for use otherwise. 

653. Moss, sea-weed and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufactured, 
not otherwise specially provided for in this act. 

654. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 

655. Myrobolan. 

656. Needles, hand-sewing and darning. 

657. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term “ periodicals ” as herein used 
shall be understood to embrace only unbound or paper-covered publications con¬ 
taining current literature of the day and issued regularly at stated periods, as 
weekly, monthly or quarterly. 

658. Nux vomica. 

659. Oakum. 

660. Oil cake. 

661. Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified ambergris, anise or anise-seed, 
canaline, aspic or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, cassia, cinnamon, 
Jedrat, chamomile, citronella or lemon grass, civet, fennel, Jasmine or Jasimine, 
nuglandium. Juniper, lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli or orange flower, 
out oil or oil of nuts, not otherwise specially provided for in this act, orange oil, 
olive oil for manufacturing or mechanical purposes unfit for eating and not 
otherwise provided for in this act, ottar of roses, palm and cocoanut, rosemary 
or anthoss, sesame or sesamum-seed or bean, thyme, origanum red or white, 
valerian, and also spermaceti, whale and other fish oils of American fisheries, 
and all other articles the produce of such fisheries. 

663. Olives, green or unprepared. 

663. Opium, crude or unmanufactured, and not adulterated, containing nine 
per centum and over of morphia. 

664. Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 

665. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 

666. Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms and other plants used for forc¬ 
ing under glass for cut flowers or decorative purposes. 

667. Ores, of gold, silver and nickel, and nickel matte: Provided , That ores 
of nickel and nickel matte, containing more than two per centum of copper, shall 
pay a duty of one-half of one ceut per pound on the copper contained therein. 

668. Osmium. 

669. Palladium. 

670. Paper stock, crude, of every description, includingv all grasses, fibers, 
rags (other than wool), waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste 


341 


THE FREE LIST. 


rope, waste bagging, old or refuse gunny bags or gunny cloth, and poplar or other 
woods, fit only to be converted into paper. 

G71. Paraffine. 

6753. Parchment and vellum. 

673. Pearl, mother of, not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise manufactured. 

674. Peltries and other usual goods and effects of Indians passing or repasising 
the boundary line of the United States, under such regulations as the Secretary 
of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That this exemption shall not apply 
to goods in bales or other packages unusual among Indians. 

675. Personal and household effects not merchandise of citizens of the United 
States dying in foreign countries. 

676. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 

677. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, instruments and preparations; 
statuary, casts of marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster of Paris; paintings, draw¬ 
ings, and etchings, specially imported in good faith for the use of any society or 
institution incorporated or established for religious, philosophical, educational, 
scientific, or literary purposes, or for encouragement of the fine arts, and not in¬ 
tended for sale. 

678. Phosphates, crude or native. 

679. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed-cane, and seeds, all of the foregoing im¬ 
ported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States Botanic Garden. 

680. Plaster of Paris and sulphate of lime, unground. 

681. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets and wire. 

6853. Platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, ves¬ 
sels, and parts thereof composed of platinum, for chemical uses. 

683. Plumbago. 

684. Polishing-stones. 

685. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or “black salts.” Caustic potash, or hydrate 
of, not including refined in sticks or rolls. Nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. 
Sulphate of potash, crude or refined. Chlorate of potash. Muriate of potash. 

686. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupa¬ 
tion, or employment, in the actual possession at the time of persons arriving in the 
United States; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or 
other articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment, or for any 
person or persons, or for sale. 

687. Pulu. 

688. Pumice, 

689. Quills, prepared or unprepared, but not made up into complete articles. 

690. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona-bark. 

691. Rags, not otherwise specially provided for in this act. 

692. Regalia and gems, statues, statuary and specimens of sculpture, where 
specially imported in good faith for the use of any society incorporated or estab¬ 
lished solely for educational, philosophical, literary, or religious purposes, or for 
the encouragement of fine arts, or for the use by order of any college, academy, 
school, seminary of learning, or public library in the United States; but the term 
“regalia” as herein used shall be held to embrace only such insignia of rank or 
office or emblems as may be worn upon the person or borne in the hand during 
public exercises of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of fur¬ 
niture or fixtures or of regular wearing-apparel, nor personal property of in¬ 
dividuals. 

693. Rennets, raw or prepared. s 

694. Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron cake. 

695. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 

696. Salacine. 

697. Sauer-kraut. *, 

698. Sausage skins. 

699. Seeds, anise, canary, caraway, cardamom, coriander, cotton, cummin, 
fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, Saint John’s bread or bean, 
sugar-beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar-cane for seed, all flower and grass 


342 


THE FREE LIST. 


seeds; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible; all the foregoing not specially pro* 
vided for in this act. 

700. Selep or saloup. 

701. Shells of all kinds, not cut, ground or otherwise manufactured. 

702. Shot-gun barrels, forged, rough bored. 

703. Shrimps and other shell fish. 

704. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, twisted or ad¬ 
vanced in manufacture in any way. 

705. Silk cocoons and sjlk waste. 

706. Silk worms’ eggs 

707. Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy. 

708. Snails. 

709. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate, and chlorate of. 

710. Sodium 

711. Sparterre, suitable for making or ornamenting hats. 

712. Specimens of natural history, botany and mineralogy, when imported for 
cabinets or as objects of science, and not for sale. 

SPICES. 713. Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds unground. 

714. Cinnamon, and chips of, unground. 

715. Cloves, and clove stems, unground. 

716. Ginger-root, unground and not preserved or candied. 

715. Mace. 

718. Nutmegs. 

719. Pepper, black or white, unground. 

720. Pimento, unground. 

721. Spunk. 

722. Spurs and stilts, used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain and stone 
ware. 

723. Stone and sand, burr stone in blocks, rough or manufactured, and not 
bound up into mill-stones; cliff-stone, unmanufactured; pumice-stone, rotten 
stone and sand, crude or manufactured. 

724. Storax or styrax. 

725. Strontia, oxide of, protoxide of strontian, and strontianite, or minera 
carbonate of strontia. 

726. Sugars, all not above number sixteen Dutch standard in color, all tank 
bottoms, all sugar drainings and sugar sweepings, sirups of cane juice, melada, 
concentrated melada, and concrete and concentrated molasses, and molasses. 

727. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimstone, crude, in bulk, 
sulphur ore, as pyrites or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing in ex¬ 
cess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur (except on the copper contained therein), 
and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 

728. Sulphuric acid which, at the temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit, 
does not exceed the specific gravity of one and three hundred and eighty thou¬ 
sandths, for use in manufacturing super phosphate of lime or artificial manures 
of any kind, or for any agricultural purposes. 

729. Sweepings of silver and gold. 

730. Tapioca, cassava or cassady. 

731. T ar and pitch of wood, and pitch of coal tar. 

732. Tea and tea-plants. 

733. Teeth, natural or unmanufactured. 

734. Terra alba. 

735. Terra japonica. 

736. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or 
grain or granulated, until July the first, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and 
thereafter as otherwise provided for in this act. 

737. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn. 

738. Tobacco stems. 

739. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka-beans. 

740. Tripoli. 

741. Turmeric. 


343 


THE FREE LIST. 


742. Turpentine, Venice. 

743. Turpentine, spirits of. 

744. Turtles. 

745. Types, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 

746. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 

747. Vaccine virus. 

748. Valonia. 

749. Verdigris or subacetate of copper. 

750. Wafers, unmedicated. 

751. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 

752. Wearing apparel and other personal effects (not merchandise) of persons 
arriving in the United States, but this exemption shall not be held to include 
articles not actually in use and necessary and appropriate for the use of such per¬ 
sons for the purposes of their journey and present comfort and convenience, or 
which are intended for any other person or persons, or for sale: Provided , how¬ 
ever, That all such wearing apparel and other personal effects as may have Jieen 
once imported into the United States and subjected to the payment of duty, pnd 
which may have been actually used and taken or exported to foreign countries by 
the persons returning therewith to the United States, shall, if not advance*? in 
value or improved in condition by any means since their exportation from the 
United States, be entitled to exemption from duty, upon their identity bsing 
established, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secre¬ 
tary of the Treasury. 

753. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 

754. Wood—Logs and round unmanufactured timber not specially enumerated 
or provided for in this act. 

755. Fire wood, handle-bolts, heading-bolts, stave-bolts and shingle-bojts, 
hop-poles, fence posts, railroad ties, ship timber, and ship planking, not specially 
provided for in this act. 

756. Woods, namely, cedar, lignum-vitae, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, 
mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in the log, 
rough or hewn; bamboo and rattan unmanufactured; briar root or briar wood, 
and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further manufactured than cut into 
blocks suitable for articles into which they are intended to beconverted; bamboo, 
reeds and sticks of partridge, hair-wood, pimento, orange, myrtle and other woods 
not otherwise specially provided for in this act, in the rough, or not further man¬ 
ufactured than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sun 
shades, whips or walking-canes; and India malacca joints, not further manu¬ 
factured than cut into suitable lengths for the manufactures into which they are 
intended to be converted. 

757. Works of art, the production of American artists residing temporarily 
abroad, or other works of art, including pictorial paintings on glass, imported 
expressly for presentation to a national institution, or to any state or municipal 
corporation, or incorporated religious society, college or other public institution, 
except stained or painted window-glass or stained or painted glass windows; 
but such exemption shall be subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe. 

758. Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic pictures, and philo¬ 
sophical and scientific apparatus brought by professional artists, lecturers or 
scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for exhibition and in 
illustration, promotion and encouragement of art, science or industry in the 
United States, and not for sale, and photographic pictures, paintings arid statu¬ 
ary, imported for exhibition by any association established in good faith and duly 
authorized under the laws of the United States, or of any State, expressly and 
solely for the promotion and encouragement of science, art, or industry, and not 
intended for sale, shall be admitted free of duty, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but bonds shall be given for the pay¬ 
ment to the United States of such duties as maybe imposed by law upon any'and 
all of such articles as shall not be exported within six months after such importa¬ 
tion: Provided , That the Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, ex- 

344 



THE RECIPROCITY SECTION,\ 


tend such period for a further term of six months in cases where applications 
therefor shall be made. 

751). Works of art, collections in illustration of the progress of the arts, science, 
or m nufactures, photographs, works in terra-cotta, parian pottery or porcelain, 
and artistic copies of antiquities in metal or other material hereafter imported ir 
good faith for permanent exhibition at a fixed place by any society or 
institution established for the encouragement of the arts or of science, and 
all like articles imported in good faith by any society or association for 
the purpose of erecting a public monument, and not intended for sale, nor 
for any other purpose than herein expressed; but bonds shall be given under 
such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, for 
the payment of lawful duties which may accrue should any of the articles afore¬ 
said be sold, transferred or used contrary to this provision, and such articles 
shall be subject, at any time, to examination and inspection by the proper officers 
of the customs. Provided , That the privileges of this and the preceding sec¬ 
tion shall not be allowed to associations or corporations engaged in or connected 
with business of a private or commercial character. 

760. Yams. 

761. Zaffer. 

RECIPROCITY. 

Sec. 3 . That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries producing 
the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first day of January, 
eighceen hundred and ninety-two, whenever, and so often as the President shall 
be satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, 
molasses, coffee, tea and hides, raw and uncured, or any of such articles, im¬ 
poses duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the 
United States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, 
coffee, tea and hides into the United States, he may deem to be reciprocally 
unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to 
suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the 
free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea and hides, the production 
of such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such case and during 
such suspension duties shall be levied, collected and paid upon sugar, molasses, 
coffee, tea and hides, the product of or exported from such designated country 
as follows, namely: 

All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay duty 
on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: 

All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bot¬ 
toms, sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete 
and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five 
degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; and for every additional degree or 
fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two hundredths of one cent 
per pound additional. 

All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classified by 
the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugar above 
number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard of color, one and 
three-eighths cents per pound. 

All sugars above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch standard 
of color, one and five-eighths cents per pound. 

All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per 
pound. 

Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. 

Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as mo¬ 
lasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. 

On coffee, three cents per pound. 

On tea, ten cents per pound. 


345 


MIS CELIANEOUS PRO VISIONS. 


Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted or pickled, Angora goat-jskins, 
raw, without the wool, unmanufactured, asses’ skins, raw or unmanufactured, 
and skins, except sheep-skins with the wool on, and one and one-half cents per 
pound. 

Sec. 4. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid on the importation of 
all raw or unmanufactured articles, not enumerated or provided for in this act, a 
duty of ten per centum ad valorem ; and on all articles manufactured, in whole or 
in part, not provided for in this act, a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem. 

ASSIMILATION SECTION. 

Sec 5. That each and every imported article, not enumerated in this act, 
which is similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it maybe 
applied, to any article enumerated in this act as chargeable with duty sha 11 pay 
the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most] esem- 
blesin3nyof the particulars before mentioned ; and if any non-enumerated irticle 
equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty 
are chargeable there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article the same rate of 
duty as,is chargeable on the article which it resembles paying the highest rate 
of duty; and on articles not enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, 
the duty shall be assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be charge¬ 
able if composed wholly of the component material thereof of chief value* and 
the words “component material of chief value,” wherever used in this act!shall 
be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value anylother 
single component material of the article; and the value of each component pate- 
rial shall be determined by the ascertained value of such material in its condition 
as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty shall be applicable to any 
imported article it shall pay a duty at the highest of such rates. 


MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

Sec. 6 . That on and after the first day of March, eighteen hundred and 
ninety-one, all articles of foreign manufacture, such as are usually or ordinarily 
marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, and all packages containing such or 
other imported articles, shall, respectively, be plainly marked, stamped, branded, 
or labeled in legible English words, so as to indicate the country of their origin; 
and unless so marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, they shall not be admitted 
to entry. 

Sec. 7. That on and after March first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, no 
article of imported merchandise which shall copy or simulate the name or trade 
mark of any domestic manufacture or manufacturer, shall be admitted to entry at 
any custom house of the United States. And in order to aid the officers of the 
customs in enforcing prohibition any domestic manufacturer who has adopted 
trade marks may require his name and residence and a description of his trade 
marks to be recorded in books which shall be kept for that purpose in the De¬ 
partment of the Treasury, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treas¬ 
ury shall prescribe, and may furnish to the Department fac similes of such trade 
marks; and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause one or more 
copies of the same to be transmitted to each collector or other proper officer of the 
customs. 

Sec. 8. That all lumber, timber, hemp, manilla, wire rope, and iron and steel 
rods, bars, spikes, nails, plates, tees, angles, beams and bolts, and copper and 
composition metals which may be necessary for the construction and equipmeni. 
of vessels built in the United States for foreign account and ownership or for the 

346 



miscellaneous provisions. 


purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, including the trade between the 
Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, after the passage of this act, may 
be imported in bond, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe; and upon proof that such materials have been used for such pur¬ 
pose no duties shall be paid thereon. But vessels receiving the benefit of this 
section shall not be allowed to engage in the coastwise trade of the United States 
more than two months in any one year, except upon the payment to the United 
States of the duties on which a rebate is herein allowed: Provided , That vessels 
built in the United States for foreign account and ownership shall not be allowed 
to engage in the coastwise trade of the United States. 

Sec. 9. That all articles of foreign production needed for the repair of the 
American vessels engaged in foreign trade, including the trade between the At¬ 
lantic and Pacific ports of the United States, may be withdrawn from bonded 
warehouses free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe. ... 

Sec. 10. That all medicines, preparations, compositions, perfumery, cosmetics, 
cordials and other liquors manufactured wholly or in part of domestic spirits, in¬ 
tended for exportation, as provided by law, in order to be manufactured and 
sold or removed, without being charged with duty and without having a stamp 
affixed thereto, shall, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may prescribe, be made and manufactured in warehouses similarly constructed to 
those known and designated in Treasury regulations as bonded-warehouses, class 
two: Provided , That such manufacturer shall first give satisfactory bonds to 
the collector of internal revenue for the faithful observance of all the provisions of 
law and the regulations aforesaid, in amount not less than half of that required 
by the regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury from persons allowed bonded- 
warehouses. Such goods, when manufactured in such warehouses, may be re¬ 
moved for exportation under the direction of the proper officer having charge 
thereof, who shall be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, without being 
charged with duty, and without having a stamp affixed thereto. Any manufact¬ 
urer of the articles aforesaid, or any of them, having such bonded warehouse as 
aforesaid, shall be at liberty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the 
Treasury may prescribe, to convey therein any materials to be used in such man¬ 
ufacture which are allowed by the provisions of law to be exported free from tax 
or duty, as well as the necessary materials, implements, packages, vessels, 
brands and labels for the preparation, putting up and export of said manufactured 
articles; and every article so used shall be exempt from the payment of stamp 
and excise duty by such manufacturer. Articles and materials so to be used may 
be transferred from anv bonded warehouse in which the same may be, under such 
regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, into any bonded 
warehouse in which such manufacture may be conducted, and may be used in 
such manufacture, and when so used shall be exempt from stamp and excise duty; 
and the receipt of the officer in charge as aforesaid shall be received as a voucher 
for the manufacture of such articles. Any materials imported into the United 
States may, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, 
and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in original packages 
from on ship-board, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be, 
into the bonded warehouse in which such manufacture may be carried on, lor 
the purpose of being used in such manufacture, without payment of duties 
thereon, and may be used in such manufacture. No article so removed, nor any 
article manufactured in said bonded warehouse, shall be taken therefrom except 
for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof as 
aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their mark or otherwise, 
the quantity, the date of importation and name of vessel, with such additional 
particulars as mav from time to time be required, shall be received by the col¬ 
lector of customs in cancellation of the bond or return of the amount of foreign 
import duties. All labor performed and services rendered under these regula¬ 
tions shall be under the supervision of an officer of the customs, and at the ex¬ 
pense of the manufacturer. . . , , 0 c 

Sec.ii. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United Statesfromany 

347 


MISCELLANEOUS PRO VIS JOAN. 


foreign country any obscene book, pamphlet, writing paper, advertisement, circular, 
print, picture, drawing or other representation, figure or image on or of pfrper or 
other material, or any cast, instrument or other article of an immoral nafure, or 
any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception, 
or for causing unlawful abortion. No such articles, whether imported separately 
or contained in packages with other goods entitled to entry, shall be admitted to 
entry, and all such articles shall be proceeded against, seized and forfe ted by 
due course of law. All such prohibited articles and the package in whijh they 
are contained in the course of importation shall be detained by the officerjof cus¬ 
toms, and proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following sec¬ 
tion, unless it appears to the satisfaction of the collector of customs that the ob¬ 
scene articles contained in the package were inclosed therein without thejcnowl- 
edge or consent of the importer, owner, agent or consignee: Provided, That the 
drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk and not put up forjany of 
the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the operation of this sec¬ 
tion. 

Sec. 12. That whoever, being an officer, agent or employe of the Govern¬ 
ment of the United States, shall knowingly aid or abet any person engaged In any 
violation of any of the provisions of law prohibiting importing, advertising^ deal¬ 
ing in, exhibiting or sending or receiving by mail obscene or indecent publications 
or representations, or means for preventing conception or procuring abortion, or 
other articles of indecent or immoral use or tendency, shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor, and shall for every offense be punishable by a fine of not more 
than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment at hard labor for not mord than 
ten years, or both. 

Sec. 13. That any judge of any district or circuit court of the United States, 
within the proper district, before whom complainant in writing of any violat on of 
the two preceding sections is made, to the satisfaction of such judge, and foinded 
on knowledge or belief, and if upon belief, setting forth the grounds of such belief, 
and supported by oath or affirmation of the complainant, may issue, conforma dy to 
the Constitution, a warrant directed to the marshal or any deputy marshal, nthe 
proper district, directing him to search for, seize and take possession of any such 
article or thing mentioned in the two preceding sections, and to make due and 
immediate return thereof to the end that the same may be condemned and de¬ 
stroyed by proceedings which shall be conducted in the same manner as other 
proceedings in the case of municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal 
or writ of error. 

Sec. 14. That machinery for repair may be imported into the United States 
without payment of duty, under bond, to be given in double the appraised vjilue 
thereof, to be withdrawn and exported after said machinery shall have beei> re¬ 
paired ; and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to prescribe 
such rules and regulations as may be necessary to protect the revenue against 
fraud, and secure the identity and character of all such importations when again 
withdrawn and exported, restricting and limiting the export and withdrawal to 
the same port of entry where imported, and also limiting all bonds to a period of 
time of not more than six months from the date of the importation. 

Sec. 15. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint 
John river and its tributaries, owned by American citizens, and sawed or hewed 
in the Provence of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same being unman¬ 
ufactured in whole or in part, which is now admitted into the ports of the United 
States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to time, prescribe. 

Sec. 16. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint 
Croix river and its tributaries, owned by American citizens, and sawed in the 
Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same being unmanufact¬ 
ured in whole or in part, shall be admitted into the ports of the United States 
free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from 
time to time, prescribe. , 

Sec. 17. That a discriminating duty of ten per centum ad valorem, in addition 
to the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected and paid on all goods, 

•348 



MISCELLA NE O US PR O VISIONS. 


wares or merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United 
States; but this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares and mer¬ 
chandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United States, entitled, by 
treaty or any act of Congress, to be entered into the ports of the United States on 
payment of the same duties as shall then be paid on goods, wares and merchan¬ 
dise imported in vessels of the United States. 

Sec. 18. That no goods, wares or merchandise, unless in cases provided for by 
treaty, shall be imported into fhe United States from any foreign part or place, 
except in vessels of the United States, or in such foreign vessels as truly and 
wholly belong to the citizens and subjects of that country of which the goods are 
the growth, production or manufacture, or from which such goods, wares or mer¬ 
chandise can only be, or most usually are, first shipped for transportation. All 
goods, wares or merchandise imported contrary to this section, and the vessel 
wherein the same shall be imported, together with her cargo, tackle, apparel and 
furniture, shall be forfeited to the United States; and such goods, wares or 
merchandise, ship or vessel and cargo, shall be liable to be seized, prosecuted and 
condemned in like manner and under the same regulations, restrictions and pro¬ 
visions as have been heretofore established for the recovery, collection, distribu¬ 
tion and remission of forfeitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. 

Sec. 19. That the preceding section shall not apply to vessels or goods, wares 
or merchandise imported in vessels of a foreign nation which does not maintain a 
similar regulation against vessels of the United States. 

Sec. 20. That the importation of neat cattle and the hide of neat cattle from any 
foreign country into the United States is prohibited ; Provided, That the oper¬ 
ation of this section shall be suspended as to any foreign country or countries, or 
any parts of such country or countries, whenever the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall officially determine, and give public notice thereof that such importation 
will not tend to the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious diseases 
among the cattle of the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury is 
hereby authorized and empowered, and it shall be his duty, to make all necessary 
orders and regulations to carry this section into effect, or to suspend the same as 
therein provided, and to send copies thereof to the proper officers in the United 
States, and to such officers or agents of the United States in foreign countries as 
he shall judge necessary. 

Sec. 21. That any person convicted of a willful violation of any of the pro 
visions of the preceding section shall be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars, 
or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court. 

Sec. 22. That upon the reimportation of articles once exported of the growth, 
product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no internal tax has 
been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and refunded by al¬ 
lowance or drawback, there shall be levied, collected and paid a duty equal to 
the tax imposed by the internal revenue laws upon such articles, except articles 
manufactured in bonded-warehouses and exported pursuant to law, which shall 
he subject to the same rate of duty as if originally exported. 

Sec. 23. That whenever any vessel laden with merchandise in whole or in 
part subject to duty has been sunk in any river, harbor, bay, or waters, subject to 
the jurisdiction of the United States, and within its limits, for the period of two 
years, and is abandoned by the owner thereof, any person who may raise such 
vessel shall be permitted to bring any merchandise recovered therefrom into the 
port nearest to the place where such vessel was so raised, free from the payment 
of '*ny duty thereupon, and without being obliged to enter the same at the custom¬ 
house; but under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre¬ 
scribe. 

Sec. 24. That the works of manufacturers engaged in smelting or refining 
metals in the United States maybe designated as bonded-warehouses.under such 
regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That 
such manufacturers shall first give satisfactory bonds to the .Secretary of the 
Treasury. Metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to make them 
readily available in the arts, imported into the United States to be smelted or re¬ 
fined and intended to be exported in a refined but unmanufactured state, shall» 

349 


ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 

under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe and under the 
direction of the proper officers, be removed in original packages or in bulk from 
the vessel or other vehicle on which it has been imported, or from the banded- 
warehouse in which the same may be injo the bonded-warehouse in which such 
smelting and refining may be carried on, for the purpose of being smelted and re¬ 
fined without payment of duties thereon, and may there be smelted and refined, 
together with other metals of home or foreign production: Provided, That each 
day a quantity of refined metal, equal to the amount of imported metal Refined 
that day shall be set aside, and such metal so set aside shall not be take* from 
said works except for importation, under the direction of the proper officer Jiaving 
charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles br their 
marks or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and the name ofjvessel 
or other vehicle by which it was imported, with such additional particulars as 
may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of customs 
as sufficient evidence of the exportation of the metal, or it may be removed,lunder 
such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, to anV other 
bonded-warehouse, or upon entry for, and payment of duties, for domestic con¬ 
sumption. All labor performed and services rendered under these regulations 
shall be under the supervision of an officer of the customs, to be appointed py the 
Secretary of the Treasury, and at the expense of the manufacturer. 

Sec. 25. That where imported materials on which duties have been paid are 
used in the manufacture of articles manufactured or produced in the l nited 
States, there shall be allowed on the exportation of such articles a drawback equal 
in amount to the duties paid on the materials used, less one per centum ol such 
duties: Provided, That when the articles exported are made in part fro a do¬ 
mestic materials, the imported materials, or the parts of the articles made from 
such materials shall so appear in the completed articles that the quantity or neas- 
ure thereof maybe ascertained: And prordded further, That the drawback 
on any article allowed under existiug law shall be continued at the rate lerein 
provided. That the imported materials used in the manufacture or production of 
articles entitled to a crawback of customs duties when exported shall in all cases 
where drawback duties paid on such materials is claimed, be identified, the quantity 
of such materials used and the amount of duties paid thereon shall be ascertained, 
the facts of the manufacture or production of such articles in the United States 
and their exportation therefrom sh all be determined, and the drawback due thpreon 
shall be paid to the manufacturer, producer, or exporter, to the agent of either or 
to the person to whom such manufacturer, producer, exportei or agent sh^ll in 
writing order such drawback paid, under such regulations as the Secretary of 
the Treasury shall prescribe. 


THE TARIFF —ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


The numbers refer to paragraphs in preceding pages. 

A BSINTHE 332. Acids, acetic 1; boracic2; chromic 3: citric 4; chemical n. 0 . p. 
** 473; for manufacturing purposes 473; medicinal n. o. p. 473 ; pyroligneous 1; 
tartaric 7: tannin 6; sulphuric 5, 728. Acetic acid x. Acetate of lead, white 62; 
brown 62. Acorns 475. Acorns, prepared 321. Aconite 474. Adhesive felt 569. 
Agate buttons 429; unmanufactured 476. Agricultural seeds 286. Alabaster 459. 
Alabaster casts 677. ALbata 188. Albumen 477. Albumenized paper 419. Al¬ 
bums, photograph 420; autograph 420; scrap 420. Alcohol, amylic 42; com¬ 
pounds 8, 331; perfumery 8; preparations 331. Ale 337. Ale, ginger 340. Ali¬ 
zarine 478; assistant 36: all other 36. Alkalies 76. Alkaloids 76. Alkaline 
silicate 84. Almond, oils 661. Alloys 146. Almonds 306. Alpaca, advanced 
390; hair, how divided 375. Alumina 9. Alum 9. Aluminium 186. Alumin¬ 
um, alloys 186. Aluminum, leaf 190. Alum cake 9. Alum patent 9. Alumina, 
sulphate of 9. Alum in crystals 9. Aluminous cake 9. Alum, ground 9. Am¬ 
ber, unmanufactured 479. Amber oils 661. Ambergris 480. American artist 

350 




ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Referto Paragraphs of Bill.) 


productions n. o. p. 757. Ammonia, sulphate of 10. Ammonia, carbonate of 10. 
Ammonia, muriate of 10. Amylic, alcohol 42. Anchovies 291. Anchors 153. 
Anchors, steel 153. Andirons 161. Angora goat skins 605. Angles 137. Ani< 
mals 251, 482, 483. Animal, carbon 511; hair 604; skins 605; hair, how divided 
375. Aniline, arseniate of 490; salts 481; oil 661. Anise seed 699. Aniseseedoil 
661. Annatto 484. Antiquities 524. Anthoss oil 661. Antimony 187; ore 485. 
Anvils, iron 155; steel 155. Apatite 486. Apples 297, 298; dried 298; desic¬ 
cated 298; evaporated 298; prepared 298. Appropriation for sugar bounty 231. 
Aqueous extract of opium 47. Argal 487. Argentine 188. Aromatic seeds 560. 
Arrack 332. Arrow root 488. Arsenic 489.' Arseniate of aniline 490. Art 
squares 408. Artificial feathers 443. Articles, tin coated 143; of domestic manu¬ 
facture 493. Artificial sulphate of barytes 51. Artists’ water color paints 61 
Art ed cational stops 491; works of 757, 758, 759. Asbestos 459, 494. Asafetida 
497. Ashes 495. - Asphaltum 496. Aspic oil 661. Aubusson carpets 399. Aus¬ 
tralia wool 376. Autograph albums 420. Axles 154, bars 154; flanks 154; forg¬ 
ings 154. Axminster carpets 399. Azaleas 666. 

DACON 310. Bagatelle balls 435. Bagging, flax 366; hemp 366; jute 366; 

jute butts 366. Bags of burlaps 365 Balls, pool 43s; bagatelle 435; billiard 
435. Balm of Gilead 498. Balsams 560. Bamboo 756. Band iron 140, 151; 
steel 140; iron or steel 143. Barks 499, 560; extractsof 26. Bark, cinchona, salts of 
690; cork 434. Barley 252; hulled 254; patent 254; pearled 254; malt 253. 
Bars 140; beveled 146; iron 135, 136, 152; tapered 146; tin 209; rolled iron 136 
Barrels 228. Barrel hoops, iron 140; hoops steel 140. Barrel buttons 398. Baryta 
500; sulphate of 49. Barytes 49; artificial, sulphate of 51; earth, manufactured 
49; earth, unmanufactured 49. Basswood, sawed boards, planks and deals 218; 
lumber 218. Bauxite or beauxite 501. Bay rum 334. Bay water 334. Beads, 
glass 445. Beams, deck 137. Beams of iron 137. Beans 270, 560; bulb 137; 
castor 284; ground 308; prepared or preserved 271 Bed sides 408. Beer 337; 

coloring 22; ginger 340. Beet rootashes 495. Beef 3x1. Beeswax 502. Bells503: 
Beltings 398, 412. Belt pins 206 Bend or belting leather 455 Bergamot oil 
661. Berlin blue 50; carpets 399; rugs 399. Berries 560. Beveled bars 146. 
Bicarbonate of soda 30. Bichromate of soda 82; of potash 69. Billets 146; 
iron 136. Billiard balls 435. Binding twine 362. Birds 505; dressed 443; fin¬ 
ished 443. stuffed 504. Bismuth 506. Bisque 100; toys 436. Bindings 398, 412. 
Bitumen 496. Bituminous coal 432. Bitters 332. Blacking xi. Blacksmiths’ 
hammers 156. Black, bone 52. Bladders 459, 507. Blank books 423. Blanks, 
die 146. Blankets 393. Blanc, fixe 51. Bleaching powder 635. Blocks, all 223 
die 146. Block tin 209. Blocks or pigs, zinc 212. Blood dried 508. Blooms 146. 
iron 130. Blues 50; Berlin 50; Chinese 50; Prussian 50. Blue, ultramarine 55. 
Blues, all others 50. Blue vitriol 12. Boards, sawed 218. Boards, sawed, of 
box 220; cedar 220; ebony 220; granadilla 220; lancewood 220; lignum vitae 220; 
mahogany 220; rosewood 220; satin wood 220; cabinet wood 220. Board meas¬ 
ure, how estimated 218; shoe buttons 431. Bookings 406. Bodkins 178. Boiler 
iron 138: steel 138; tubes 157. Bolting cloths for milling purposes 510 Bologna 
sausage 509. Bolts 158. Bolt blanks 158. Bond for sugar bounty 233. Bone 
460; ash 511; black 52; buttons 430. Bones, calcined 511. Bone char 13; 
Bones, crude 511. Bone dice 435; dustsu. Bones, steamed 511. Bonnetpins 
206 Books 423, 512, 513, 515, 516; and music in raised print 513; and pamphlets 
printed in English, exclusive 513. Bookbinders’ calfskins 456; goat skins 456. 
kangaroo skins 456; sheep skins 456. Boots, leather 456; lacings, cotton 354. 
Boracic acid 2. Bort 557. Borax, crude 14; refined 14. Borate 0/ lime 14: of 
soda 14. Botany specimens 712. Bottles 340, 341, 103, 104, 207. Bottle glass¬ 
ware 103. Bottoms, copper 195. Bounties, how paid 235; penalties 236. Boun¬ 
ties on sugar 231; who not entitled to 234. Boxwood 756. Box, sawed boards 
220; sawed planks 320; sawed deals 220; sawed, all forms 220. Box or ship’s 
chronometers 210. Braces, cotton 354. Braces 398, 412. Brads 177. Braids 
398, 412, 518; cotton 354. Briar root 756. Briarwood 756. Brandy 329, 330, 333. 
Bread knives 167. Breccia in blocks or slabs 520. Brandy coloring 22. Brass 
189; bars 189; clippings 189; old 189; pigs 189. Braziers’ copper 195. Brazil 
paste 517; nuts 583. Brazilian pebble 519. Brick 94. Brimstone 727. British 


(31) 


351 


ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX, (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 


gum 324. Bristles 426. Britannia metal 676. Brown grease 316. Broken rice 
261. Bromine 521. Broom corn 272. Brooms 427. Bronze casts 677; powder 
190. Brussels carpets 401. Brushes 427. Buckwheat 255. Buds 560. Bnenos 
Ayres wool 376. Building forms 137; stone 127, 128. Bulbs 560 Bulb beans 
137. Bullion 522. Bullions 196. Burgundy pitch 523. Burlap bags 365. ! Bur¬ 
laps, of flax 364; of hemp, 364; of jute 364. Burntstarch 324; chicory rooj 317. 
Burr stone 126, 723. Butchers’ knives 167. Beets 233, 234. Butter 266; cocoa 
320. Butterine, cocoa 320. Butter knives 167; substitutes 266. Buttons, lagate 
429; bone 430; forms 428; silk 398, 412; for tassels or ornaments 398; horn 430; 
ivory 430; pearl 429; shell 429; vegetable ivory 430. 

ABB AGES 273. Cabinetwoods 756; sawed boards 220; sawed planks 220; 
sawed deals 220; sawed, all forms 220. Cabinet furniture 230. Cable: 362. 
Cables, hemp 362; tarred 362. Cadmium 525. Cajeput oil 661. Cake-alum 9. 
Calamine 526. Calcined, Plaster of Paris 97; magnesia 34. "Calfskins, book¬ 
binders’ 456; japanned 456; tanned 456. Camels’ hair, advanced 390; how 
divided 375; third-class, duty on 385, 386; Russian 378. Cameos 452; in fiames 
452. Camphor, crude 527. Camphor, refined 15. Canada wool 376; long vools 
377. Canary seed 699., Cans, or packages of tin 296; or packages of bther 
metal 296. Caraway oil 661; seed 699. Carboys 103, Carbon, animal 511. 
Carbonate of ammonia 10; of potash 685; of strontia 725; of magnesi l 34. 
Cardboards 420. Card-clothing 159. Cards, playing 424. Cardamom seec 699. 
Carmined indigo 29. Carpeting 399. Carpets, portions of, n. o. p. 408; woven, 
whole 399; tapestry Brussels 403; treble ingrain 404; three-ply 404; two-ply 405; 
tapestry velvet 402. Wilton 400; wool, Dutch 405; Aubusson 399; Axminster 399; 
Berlin 399; Brussels 401; chenille 399; moquette 399; Saxony 400; Tournay400; 
velvet 402; all like Saxony, Wilton and Tournay velvet 400; all like Brussels 
401; all like velvet and tapestry velvet 402; all like tapestry Brussels 40:; of 
wool, flax or cotton, n. o. p. 407; hemp 363. Carpetings, hemp 363. Carpets, jute 
363. Carpetings, jute 363. Car-truck channels 137. Carving knives 167. Cape 
of Good Hope wools 376. Cases, watch 211. Casks 228. Castor beans 284; 
seeds 284; oil 37; or castereum 528. Cassava 730. Cassady 730. Cassia oil 661. 
Cassiterite 209, 736. Cassia 713; vera 713; buds 713. Castings, iron 161. (ast- 
iron vessels 161; hollow ware 163; iron pipe j6o. Castings, malleable ironp62. 
Cast, scrap iron 134. Catgut 459, 529. Cattle 248. Caustic, soda 81; pc 
70, 685. Cayenne pepper 326. Cedar 219, 756. Cedar, sawed boards 
sawed planks 220; sawed deals 220; sawed, all forms 220. Cedrat oil 
Cement 95. Cement copper 193; hydraulic 95; Portland 95; Roman 95. Cei| 

530. Chairs 164. Chair, Venetian carpets 404; carne 229; reeds 228. Cl 
French 16; precipitated 16; prepared 16; preparations 16; red 16; unmanut 
ured 531. Chamois skin 456. Chamomile oil 661. Champagne 335; Channels 
137: car truck 137. Charcoal 532. Charms 100. Charts 423, 512, 514, 115. 
Chemical compounds 76; glassware 107; salts 76. Chenille carpets 399; curtains 
351. Cheese 267. Cherry juice 339. Cheroots 246. Chess-balls 435. Chessmen 
435. Chewing tobacco pouches 468. Chicory root 317,553; burnt 317; granu¬ 
lated 317; ground 317; roasted 317. Children’s dress goods 394,395; hats 451: 
kid gloves 458; lamb gloves 458; leather gloves 458; schmaschen gloves 458; 
suede gloves 458. Chinese blue 50. China 98, 100. Chinese matting 975. 
China toys 436. Chip, manufactures of 460. Chlorate of potash 685: of soda 
709: of lime 635. Chloroform 17. Chocolate 318; confectionery 238,239. Chro¬ 
nometers 210. Chromic acid 3; ore 132. Chromate of iron 132; of soda 82; of 
potash 69. Chrome green 53; yellow 53. Cider 274. Cigars 246. Cigar wrap¬ 
pers 242. Cigarettes 246. Cigarette books 468; book-covers 468; paper 468. 
Cinnamon 714; oil 661. Cinchona bark 499. Citric acid 4. Citronnella oil 661. 
Citrate of lime 634. Civet 534; oil 661. Clapboards, spruce and pine 223, 222. 
Class one, wools 376; wools 377; wools 378. Clay 98, 535; pipes 468. Cliff stone 
723. Cloaks 397. Cloaking, cotton 349. Cloths, iron 148; Italian 394, 395. 
Clothing, ready made 396. Cloths, steel 148; woolen or worsted 392. Cloth, 
waterproof 369. Cloves 715. Coat linings 394,395. Coal 536: bituminous 432. 
Coals, culm 432. Coal, shale 432; slack 432; stores of American vessels 537; 
tar 538, 731; tar colors i 3 ; tar dyes 18; tar preparations 19. Cobalt 539; oxide 

362 





ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 

of 20. Coccullus Indicus 540. Cochineal 541. Cocoa 310. Cocoa 542; butter 
320; butterine 320;. 'fiber 542; leaves 542; manufactured 319. Cocoanuts 582. 
Cocoanut oil 661. Cocoa, prepared 319; shells 542. Cod liver oil 38. Coffee 
543. Coffee, substitute 321. Cogged ingots 146. Coins 544. Coir 545; yarn 
545. Coke 433. Collodion 21; articles of 21; finished 21; in sheets 21; rolled 21. 
Cologne water 8. Colors, chromium 53. Colors, coal tar 18 ; containing quick¬ 
silver 57. Coloring for beer 22; for brandy 22; for liquors 22; for wine 22. 
Colored glass 103. Combing wools, down 377; English blood 377; long 377; 
other 377. Commissioner of Internal Revenue 231. Common brown earthen¬ 
ware 99; or black sheet iron or sheet steel 142; stoneware 99. Compounds, alco¬ 
holic 331 ; of pyroxyline 21. Common or black taggers, iron or steel 142. Con¬ 
fectionery 238-239. Comfits 303. Connecting rods 146. Copper 546; braziers' 
195; bottoms 195; cement 193; clippings 192; old 192; ore 191 ; copper pipes 195; 
regulus of 193; rods 195 sheets 195; sulphate of 12. Copperas of iron 23. Copy- 
ingpaper 419; books 419. Coral 452, 459, 547. Cordage 362. Cordage, hemp 
362; tarred 362. Cordials 332. Cordial, ginger 336. Cords 398; and tassels 
398, 412; cotton 354. Corduroys, cotton 350. Cordova wool 378. Coriander 
seed 699. Cork bark 434, 548; carpets 369; manufactured 438: wood 548. Corset 
lacings, cotton 354 ; wire 148. Cosmetics 77. Corn 256; meal 257. Corrugated 
iron 142. Corticene 369. Cotton and rubber 349; and silk 348; boot lacings 354; 
braces 354; braids 354; cloth 344, 345, 346, 347, 348; clothing 349; carpet n. o. p. 
407; chenille 351; collars 372; cords 354; corduroys 350; corset lacings 354; cuffs 
372; damask 355; drawers 352, 353; galoons 354; gimps 354; goring 354; 
handkerchiefs 359; hose 352, 353; manufactures 355; neckwear 349; pile 
fabrics 350; plushes 350; seed 699; seed oil 39; shirts, 352, 353; shoe lac¬ 
ings 354; stockings 352, 353; suspenders 354 ; table covers 351; thread 342; 
velvets 350; velveteens 350; warps 342; warp yarn 342; wearing apparel 349; 
webbing 354; yarn 342. Cotswold wool 377. Covers 408. Curtains, chenille 351. 
Cut glassware 105. Crankshafts 146. Crayons 61. Cream of tartar 90; nuts 
584. Crimped iron 142. Crinoline cloth 448; wire 148. Crochet needles 178. 
Crockery ware 100. Croton oil 40. Crowbars 156. Crucibles 99. Crude borax 
14; glycerine 28. Cryolite 550. Crystals, lees 91. Cudbear 551. Culm coal 
432. Cummin seed 699. Curled hair 450. Curling stones 552; stone handle 552. 
Currants 578. Curry 553 ; powder 553. Cutch 554. Cuttlefish bone 555. Cutlery 
165. Cut tacks 177. Cyanite 625. 

FAAMASK, cotton 355. Dandelion root, prepared 321; roots 556. Darning 
needles 659. Dates 579. Deals 218. Decoctions, dye woods 26 : log¬ 
wood 26. Deck beans 137. Degras 316. Demijohns 103. Dentifrices 77. 
Dextrine 324. Diamond dust 557. Diamonds 452, 557 ; engravers’557; glaziers’ 
557. Distilled oils 76. Dice, bone 435; ivory 435. Die-blanks 146; blocks 146. 
Distilled spirits 329, 330, 333. Divi-divi 558. Dolls 436. Doll-heads 436 Dol¬ 
mans 397. Donskoi wool 378. Downs 443; clothing wools 376; combing wools 
377; quilts 443. Dragon’s blood 559. Draughts 435. Drawback 143; tin 328. 
Drawers, cotton 352, 353. Drawings 758, 677. Drawing paper 422. Dressed 
birds 443. Dress goods 394,395. Dressed poultry 315. Dress trimmings 398 
Dressed upper leather 456. Dried apples 298; fibers 560; fish 293; insects 24, 
560; peas 281. Dross, burnt pyrites 133; lead 199. Drugs 24, 560; balsams 24: 
barks 24; beans 24: berries 24: buds 24: bulbs 24; bulbous roots 24; dried fibers 
24; fruits 24; flowers 24; gums 24; grains 24; gum resins 24; nut galls 24. 
Druggets 406. Dusters, feather 427. Dutch metal 189. Dry sand 146. Dyes, 
coal tar 18. Dye woods 560. 

E ARTHS 98. Earthenware ioo; common brown 99; toys 436. Ebony 756; 

sawed boards 220; sawed planks 220; sawed deals 220; sawed, all forms 220. 
Edgings 373. Effects, household 675; personal 675, 752. Eggs 275, 561; yolk of 
276. Electrotype plates 180. Embroideries 373, 398, 413. Embroidered gloves 
458, handkerchiefs 373. Emery grains 437; ground 437; manufactured 437, ore 
562; pulverized 437; refined 437- Engravings 423, 512, 513, 758. Enamel, fusible 
122. Enameled iron 171; leather 456 Engraved steel plates 180. Envelopes, 
paper, 421. Epsom salts 34. Erasers 165. Ergot 563. Essences, fruit 25. Es- 

353 



ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX, (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill,) 


sential oils 76. Etchings 423, 512, 514, 677. Ethers 25; fruit 25; sulphuric) 25. 
Extract of bark 26. Extracts, hemlock bark 26; indigo 29; licorice 33; logWood 
26; malt 338; meat 313; meat, fluid 313; sumac 26; saffron 694. Expressedjoils 
76. Explosive substances 440. Eyeglasses 119. Eyeglass frames 119: lensesx2i. 


566. 

427. 


Fea 


1 hers 


F ANS 564. Fancy soaps 79. Farina 565. Fashion plates 

443, 567; artificial 443; ornamental 443. Feather dusters 
568. Felts 396. Felt carpeting 406. Fence posts 755. Fence wire rods 
Fennel oil 661; seed 699. Fenugreek seed 699. Felt 569. Ferro-mangsnese 
134. Ferro-silicon 134. Fibers 670. Fiber, tampico 592. Fibrin 570. Figs 
300. Fire arms 166; brick 93; boards, paper for 422; wood 755. Filbert: 307, 
Files 168. File blanks 168. Filtering paper 419. First-class hair, dutf on 
384; wool, duty on 384; wools, how dutiable 381. Fish 571, 572; fresh 293; 
frozen 293; dried 293; packed in ice 293; smoked 293; pickled 292, 293; 
pared 293; salted 293; in cans 295; in packages 293; shell 703; plates 
oil 46, 661; skins 573; glue 27. Fire crackers 438. Finished birds 443 
nels for underwear 393. Flasks 207 Flax 357; bagging 366; burlaps 364; 
pet, n. o. p. 407; dressed line 358; gill netting 367; linen hydraulic hose 
manufactures of 371; nets 367; seed 285; seed oil 41; seines 367; straw 
thread 370; webs 367; yarns 370. Flint 574; hones 574; glass bottles 183. F oats 
168. Flocks and mungo 389. Floor matting 575. Floss 410. Flour, sago695, 
Flowers 443, 516. Flower seed 699. Flowers of sulphur 88. Foreign cou 
duty on pine logs, etc. 218. Forgings 153; axle 154; iron 139; steel 139. Fo 
iron and steel combined 139. Forks, table 167. Fossils 576. Freestone 127, 
French chalk 16. Fresh fish 293; herrings 294. Friction or lucifer matches 
Fringes 398, 412. Frostings 61. Frozen fish 293. Fruits 297,560,580. 
essences 25; ethers 25; knives 167; oils 25; preserved 303, 304; plants577. 
minates 439. Fulminating powders 439. Furs 444, 587. Eurniture of 
230. Felt hat bodies 451. Fur manufactures 461: skins 588. Fusel oil 42. 

/'"''ALLOONS 398, 412; cotton 354. Gambier 589. Garments, outside 
Garden seeds 286. Gas retorts 102. Gelatine 27. German silver 188. 
netting 367. Gimps 398; cotton 354. Ginger ale 340; beer 340; cordial 
root 716. Girders 137. Glanced sheet iron 144; sheet steel 144. Glass, be 
445; beveled 118; bottles in; broken 590; cast polished plate 115; chimney 108; 
colored 103; crown 112, 113; cylinder 112, 113; disks 591; embossed 118; enam¬ 
eled 118; engraved 1x8; etched 118; fluted 114; frosted 118; green 108; grojnd 
118; heavy blown 109; lenses 122; manufactures 108; obscured 118; orname 
1x8; rolled 114; rough plate 114; sanded 118; silvered 116; stained 118; 


Feldppar 

147. 


pre- 
[81; 
Itlan- 
car- 

5368; 

356 : 


try, 

ged 

128. 

J 44 1 - 
Iruit 
Ful- 
v ood 


397 - 

Gill 

536 ; 

ads 


ted 
:hin 

blown 108; unpolished 112; vials 103; window 112; windows 122. GlaSs'^ire, 
opal no; decorated 106; chemical 107; cut 165; colored 106; engraved 06; 
gilded 106; printed 106; silvered 106; stained 106. Glazed iron 171. Glaziers’ 
lead 201. Gloves 458; children’s kid 458; children’s lamb 458; men’s leather 158, 
children’s schmaschen 458; children’s suede 458; ladies’ kid 458; ladies’limb 
458; ladies’suede 458; leather 458; children’s leather 450; ladies’ schmaschen 
458; kid 458; lined 458. Glue 27. Glucose 240. Glue stock 606. Glycerine, 
crude 28; refined 28. Goat hair, advanced 390; how divided 375; skins, bqok- 
binders’ 456. Gold bullion 522. Goldbeaters’ molds 598; skins 598. Gold leaf 
198; ore 667; pens 205; sweepings 729; thread 196. Gorings 398, 4x2. Goring 
cotton 354. Granadilla 756; sawed boards 220; sawed planks 220; sawed deals 
220; sawed all forms 220. Grains 560. Granite 127, 128; Granulated chicory 
root 3x7. Grapes 299. Grape sugar 240. Grasses 670. Grass, manufactures 
of 460; seed 699. Grease 599; brown 316; wool 316. Great Britain wool 376. 
Green peas 281; glass 103. Grindstones 129. Ground chicory root 317; emery 
437; mustard 325; spices 326. Gypsum 97. Guano 600. Gums 560. Gum, 
British 324; rosin 560; substitute 324. Guns 170. Gun barrel molds 146; 
blocks 223. Gunny bags 601, 670; cloths 601, 671. Gunpowder 440. Guts 602. 
Gutta percha 603; manufactures 461. Gun wads 446. 

U AIR 604; of the alpaca 377; camel 377; goat 377; other like animals 377. 

Hair-cloth, crinoline cloth 448hair seating 449. Hair, curled 450; human 
447; pencils and quills 427; piivs 206; seating 449; wood 756. Hams 3x0. 

354 




ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 


Hammers, 1 lacksmiths’ 156. Hammered iron 135. Hammer molds 146. 
Handkerchiefs 413; cotton 349; embroidered 373; hem-stitched 373. Handle 
bolts 755. Hangings, paper 422. Hand mirrors 122. Hassocks 408. Hats 
393; children’s 451; men’s 451; women’s 451. Hat-pins 206; wire 148. Hat, 
ters’plush 469; irons 161. Hay 277. Heading blocks, 223; bolts 755. Head 
nets 398. Hemlock bark, extracts of 26; sawed boards, planks and deals 218; 
lumber 218. Hemp 360; bagging 366; burlaps 364; cable 362; carpets 363; car¬ 
petings 363; cordage 362; linen hydraulic hose 368; manufactures of 371; yarns 
370. Hempseed oil 43. Herbs 24, 560. Herrings, fresh 294; pickeled or salted 
294; oil 46. Hewn timber 216. Hides 605. Hide cuttings 606; rope 607. 
Hinges 158. Hinge blanks 158. Hoarhound seed 699. Hob nails 174. Hogs 
249. Hollow-ware 163. Honey 278. Hoofs 609. Hoop iron 140, 151; or steel 
143; flared, splayed or punched 140; steel, flared, splayed or punched 14Q* steel 
140. Hops 279. Hop poles 775; roots 6x0. Horns 611. Horn buttons 430. 
Horses 247. Horse hair 604. Horn, manufactures of 460 Horse shoes 177; 
nails 194. Hose, cotton 352, 353. Hones 608. House furniture 230. Household 
effects 675; Hubs 223. Hulled barley 254. Human hair 447; manufactures 461. 
Hydraulic cement 95. Hydrate of potash 70, 685; soda 81. Hydriodate 71; 
iodateof7i; iodide of 71. 


ICE 6x2. Imitation mineral waters 341. Improved wools 380. India rubber 
* 613; manufactures 460, 461. Indigo 29, 614; carmined 29; extracts of 29; 

pastes of 29. Ingots, cogged 146; steel 146. Ingrain carpets 404, 405. Ink 30; 
powders 30. Insertings 373. lodate of hydriodate 71. Iodide of hydriodate 71. 
Iodine 615; resublimed31. Iodoform 32. Ipecac6x6. Iridium 617. Iron, anchors 
153; andirons 161; articles 171; anvils 155; axles 154; band 140, 151; bars 136, 
152; barrel hoops 140; billets 136; blooms 136; boiler 138; bolts 158; bolt blanks 
158; brads 177; chains 164; chromate of X32; card clothing 159; castings 161; 
cast pipes 160; cast vessels 161; cloths 148; cold hammered 152; cold rolled 
152; copperas of 23; crowbars 156; enameled 171; flats 135; flues 157; forg¬ 
ings 139, 153; glazed 171; hammered 135; hinges 158; hoop 140, 151; in bars 
136; in blooms 136; in loops 136; in other forms 136; in pigs 134; in slabs 136; 
Kentledge 134; malleable castings 162; manufactures 133; molded steel casting 
146; ore 133; pipes 159; plate 138; rivets 182; rods 152; rolled 135; sad-irons 
161; scroll 140, 151; slieet 145, 171; sledges 156; sizes or shapes 136; springs 177; 
sxlphuretof 133, 727; tempered 152; track tools 156; tubes 157; wares 171, 172; 
wares, ornamented 172; wheels 154, 185; wire 147; wire, covered 148; wire rods 
147; wire rope 148; or steel flat rails, punched 141; or railway bars 141; or steel 
sheets or plates 143; or steel taggers 145; or steel sheets, common or black 142. 
Irons, hatters’ 161; tailors* 161. Isinglass 27. Istle 592. Italian cloths 394, 395. 
Ivory 618; black 52; buttons 430; dice 435; manufactures 462. 

JACKETS 397. Jalap 619. Japanned, calf skins 456; leather 456. Jasmine 
oil 661. Jet 452, 620. Jet paste 459. Jewels 557. Jewelry 452. Joists 137. 
Joss light 621; stick 621. Juice, cherry 339; prune 339. Juniper oil 661. Jug- 
landuem oil 661. Junk 622. Jute 593; bagging 366: burlaps 364; butts 594; 
butts, bagging 366; carpets 363; carpetings 363; linen hydraulic hose 368; man¬ 
ufactures of 374. 


K AINITE 625. Kangaroo skins 456. Kaolin 98. Kelp 623. Kid gloves 438; 

skins 456. Kieserite 624. Kirschwasser 332. Kitchen knives 167. Knit 
fabrics 392. Knitting needles 178. Knives, artists’ 167; bread 167: butchers’ 
167; butter 167; carving 167: print 167; kitchen 167; painters’ 167; plumbers’ 
167; table 167. Kryolith 550. Kyanitc 625. 

L ACES 373, 398, 4x3, 518. Lace window curtains 373. Lac 626; spirits 627. 

Lactarine 628. Ladies’ lamb gloves 458; kid gloves 458; leather gloves 458; 
sehmaschen gloves 458; suede gloves 458. Lahn 737. Lakes, paints 6. Lame 
737. Lamb skins 456. Lamp black 52. Lancewood 756; sawed boards 220; sawed 
planks 220; sawed deals 220; sawed, all forms 220. Lard 314. Last-blocks 223. 
Laths 224. Laudanum 48. Lava 629. Lava tips tor. Lavender oil 661. Lead bars 
200; brown, acetate of 62; dross 199; glaziers’ 201; nitrate of 64 ; old 200; ore 199; 


ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill ) 


pencils 466; pigs 200; pipe 201; red 66; scrap 200; sheets 201; shot 201; whitp 
67; white, acetate of 62; wire 201. Leaves 24, 560. Leaf, gold 197; silver 198; 
tobacco 242, 243; tobacco, stemmed 243; tobacco, un r temmed 243. Leather 459; 
bend or belting 455; boots 456; enameled 456; gloves458; japanned 456; ladies 
gloves 458; manufactures 461; patent 456; piano forte action 456; sho<s 
456; shoe uppers 457; sole 455; vamps 457. Leeches 630. Lees, crystals 91. Lt - 
cester wool 377. Lemons 301. Lemonade 340. Lemon juice 631; peel 305, 66. ; 
oil 661 Lenses 120; glass 122; pebble 122. Libraries 516. License for sug r 
bounty 232. Lichens 24, 560. Licorice, extracts of 33; other forms 33; inpase 
33; in rolls 33; root 632. Lifesaving apparatus 633. Lignum-vitse 756; saw*d 
boards 220; sawed planks 220; sawed deais 220; sawed, all forms 220. Lily >f 
the valley 666. Lime 96, 634. Limes 301. Lime, borate of 14; glass bottles 10 ; 
juice 631; oil 661; stone 127, 128; sulphate of 680. Linconshire wools 377. Lin<d 
gloves 458. Linen hydraulic hose 368. Linoleum 369. Linseed 285. Linsetd 
oil 41. Liquors 332, 333; coloring 22. Litharge 63. Litmus 637. Lithograph* d 
plates 180; prints 515; prints, stone or zinc 420; stones 636. Live poultry 31 
Loadstones 638. Loam 146. Logo 754. Logwood, decoctions of 26; extracts f 
26. Looking-glass plates 116, 117. Lumber, sawed, n. o. p. 218; planed or fi:- 
ished 218; tonged and grooved 218; how estimated 218; foreign duty, how aflec s 
218; hemlock 218; sycamore 218; white pine, 218; whitewood 218; basswood 21 . 

jyiACARONI 258. Mace 717. Mace oil 661. Machinery, sugar 237. Macl- 
erel, pickled or salted 292. Madder 639. Magnesia, calcined 34 ; carboi- 
ateof34; medical 34; sulphate of 34. Magnesium 641. Magnesite 640. Magnel. 

642. Mahogany 756; sawed boards 220; sawed planks 220; sawed deals 220; 
sawed, all forms 220. Maize 256. Malt extract 338. Manna 644. Manganes: 

643. Maganiferous iron ore 133. Mangel-wurzel seed 699. Manilla 595. Mar- 
ufactures, aluminum 215; copper 215; cotton 355; down 443; flax 371; gold 215; 
hemp 371; iron 215; jute 374; lead 215; metal 215; nickel 215; pewter 215; 
platinum 215; silver 215; steel 215; tin 143; tin coated 143; zinc 215; 
vegetable fiber 374. Manufactured tobacco 244, 245; cigars 246; cigarettes 
246; cheroots 246. Manufactures of paper n. o. p. 425; paper c. v. n. o. p. 425 
Manure 600. Manuscripts 645. Maps 423, 512, 514, 515. Maple sap 233, 234 
Marble 123; casts 677; dressed 124; manufactures 125; sawed 124; veined 124 
paving tiles 124. Marbles, toys 436. Marrow 646. Marsh-mallows 647 Mask- 
463. Mats 408. Matting 464, 575. Matches, friction or lucifer 441 Meat, ex 
tract of 313. Medicinal preparations 74, 75. Manufactured cork 434; emery 437 
Meats, prepared 312; preserved 312. Medals 648. Medical magnesia 34. Meer 
schaum 649. Melada 726. Men’s hats 451; leather gloves 458. Merino wooh 
376. Mestiza, or metis, or metz 376. Metal 150; britannia 676; Dutch 190} 
thread 196; yellow 190. Metallic pins 206. Metals, unwrought 202. Mica 202J 
Mill cranks 153; irons 153; stones 126, 723. Millinery ornaments 504. Milk 
268; preserved or condensed 269; of india rubber 613; sugar of 269. Mule shoed 
176. Minerals 651. Mineralogy, specimens of 712. Mineral, orange 65; sub-j 
stances 202; water 341; waters 650. Mirrors, hand 122; pocket 122. Models! 
652. Molasses 726. Mold gun barrel 146. Monumental stone 127, 128. Moquette 
carpets 399. Morphia or morphine 35. Morphine or morphia 35. Morphia, salts 
of 35. Moss 653. Mosses 24, 560. Mother of pearl, manufactures 462. Move¬ 
ments, watch 211. Mules 247. Mungo and flocks 389. Muriate of ammonia xo; 
of potash 685. Mushrooms, prepared or preserved 271. Musk 654; pods 654. 
Muskets 169. Mustard, ground 325; preserved 325; seed 699. Mutton 311. 
Myrobolan 655. Myrtle wood 756. 

MAILS 173; cut 173; hob 174; horse shoe 174; rods 147; steel 174; wrought 
‘ ' iron 174; wire 175. Natural history specimens 712; mineral waters 341. 
Neck rufflings 373, 413. Neckties, cotton 349. Neck-wear 349. Needles 178, 
179, 656. Neroli oil 661. Nets, flax 367 Newspapers 657. New types 208. 
New Zealand wool 376. Nickel 203; alloy 203; matte 667; ore 667; oxide 203. 
Nitrate of lead 64; of potash 685; saltpeter, refined 72; soda 709. Niter Cake 85. 
Nitrous ether, spirits of 245. Noils 388. Nuts 24, 176, 306, 307, 308, 309, 560; 


356 




ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 

Brazil 58-5; cream 584; oil of 661; palm 585. Nutgallss6o. Nutmegs 718. Nur¬ 
sery stock *82. Nux vomica 658. 

p\AKUM 659. Oar blocks 223. Oats 259. Oatmeal 260. Ocher 54. Ochery 
^ earths 54. Oils 599, 661; almond 661; amber 661; ambergris 661; aniline 
661; anise 661; anthoss 661; aspic 661; bergamot 661; cake 660; cajeput 661; 
caraway 661; cassia 661; castor 37; cedrat 661; chamomile 661; cinnamon 661; 
civet 661; citronella 661; cocoanut 661; cod liver 38; cotton seed 39; croton 40; 
distilled 76; essential 76; expressed 76; fennel 661; fish 661; flaxseed 41; fruit25; 
fu?el42; hemp seed 43: herring 46; jasmine 661; juniper 661; juglandium 661; 
lavender 661; lemon 601; limes 661; linseed 41; mace 661; neroli 661; olive 44, 
661; orange flower 661; origanum 661; ottar of roses 661; oil of nuts 661; oil 
palm 661; peppermint 45; poppyseed 41; rape seed 43; rosemary 661; seal 46; 
sesamum seed 661; spermaceti 661; spike lavender 661; thyme 661; Turkey red 
36; valerian 661; vitriols; whale 46, 661. Oil cloth 369; paintings 465. Old lead 
2co; zinc 214. Oleate of soda 36. Olives 662. Olive oil 44, 661. Onions 280. 
Opium 663; aqueous extractof 47; containing less than 9 per cent, of morphia 48; 
for medicinal uses 47; prepared for smoking48; tinctureof47 Ore 539; chromic 
132; copperi92; emery 562; gold 667; iron 133; lead 199; nickel667; silver 667; 
silphur 133, 727; tin 736. Oranges 301. Orange flower oil 661; mineral 65; 
peel 305, 664; wood 756. Orchids 666. Orchil 665. Origanum oil 661. Organ- 
ziie 410. Oriental carpets 399; rugs 399; Orleans 484. Ornaments 100, 412. 
Ornamental feathers 443. C)rpiment 489. Osier 459. Osmium 668. Ottar of 
roses, oil 661. Outside garments 397. Oxide of cobalt 20; nickel 203; uranium 
746; strontia 725; tin 736; zinc 60. Ox shoes 177. 

P ADDY 261. Packing boxes 228; box shooks 228. Paints and colors 61; 

lakes 61. Paintings 465, 677. Painters’ knives 167. Paint, white contain¬ 
ing zinc 60. Palette 167. Palladium 669. Palings 225. Palms 666. Palm nuts 
585; leaf 564; leaf, manufactures 460; nut kernels 586; oil 661. Pamphlets 423. 
Papier mache, manufactures 461. Paper, sheathing 416; printing, unsized 417; 
printing, sized or glued 418; copying 419; filtering 419; silver 419; tissue 419; 
copy books 419; reams 419; albumenized 419; sensitized 419; surface coated 420: 
manufactured 420; card boards 420; albums 420; envelopes 421; hangings 422; 
screens 422; fireboards 422; writing 422; drawing 422; all n. o. p. 422; manufact¬ 
ures of n.o. p.425; shoe-buttons 431; stock 670. Paraffine 671. Parasols47o; 
sticks 471, 756. Parchment 672. Parian 100; toys 436. Paris white 59. Parts 
of chronometers 210; or sections of posts 137; or sections of columns 137; of 
watches 211. Paste, manufactures of 459. Pastes 77; of indigo 29. Patent 
alum 9; barley 254; leather 456; tartar 90. Paving posts 219. Pearls 452, 453. 
Pearled barley 254. Pearl buttons 429; mother of 670. Pease 281; dried 281; 
green 281; prepared or preserved 271; split 281. Peanuts 307. Peltries 674. 
Pens 204; gold 205. Penalty for refining sugar 236. Pencils 467; hair in quill 
427. Pen holder tips 204; holders 205; knives 165. Pencil leads 466. Pepper 
719; cayenne 326; cayenne unground 326. Peppermint oil 45. Percussion caps 
442 Perfumery, alcoholic 8. Perfumed soap 79. Periodicals 657. Personal 
effects 675, 752. Pewter 676. Philosophical apparatus 677, 758. Phosphates 
678. Phosphorus 68. Photographs 423, 512, 514; albums 420. Pianoforte 
leather 456. Pickles 287. Pickled fish 292, 293; or salted herrings 294; or salted 
mackerel 292; or salted salmon 292. Pickets 225. Pig lead 200; tin 209. Pile 
fabrics 350, 396, 411. Pimento 720. Pine clapboards 221. Pins 206; belt 206; 
bonnet 206; hair 206; hat 206; safety 206; shawl 206; wrist or crank 146. Pipes 
468, bowls 468; copper 195; lead 201. Pique gloves 458. Piston rods 146. Pis¬ 
tols 170. Pitch 731. Plaits 518. Placques 100. Planished sheet steel 144; 
sheet iron 144. Planks 218. Plants 282, 666, 679. Plaster of Paris 97, 680; cal¬ 
cined 97; casts 677. Plates 146; electrotype 180; iron 138; lithographed 180; or 
sheet or taggers iron or steel 144; steel 138, 180; stereotype 180; terne 143, 145; 
tin 143, 145. Platina, 681. Platinum 682. Playing cards 424. Plumbago 683. 
Plumbers’knives 167. Plushes 350, 396, 411, 469. Pocket mirrors 122. Porce¬ 
lain 100, no; toys 436. Polishing stones 684. Polished sheet steel 144; sheet 
iron 144. Poles, telephone and telegraph 219. Pomades 77. Pool balls 435. 

357 


ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 


P-'.ppy seed 285; seed oil 41. Portions of carpets n. o. p. 408. Portland cement 
05. Pork 311. Porter 337. Posts 137, 223. Potash 685; bichromate of 69; car¬ 
bonate of 685; caustic 70, 685; chromate of 69; chlorate of 685; hydrate of jo; 
muriate of 685; nitrate of 685; refined 70; sulphate of 685. Potassa, tartarateof 
92. Potatoes 283. Poultry 315; dressed 315; live 315. Powders 77; fulminati lg 
439. Powdered spices 326. Precious metals 452; imitations of 452; stones 412. 
454, 557; imitations of 452. Precipitated chalk 16. Prepared acorns 321. Pr p- 
arations, alcoholic 331. Prepared or preserved beans 271; chalk 16; cocoa 3 9; 
dandelion root 321. Preparations of, anatomy 707; coal tar 19. Preparedor 
preserved mushrooms 271. Preserved mustard 325. Preserved or condensed 
milk 269 Prepared or preserved pease 271; or preserved vegetables 2)7, 
Pressed glassware 104; shapes 146. Prick seam gloves 458. Printers’ ink ;o. 
Printed matter, all n. o. p. 423. Printing paper, unsized 417; sized or glued 4 :8, 
Professional books 686. Proxtoxide of strontian 725. Prune juice 339. Pruss in 
blue 50. Prussiate of red 73; of. yellow 75. Pulp shoe bottons 431; maiu- 
facture 461; wood 515. Pulu 687. Pulverized emery 437. Pumice 688; stcie 
723. Punched iron or steel, flat rails 141. Pyrites 133, 727. Pyroligneous acic 1. 

Q UICKSILVER 207. Quills 689; of down 443. Quinia, sulphate of 610. 
Quoits 552. 

DAGS 670, 691. Rags, woolen 389. Railroad ties 219. Railway bars 1.1; 

bars of steel 141; fish plates 181. Railroad ties 755. Raisins 302. Re le 
seed 699; seed oil 43. Rasps 168. Ratafia 332. Rattan 756. Rawhides 6(5; 
silk 704. Razors 165. Raeor blades 163. Reams 419. Readymade clothiig 
396. Red chalk 16; lead 66. Reeds 756; chair 229. Refined emery 437; bortx 
14; camphor 15; glycerine 28; sulphur 88. Refuse iron 134; steel 134. Refunis 
on machinery 237. Regalia 692. Regulus 187; of copper 193. Rennets 6<3. 
Resublimed iodine 31. Revolvers 170. Rice 261; broken 261; flour 261; m<al 
261. Rifles, sporting 169. Ring waste 388. Rivets 182. Rivet rods 1.7. 
Roasted chicory root 317. Rochelle salts 92. Rods, copper 195; fence wre 
147; iron 152; round iron 136; nail 147; rivet 147. Rolled iron shapes ii 5 ; 
collodion 21; iron 135; iron bars 136. Roman cement 95. Roots 24,5606 9. 
Root, chicory 317. Rope ends 670. Roping, roving or tops 390. Rope, w re 
148. Rosemary oil 661. Rosewood 756; sawed boards 220; sawed planks 221; 
sawed deals 220; sawed, all forms 220. Rotten stone 723. Roucou 484. Rou d 
iron 135; iron coils 136; iron rods 136. Roving waste 388. Rubber and cott n 
clothing 249; toys 436. Rubies 452. Ruchings 373,413. Rugs 399, 408. Russi m 
camels’hair 378. Russia wool 376. Rye 262; flour 263. 

C ALACINE 696. Sal-ammoniac 10. Sad irons 161. Safety pins 206. Safflower 
^ 694. Saffron 694. Sago 695. Sago flour 695. Saleratus 80. Salmon, 
pickled or salted 292. Saloup 700. Sal-soda 83. Salt 322. Salts, aniline 48k. 
Salt cake 85. Salts, Epsom 34. Salted fish 293; guts 602. Saltpeter 685; re¬ 
fined, nitrate of 72. Salts, Rochelle 92; of cinchona bark 690; morphia 35; santo- 
nine78; strychnine 87; uranium 746. Sand 723; dry 146. Sandstone 127, 128. 
Sardines 291. Satin, white 51; wood 756. Sauces 287. Saur-kraut 697. 
Sausage skins 698. Santonine 78; salts of 78. Saws 183. Sawed boards 218; 
deals 218; planks 218: timber 216. Saw plates 146, 152. Saxony caf- 

pets 400. Scientific apparatus 677, 758. Scoured wools, how dutiable 
381. Scrap albums 420; iron, wrought 154; iron, cast 134; lead 200; 
steel 134. Screens 408; paper for 422. Screws 184. Screw rods 147. Scroll 
iron 140, 151; iron or steel 143; steei 140. Seal oil 46. Seaweeds 653. Seeds 
286, 679,699; agricultural 286; aromatic 560; oil 285; castor 284; of morbid 
growth 24. Seed, anise 699; caraway 699; canary 699; cardamom 699; cotton 
699; coriander 699; cinnamon 699; fennel 699; fenugreek 699; flower 699; grass 
699; hoarhound 699; mangel-wurzel 699; mustard 699; poppy 285; rape 699; 
sugar beet 699; sugar cane 699. Seines, flax 367. Selep 700. Sensitized paper 
419. Sesamum-seed oil 661. Sewing machine needles 178; silk 410. Shafting 
146. Shafts, crank 146; steamer 146. Shale coal 432; Shapes, pressed 146; 
rolled iron 136; sheared 146; stamped 146. Shavings 670. Shawl pins 206. 
Shawls, woolen or worsted 392. Sheared shapes 146, Sheathing paper 416. 

358 



ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill.) 

Sheep 250; skins, bookbinders’ 456. Sheets 146. Sheet iron 171; iron glanced 
144; polished 144; iron planished 144; lead 201. Sheets or plates of 
iron 145; of iron or steel, common or black 142; or plates, steel 145. Sheet steel 
148, 171; steel glanced 144; steel planished 144; steel polished 144. Sheets, 
zinc 213. Shells 701; buttons 429; fish 296, 703. Shell mnfs. 462. Shingle 
bolts 755. Shingles, white pine 226; other 226. Ship planking 755; timber 755. 
Sh.rts 272; cotton 352, 353. Shoddy 388. Shoe buttons, board 431; papier mache 
431; paper 431; pulp 431. Shoe lacings, cotton 354; uppers, leather 457. Shoes, 
lea.her 456. Shooks 228, Shot 201. Shotguns 170. Shotgun barrels 702. 
Sh-imps 703. Shrubs 282, 679. Side arms 166. Sided timber 217. Sides, bed 
408. Sienna 54; earths 54. Silicate of soda 84. Silk 704; carded 909; combed 
40c; partially manufactured 409; clothing, ready made 413: wearing apparel 413; 
kn t goods 413; and India rubber 413; all manufactures n. o. p. 414; and wool, 
etc. 414; pile fabrics 411; plushes 411; threads 410; waste 705; webbings 412. 
Silk, gorings 412; suspenders 412; braces 412; beltings 412; bindings 412; braids 
41:; galloons 412; fringes 412; cords and tassels 412; buttons 412; ornaments 
41:; laces 413; embroideries 413; handkerchiefs 413; neck rufflings 413; ruchings 
413; worm eggs 766. Silver bullion 522; German 188; leaf 198; ore 667; paper 
4x0; sweepings 729; thread 196. Singles 410. Sisal grass 596. Satinwood, sawed 
boards 220; sawed planks 220; sawed deals 220; sawed all forms 220. Skeletons 
707. Skelp iron 138; iron or steel 142; steel 138. Skins 456; calf, tanned 456; 
chimois 456; fish 573; fur 588; for morocco 456; gold beaters’598; wools on the 
387. Skirted wool 383. Slabs 146. Slack coal 432. Slates 130. Slate, chim¬ 
ney pieces 130; mantles 130; roofing 131; slabs 130. Sledges 156. Slubbing 
waste 388. Smalts 61. Smokers’ articles 468. Smoked fish 293. Smoking to¬ 
bacco pouches 468. Smoothed iron or steel 144. Snails 708. Snuff, snuff flour, 
al 245. Soap 79; castile 79; perfumed 79. Soda, ash 83; bicarbonate of 80; 
bichromate of 82; borate of 14; caustic 81; chlorate of 709; chromate of 82; 
hvdratcof8i; nitrate of 709; oleate of 36; silicate of 84; sulphate of 85; super¬ 
carbonate of 80; tartarate of 92; water 340; crystals 83. Sodium 710. Sole 
leather 455. Soluble oil 36. Sorghum 233, 234. Sour orange juice 631. South 
American native wool 378. Spar 459. Sparkling wine 335. Sparterre 711. 
Spar timber 216. Specimens of sculpture 692. Spectacles 119. Spectacle lenses 
121. Spermaceti oil 661. Spices 24, 326, 560. Spiegeleisen 134. Spikes 176; cut 
173. Spike lavender oil 661. Spirits, compounds 331; distilled 329, 330, 333; of 
nitrous ether 25; preparations 331. Spirituous beverages 332. Spirit varnishes 
56. Split peas 281. Sponges 86. Spool thread 343. Sprigs, iron 177. Spunk 722. 
Spun silk 410. Spruce clapboards 221. Spurs 722. Squares, art 408. Square 
iron 135. Squared timber 217. Stamped shapes 146. Standard samples of 
wool 379. Starch 323; burnt 324; preparations 323. Statuary 465, 677, 692. 
Statuettes 100. Staves 227. Stave bolts 755. Stays 157. Steamer shafts 146. 
Steel anchors 153; anvils 155; band 140; barrel hoops 140; boiler 138; castings, 
iron molded 146; circular saw plates 152; cloths 148; crowbars 156; forgings 
l 39> 153; hinges 158; hoop 140; in forms 146; ingots 146; in shapes 146; plate 
138; plates 180; railway bars 141;'rivets 182; scrap 134; scroll 140; sheet 148, 
171; sheets or plates 145; spikes 173; wheels 185; wire 147; wire rods 147; wire 
rope 148. Stems 24. Stereotype plates 180. Sticks, all 223; for canes 756. Stil / 
wines 336. Stilts 722. St. John’s bread 699. Stockings, cotton 352, 353. Stone 
723; building 127, 128; burr 126, 723; cliff 723; monumental 127, 128; pumice 
723; rotten 723. Stones, mill 723; polishing 684. Stoneware 100; common 99; 
toys 436. Storax 724. Stove plates 161. Straw 289; manufactures of 460; flax 
356. Strontia 725. Strontiate 725. Structural shapes of iron 137: steel 137. 
Strychnine salts'of 87. Strychnia 87. Stuffed birds 504. Styrax 724. Sublimed 
sulphur 88 Sugars 726; duty on, retaliation 237. Sugar beet seed 699; bounty on 
231; box shooks 228; candy 238; cane 233, 234; cane seed 699; draining 726; of 
milk 269; sweepings 726; when bounty provisions take effect 241; when maybe 
refined in bond 241; when transported 241. Sulphate of alumina 9; of ammonia 
10; baryta 49; copper 12; iron 23; lime 680; magnesia 34; potash 685; soda 85; 
quinia 690. Sulphide of arsenic 489. Sulphite of antimony 485- Sulphur 727; 
flowers of 88; ore 133, 727; refined 88; sublimed 88. Sulphuret of iron 133, 727 

359 


ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX, (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill,) 

Sulphuric acid 5, 728; ethers 25. Sumac, extracts of 26; ground 89. Sunn 497 
Sun-shades 470; sticks 471. Supercarbonate of soda 80. Surface coated papers 


Suspenders 398, 354, 412. Swaged steel 146. Sw 
Sycamore boards, planks and deals 218; lumber 


et- 

18. 

tin 


420; manufactures of 420 
meats 303. Swords 166 
Syrup of cane juice 726. 

"TABLE covers, cotton 351; forks 167; knives 167. Tacks 177. Tagger: 

* 143, 145; iron or steel 145. Tailors’irons 161. Talmas 397. Tallow ;i6. 

Tamarinds 581. Tampico fiber 592. Tannin acid 6. Tank bottom 726. "lipe 
needles 178. Tapered bars 146. Tapestry Brussels carpets 403; velvet .02. 
Tapioca 730. Tar 731. Tarred cables 362; cordage 362. Tartars 91; acid 7; 
cream of 90; crude 487; patent 90. Tartarate of potassa 92; of soda 92. ?ea 
732; plant 732. Teazles 290. Teeth 733. Telegraph poles 219. Telepfme 
poles 219. Tempered iron 152. Temporary exhibition, articles for 758. Trra 
alba 734; japonica 735; plates 143, 145, 151. Textile grasses, 597. Third-c iss 
wools 385, 386. Thread, cotton 342, 343; of flax 370; gold 176: si /er 
196. Thrown silk, floss 410; organzine 410; sewing silk 410: singles 410; ilk 
threads 410; spun 410; twist 410; tram 410. Thyme oil 661. Ties 140; nil- 
road 2to. Tiles 94; marble 124. Timber 754; hewn and sawed 216; used for 
spars 216; used for building wharves 216; squared or sided 217. Tin, bar: 59, 
736; blocks 209, 736; cassiterite 209; coated vessels, etc., 143; ore 736; oxide 7 6; 
pig 209, 736; plates 143, 145, 151; taggers 143, 145. Tinsel wire 737. 'Lips, kva 
iox. Tissue paper 419. Tobacco, leaf for wrappers 242; leaf unmanufactu jd 
243; leaf manufactured 244: stems 738. Toilet preparations 77; soap 79; wat rs 
8. Tonka beans 739. Tonics 77. Tonquin 739. Tools 686. Top-waste 88 
Tournay velvet carpets 400. Tow, flax or hemp 359. Toys 100; bisque 4 6; 
China 436; earthenware 436; marbles 436; Parian 436; porcelain 436; rubber 4 6; 
stoneware 436. T T columns 137. Tubes, boilers 157. Tuckings 373. Tumeic 
741. Turkey red oil 36. Turpentine 742; spirits of 743. Turtles 744. Trs:k 
tools 156. Tram 410. Treble ingrain carpets 404. Trails 141. Trees 282,69. 
Trimmings 373; dress 398. Tripoli 740. Trophies 648. Twine 362; binding 3* 2; 
Istle 362; Tampico fiber 362; manilla 362; sisal grass 362; sunn 362. Twist 4 o. 
Types 745. Type metal 208. Types, new 208. 

U LSTERS 397. Ultramarine blue 55. Umber 54; earths 54. Umbrellas 4; >; 

sticks 471, 756. Underwear, flannels for 393. Unmanufactured leaftobac:o 
243. Unwashed wools, defined 382. Upper leather, dressed 456. Uranium 
746. 

\ 7 ACCINE virus 747. Valerian oil 661. Valonia 748. Valparaiso wool 37 5 . 
’ Vamps, leather 457. Varnishes 56. Vases 100. Vegetables 24, 560. Veg:- 
table black 52; fiber, manufactures of 374; ivory 618; ivory buttons 430; ivoiy 
mnfs. 462; natural 288; prepared or preserved 287. Vellum 672. Velvets 41: 
cotton 350. Velveteens, cotton 350. Velvet and 
Verdigris 749. Vermilion red 57. Vermicelli 258. 
coated 143. Vines of all kinds 282. Vinegar 327. 

AVL 4 FERS 750. Wagon blocks 223. Walnuts 307. 

▼ V Ka r 


tapestry velvet 
Vermuth 336. 
Vitriol, oil of 5. 


carpets 40 
Vessels, tih 


750. Wagon blocks 223. walnuts 307. Waste 472, 670. Was® 
bagging 670; iron 134; steel 134; garnetted 388; ring 388; roving 38^ 
slubbing 388; top 388; yarn 388; others composed of wool 388; rope 670. Wash¬ 
ers 176. Wash blue 58. Washed wool, defined 382; wools, how dutiable 381! 
Watches 211. Watch cases 211; glasses 211; movements 211; Water colors 4655 
proof cloth 369. Waters, toilet 8. Wax 459, 751. Wearingapparel 349, 372, 396., 
752 Webbings 398, 412. Webbing, cotton 354 Webs flax 367. Weeds 24, 560; 
Wharf timber 216. Whalebone 753; manufactures of 460. Whale oil 46, 661. 
Wheat 264; flour 265. Wheels 154, 185. Whetstones 608. Whip gut 459, 529; 
sticks756. Whitelead67. White paint containing lead 67; zinc 60. White pine, 
sawed boards, planks and deals 218; lumber 218; shingles 226. Whiting 59. 
Whitewood lumber 218; sawed planks, boards and deals 218. Willow 459. Wil¬ 
ton carpets 400. Window glass, stained 122; glass, painted 122. Wines 335, 
336. Wine coloring 22. Wines, sparkling 335. Wire crinoline 148; corset 148; 
fencing 147; hat 148; iron 148: lead 201; nettings 148: rods 147; rope 148; steel 
X47; tinsel 737. Wool Dutch carpets 405; carpets, n. o. p. 407; grease 316; 

* 360 





ALPHABETICAL TARIFF INDEX. (Numbers Refer to Paragraphs of Bill,) 

highest rate, when 383; braces 398; braids 398; beltings 398; bindings 398; bar¬ 
rel buttons 398; buttons 398; gorings 398; headnets 398; cords 398; cords and 
tassels 398; embroideries 398; dress trimmings 398- laces 398; gimps 398; gal¬ 
loons 398; suspenders 398; webbings 398; garments, outside 397; ulsters 397; 
talmas 397; jackets 397; dolmans 397; cloaks 397; pile fabrics 396; plushes 396; 
felts 396; wearing apparel 396; clothing 396; dress goods 394, 395; coat trimmings 
394 395 » Italian cloth 394, 395; flannels 393; hats 393; blankets 393; man¬ 
ufactures, n. o. p. 392; knit fabrics 392; shawls 392; cloths 3^2; yarns 391; 
ropngs 390: rovings 390; tops 390; manufactures of 390; flocks 389; mungo 
389: rags 389; waste all 388; noils 388; claimed to be shoddy 383; claimed to be 
mu igo 383; claimed to be flocks, etc. 383; and hair, first-class, duty on 384; and 
hair, second-class, duty on 384; sorted, no double duty 383; washed, defined 
382; other than ordinary condition 383; standard, sample of 379. Wools or skin 
387; etc., as manufactures of 390; class one, how dutiable 381; class one 376; 
class two 377; class three 378; of class three improved 380; Cordova3 78; Dons- 
koi378; Smyrna 378; Valparaiso 378; how divided 375; washed, how dutiable 
381; improved, how classified 380; imported from Egypt 378; imported from 
Greece 378; imported from Syria 378; scoured, how dutiable 381; skirted 383; 
third class, duty on 385, 386; unwashed, defined 382. Women’s and children’s 
dress goods 494, 395. Wool, etc., all manufactures n. o. p. 392. Worsted cloths 
392; Wool knit fabrics 392. Woolen shawls 392. Worsted shawls 392. Woolen 
or worsted cloths 392; yarns 391. Wood 754. Woods 756; for dyeing 24; man¬ 
ufactures 461; screws 184; pulp, mechanically ground 415; chemical 415; un¬ 
bleached 415. Worm gut 459, 529. Women’s hats 451. Worn out zinc 214. 
Wrappers, cigars 242. Wrist or crank pins 146. Writing paper 422. Wrought 
iron stays 157: scrap iron 134. 

Y ARNS 391, 760; cotton 342; waste 388. Yarns of flax 370; of hemp 370; 
made of jute 361. Yellow metal 189. Yolks of eggs 276. 

Z AFFER 761. Zinc 60; in blocks or pigs 212; sheets 213; old 214: oxide of 
60. 


VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 

Proclaimed by law, January I, 1891. 


Country. 

Monetary Unit. 

Standard. 

Value in 

U. S. Money. 

Argentine Republic... 

Peso. 

Gold and silver.. 

$ .96 ^ 

Austria. 

Florin. 

Silver. 

• 3 ^to 

• 19 A 

• 77 -rV 

• 54 iH) 

1.00 

Belgium . 

F ranc. 

Gold and silver. . 

Bolivia. . 

Boliviano.. . 

Silver. 

Brazil. 

Milreis. 

Gold. 

Canada . 

Dollar. 

Gold. 

Chili. 

Peso. 

Gold and silver.. 

• 9 ii% 

1.27 

• 9 2 i% 

• 26-fo 

• 77 -r 1 0 
•° 4 r)j 

• i 9 i% 

4.86^537 

China . 

Tael. 

Silver. 

Cuba.. . T ,. 

Peso. ...... 

Gold and silver.. 

Denmark . 

Crow 1. 

Gold. 

Ecuador. 

Epvnt . 

Peso. 

Piaster. 

Silver. 

Gold. 

r . 

France. 

Franc. 

Gold and silver. . 

Great Britain. . 

Pound St’g 

Gold. 


361 












































SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


CnUNTKY. 

Monetary Unit. 

Standard. 

Greece. 

Drachma.... 

Gold and silver.. 

German Empire 

Mark. 

Gold. 

Hayti.*. 

Gourde. 

Gold and silver.. 

India . 

Rupee. 

Silver. . 

Italy. 

Lira. 

Gold and silver.. 

Tanan. 

Yen 

Silver. . 

J . 

Liberia. 

Dollar .... 

Gold ..x.. 

Mexico. 

Dollar .... 

Silver. 

Netherlands. 

Florin. 

Gold and silver.. 

Norwav. . 

Crown. 

Gold. 

Peru .. .... 

Sol.. 

Silver .. _ 

Portugal. 

Milreis. 

Gold. 

Russia. 

Rouble. 

Silver. 

Sandwich Islands. . . . 

Dollar. 

Gold. 

Spain. 

Peseta. 

Gold and silver.. 

Sweden. 

Crown. 

Gold. 

Switzerland. 

F ranc. 

Gold and silver.. 

Tripoli. 

Mahbub... . 

Silver. 

Turkey. 

Piaster. 

Gold. 

U. S. of Colombia.. . 

Peso. 

Silver. 

Venezuela. 

Bolivar .... 

Gold and silver.. 


Value in 
S. Mor 


;y- 


I9h 
23 A- 
9 6 h 
36t% 

l9io 

00 

» 3 * 

40 i% 

26A 

77to- 

08 

61* 

00 

T 9i% 

264 

i 9i 3 (T 
691% 
°4fV 
79 h 
i 5 jj> 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


The Capital of the United States has been located at differ¬ 
ent times at the following places: At Philadelphia from Sept. 5, 177k, 
until Dec., 1776; at Baltimore from Dec. 20, 1776, to March, 1777; 
at Philadelphia from March 4, 1777, to Sept., 1777 ; at Lancaster, PdL, 
from Sept. 27, 1777, to Sept. 30, 1777; at York, Pa., from Sept. 3^, 
1777, to July, 1778; at Philadelphia from July 2, 1778, to June 30, 
1783; at Princeton, N. J., June 30, 1783, to Nov. 20, 1783; Annap¬ 
olis, Md., Nov. 26, 1783, to Nov. 30, 1784; Trenton from Nov., 
1784, to Jan., 1785; New York from Jan. 11, 1785, to 1790; then the 
seat of government was removed to Philadelphia where it remained 
until 1800, since which time it has been in Washington. 

Tomato in Bright’s Disease. When Thomas Jefferson brought 
the tomato from France to America, thinking that if it could be in¬ 
duced to grow bountifully it might make good feed for hogs, he little 
dreamed of the benefit he was conferring upon posterity. A constant 


362 


































































SOME FACTS WORTH MHO WING. 


diet of raw tomatoes and skim-milk is said to be a certain cure for 
Bright’s disease. Gen. Schenck, who, when Minister to England, 
became a victim to that complaint, was restored to health by two 
years of this regimen. With many persons the tomato has much the 
same effect upon the liver as a small blue pill, and whether it is as a 
people we are less bilious than in former years, or that the doctors of 
the new school practice less severe remedies than did those of the past, 
it is certain that mercury is prescribed with less frequency than of old. 

Asthma. I have been a sufferer from asthma for twenty-five 
years, and for more than a dozen years have used the following recipe 
with great benefit. It is not a cure, but in my case gives almost 
instant relief. Take equal parts of powdered stramonium leaves and 
powdered belladonna leaves and mix thoroughly; to each ten ounces 
of ihe mixture add one ounce of powdered saltpeter (nitrate of pot¬ 
ash); mix all thoroughly. I always keep some of this in a small tin 
bo*. When I wish to use it I pour a little of the powder into the 
cover of the box, light it with a match, cover the whole with a. little 
paper cone with the point cut off. I place the point of the cone in 
my mouth, and breathe the smoke into my lungs with the air. The 
first trial is very hard, it almost strangles, but if persevered in will 
give great relief. This is much better than stramonium alone. The 
saltpeter makes it burn freely, and also helps to give relief. 

When my home was in northern Indiana, I used to buy the leaves in 
Chicago already powdered. Now I send to New York. I find it 
cheaper to do this than to gather and dry the leaves. It is also almost 
impossible to dry and pulverize the leaves at home. By using a 
paper cone and breathing through it, little or no smoke is wasted, and 
the box and paper can be carried in the pocket and used as occasion 
requires. 

For Swollen Feet. Policemen, mail carriers, and others whose 
occupation keeps them on their feet a great deal, often are troubled 
with chafed, sore and blistered feet, especially in extremely hot 
weather, no matter how comfortably their shoes may fit. A powder 
is used in the German army for sifting into the shoes and stockings of 
the foot soldiers, called “ Fusstreupulver,” and consists of 3 parts sali¬ 
cylic acid, 10 parts starch and 87 parts pulverized soapstone. 

Rules for Fat People and for Lean. To increase the weight: 
Eat to the extent of satisfying a natural appetite, of fat meats, butter, 
cream, milk, cocoa, chocolate, bread, potatoes, peas, parsnips, carrots, 
beets, farinaceous foods, as Indian corn, rice, tapioca, sago, corn starch, 
pastry, custards, oatmeal, sugar, sweet wines, and ale. Avoid acids. 
Exercise as little as possible, and sleep all you can. 

To reduce the weight: Eat, to the extent of satisfying a natural 
appetite, of lean meat, poultry, game, eggs, milk moderately, green 
vegetables, turnips, succulent fruits, tea or coffee. Drink lime juice, 
lemonade, and acid drinks. Avoid fat, butter, cream, sugar, pastry, 

363 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


rice, sago, tapioca, corn starch, potatoes, carrots, beets, parsnips, and 
sweet wines. 

Wonders of the Human Body. The skin contains iiore 

than two million openings, which are the outlets of an equal i um¬ 
ber of sweat-glands. The human skeleton consists of more lhan 
two hundred distinct bones. An amount of blood equal to the v hole 
quantity in the body passes through the heart once every mi: ute. 
The full capacity of the lungs is about three hundred and tw mty 
cubic inches. About two-thirds of a pint of air is inhaled and exl iled 
at each breath in ordinary respiration. The stomach daily pro< uces 
nine pounds of gastric juice for digestion of food; its capacity is a >out 
five pints. There are more than five hundred separate muscles ii the 
body, with an equal number of nerves and blood-vessels. The w( ght 
of the heart is from eight to twelve ounces. It beats one hun Ired 
thousand times in twenty-four hours. Each perspiratory duct is *ne- 
fourth of an inch in length, of the whole about nine miles. The 
average man takes five and one-half pounds of food and drink < ich 
day, which amounts to one ton of solid and liquid nourishment amu- 
ally. A man breathes eighteen times a minute, and three thousmd 
cubic feet, or about three hundred and seventy-five hogsheads of air 
every hour of his existence. 

Changes in the Language. Few, scholars even, are aware of :he 
great changes through which the English language has passed in : jc- 
cessive centuries. Following are specimens of the Lord’s Prayer as 
used at various periods in English history: 

A. D. 1158.—Fader ur heune, haleweide beith thi neune, cumin :hi 
kuneriche, thy wille beoth idon in heune and in erthe. The eur eu 
dawe briend, gif ous thilk dawe. And vorzif uer detters as vi yc s- 
ifen ure dettoures. And lene us nought into temtation, bot dely’ or 
eus of evel. Amen. 

A. D. 1300.—Fader ure in heavene. Halewyn be thi name, hi 
kingdom come, thy wille be done as in heavene and earthe—Oua urc le 
days bred give us to daye. And forgive oure dettes as wc forgive or re 
dettoures. And lead us nor in temptation, bote delyveor us of y\tl. 
Amen. 1 

A. D. 1370.—Oure fadir that art in heunes hallowid be thi nan^e 
thi kingdom come to, be thi wille done in erthe as in heune,geve ti, 
us this day oure bre^d oure other substance forgene to us our dettls 
as we forgauen to oure dettouris, lede us not into temptation; but 
delyeur us yvel. Amen. 

A. D. 1524.—O oure father which arte in heven, hallowed be thy 
name. Let thy kingdom come. Thy wyoll be fulfilled as well in 
earth as it is in heven. Give us this daye oure dayly brede. And 
forgive us our trespaces even as we forgive our trespacers. And lead 
us not into temptation, but delyver us from veil. Fyr thyne is the 
kingdome and the power and the glorye for ever. Amen. 

364 






SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


A. D. 1561.—Our father which art in heauen, sanctified be thy 
name. Let thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heauen, in 
earth also. Give us today our superstantial bread. And forgive us 
our dettes as we forgive our detters. And lead us not into temptation. 
But delivere us from evil. Amen. 

A. D. 1711.—Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy 
name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in 
heauen. Give us this day our dayley bread. And forgive us our 
debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, 
but deliver us from evil. For thyne is the kingdome, and the power, 
and the glory forever. Amen. 

How to Put on Gloves. A great deal depends on the first put- 
ing on of gloves. Have the hands perfectly clean, dry and cool, and 
never put on new gloves while the hands are warm or damp. When 
a person is troubled with moist hands, it is well to powder them before 
trying on the gloves; but in most cases, if the hands are cool and 
dry, this is not needed. First, work on the fingers, keeping the thumb 
outside of the glove, and the wrist of the glove turned back. When 
the fingers are in smoothly, put in the thumb, and work the glove on 
very carefully; then placing the elbow on the knee, work on the 
hand. When this is done, smooth down the wrist, and button the 
second button first, then the third, and so on to the end. Then 
smooth down the whole glove and fasten the first button. Fastening 
the first button last, when putting on a glove for the first time, 
makes a great deal of difference in the fit, although it may seem but a 
very little thing. It does not strain the part of the glove that is 
easiest to strain at first, and prevents the enlarging of the button-hole, 
either of which is sure to take place if you begin at the first button to 
fasten the glove. 

When removing your gloves, never begin at the tips of the fingers 
to pull them off, but turn back the wrist and pull off carefully, which 
will, of course, necessitate their being wrong side out. Turn them 
right side out, turn the thumbs in, smooth them lengthwise in as near 
as possible the shape they would be if on the hands, and place them 
away with a strip of white Canton flannel between if the gloves are 
light, but if dark-colored the flannel may be omitted. Never roll 
gloves into each other in a wad, for they will never look so well after. 
There is always some moisture in them from the hands ; consequently, 
when rolled up, this moisture has no chance of drying, and must work 
into the gloves, making them hard and stiff, and of very little use 
after, as far as looks or fit is concerned. 

When Quinine Will Break Up a Cold. It is surprising, says a 
family physician, how certainly a cold may be broken up by a timely 
dose of quinine. When first symptoms make their appearance, when 
a little languor, slight hoarseness and ominous tightening of the nasal 
membranes follow exposure to draughts or sudden chill by wet, five 

365 


SOME FA CTS WOR TH KNO WING . 


grains of this useful alkaloid are sufficient in many cases to end the 
trouble. But it must be done promptly. If the golden moment 
passes, nothing suffices to stop the weary sneezing, handkerchief-ufcing, 
red nose and woe-begone-looking periods that certainly follow. 

A Mistaken Idea. The old adage, “Feed a cold and stave a 
fever,” is characterized by the Journal of Health as very silly ac vice. 
If anything, the reverse would be nearer right. When a person ias a 
severe cold it is best for him to eat very lightly, especially durin j the 
first few days of the attack. 

Bathing. There has been a great deal written about bat ling. 
The surface of the skin is punctured with millions of little ides 
called pores. The duty of these pores is to carry the waste n itter 
off. For instance, perspiration. Now, if these pores are stepped 
up they are of no use, and the body has to find some other way t > get 
rid of its impurities. Then the liver has more than it can do. Th< n we 
take a liver pill when we ought to clean out the pores instead. The 
housewife is very particular to keep her sieves in good order; ifter 
she has strained a substance through them they are washed out are- 
fully with water, because water is the best thing known. That i the 
reason water is used to bathe in. But the skin is a little different rom 
a sieve, because it is willing to help along the process itself. 111 it 
needs is a little encouragement and it will accomplish wonders. ^ Tat 
the skin wants is rubbing. If you should quietly sit down in ; tub 
of water and as quietly get up and dry off without rubbing, your skin 
wouldn’t be much benefited. 

The water would make it a little soft, especially if it was w rm. 
But rubbing is the great thing. Stand where the sunlight stril _>s a 
part of your body, then take a dry brush and rub it, and you will 
notice that countless little flakes of cuticle fly off. Every time one 
of these flakes is removed from the skin your body breathes a sigl of 
relief. An eminent German authority contends that too much bull¬ 
ing is a bad thing. There is much truth in this. Soap and water are 
good things to soften up the skin, but rubbing is what the skin wants. 
Every morning or every evening, or when it is most convenient, wash 
the body all over with water and a little ammonia, or anything wiich 
tends to make the water soft; then rub dry with a towel, and after 
that go over the body from top to toe with a dry brush. Try thisuor 
two or three weeks, and your skin will be like velvet. 

Tea and Coffee. Tea is a nerve stimulant, pure and simple, 
acting like alcohol in this respect, without any value that the latter may 
possess as a retarder of waste. It has a special influence upon those 
nerve centers that supply will power, exalting their sensibility beyond 
normal activity, and may even produce hysterical symptoms, if carried 
far enough. Its active principle, theine, is an exceedingly powerful 
drug, chiefly employed by nerve specialists as a pain destroyer, pos¬ 
sessing the singular quality of working toward the surface. That is to 

.366 



S OME FA C TS IVOF TH KNO WING. 


say, when a dose is administered hypodermically for sciatica, for ex¬ 
ample, the narcotic influence proceeds outward from the point of in¬ 
jection, instead of inward toward the centers, as does that of morphia, 
atropia, etc. Tea is totally devoid of nutritive value, and the habit 
of drinking it to excess, which so many American women indulge in, 
particularly in the country, is to be deplored as a cause of our Ameri¬ 
can nervousness. 

Coffee, on the contrary, is a nerve food. Like other concentrated 
foods of its class, it operates as a stimulant, also but, upon a different set 
of nerves from tea. Taken strong in the morning, it often produces diz¬ 
ziness and that peculiar visual sympton of overstimulus which is called 
mv-sccB volitantes —dancing flies. But this is an improper way to take 
it, and rightly used it is perhaps the most valuable liquid addition to 
the morning meal. Its active principle, caffeine, differs in all physio¬ 
logical respects from theine, while it is chemically very closely allied, 
and its limited consumption makes it impotent for harm. 

The Shrinkage of Flannel. To keep flannels as much as possi- 
bli from shrinking and felting, the following is to be recommended: 
D ssolve one ounce of potash in a bucket of water, and leave the 
farric in it for twelve hours. Next warm the water, with the fabric 
in it, and wash without rubbing, also draw through repeatedly. Next 
immerse the flannel in another liquid containing one spoonful of wheat 
flour to one bucket of water, and wash in a similar manner. 

Ancient Cities. Nineveh was 15 miles long, 8 wide and 40 
miles round, with a wall 100 feet high, and thick enough for 3 chariots 
abreast. Babylon was 50 miles within the walls, which were 87 feet 
thick and 350 high, with 100 brazen gates. The Temple of liana, 
at Ephesus, was 420 feet to the support of the roof. It was 100 years 
ir. building. The largest of the pyramids is 461 feet high, and 653 on 
the sides; its base covers 11 acres. The stones are about 30 feet in 
length, and the layers are 380. It employed 330,000 men in building. 
The labyrinth, in Egypt, contains 300 chambers and250halls. Thebes, 
in Egypt, presents ruins 27 miles round. Athens was 25 miles round, 
and contained 350,000 citizens and 400,000 slaves. The Temple of 
Delphos was so rich in donations that it was plundered of $500,000, 
and Nero carried away 200 statues. The walls of Rome were 13 miles 
round. 

The Process of Embalming. The process of embalming is as 
follows, and is called the “ Brunelli process ” : The circulatory sys¬ 
tem is cleansed by washing with cold water till it issues quite clear 
from the body. This may occupy from two to five hours. Alcohol 
is injected, so as to abstract as much water as possible. This occu¬ 
pies about a quarter of an hour. Ether is then injected to abstract 
the fatty matter. This occupies from two to ten hours. A strong 
solution of tannin is then injected. This occupies for imbibition from 
two to ten hours. The body is then dried in a current of warm air 
• 367 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


passed over heated chloride of calcium. This may occupy two to 
hours. The body is then perfectly preserved, and resists decay. The 
Italians exhibit specimens which are as hard as stone, retain the shipe 
perfectly, and are equal to the best wax models. It will be obsened 
in this process that those substances most prone to decay are remov d, 
and the remaining portions are converted by the tannin into a s b- 
stance resembling leather. 

To Straighten Round Shoulders. A stooping figure an< a 

halting gait, accompanied by the unavoidable weakness of lungs iici- 
dental to a narrow chest, may be entirely cured by a very simple 2 ad 
easily-performed exercise of raising one’s self upon the toes d- 
surely in a perpendicular position several times daily. To take tiis 
exercise properly one must take a perfectly upright position, with ie 
heels together and the toes at an angle of forty-five degrees. T 1 ;n 
drop the arms lifelessly by the sides, animating and raising the ch st 
to its full capacity muscularity, the chin well drawn in, and the cro m 
of the head feeling as if attached to a string suspended from the ceili lg 
above. Slowly rise upon the balls of both feet to the greatest possi le 
height, thereby exercising all the muscles of the legs and body; cone 
again into standing position without swaying the body backward c it 
of the perfect line. Repeat this same exercise, first on one foot, th n 
on the other. It is wonderful what a straightening-out power tlis 
exercise has upon round shoulders and crooked backs, and one will e 
surprised to note how soon the lungs begin to show the effect of su h 
expansive development. 

Care of the Eyes. In consequence of the increase of affectio s 
of tl*e eye, a specialist has recently formulated the following rules o 
be observed in the care of the eyes for school work. A comfortab e 
temperature, dry and warm feet, good ventilation; clothing at tie 
neck and on other parts of the body loose; posture erect, and new r 
read lying down or stooping. Little study before breakfast or direct / 
after a heavy meal; none at all at twilight or late at night; use gre£ t 
caution about studying after recovery from fevers; have light abui- 
dant, but not dazzling, not allowing the sun to shine on desks or oh 
objects in front of the scholars, and letting the light come from the 
left hand or left and rear; hold book at right angles to the line of 
sight or nearly so; give eyes frequent rest by looking up. The disi 
tance of the book from the eye should be about fifteen inches. Thd 
usual indication of strain is redness of the rim of the eyelid, betoken^ 
ing a congested state of the inner surface, which may be accompanied 
with some pain. When the eye tires easily rest is not the proper 
remedy, but the use of glasses of sufficient power to aid in accommo¬ 
dating the eye to vision. 

How and When to Drink Water. According to Doctor Leuf, 
when water is taken into the full or partly full stomach, it does not 
mingle with the food, as we are taught, but passes along quickly be- 

368 




SOJUE FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 

tween the food and lesser curvative toward the pylorus, through which 
it passes into the intestines. The secretion of mucus by the lining 
membrane is constant, and during the night a considerable amount 
accumulates in the stomach; some of its liquid portion is absorbed, 
and that which remains is thick and tenacious. If food is taken into 
the stomach when in this condition, it becomes coated with this 
mucus, and the secretion of the gastric juice and its action are de¬ 
layed. These facts show the value of a goblet of water before break¬ 
fast. This washes out the tenacious mucus, and stimulates the gastric 
glands to secretion. In old and feeble persons water should not be 
taken cold, but it may be with great advantage taken warm or hot. 
Th:s removal of the accumulated mucus from the stomach is probably 
one of the reasons why taking soup at the beginning of a meal has 
been found so beneficial. 

What Causes Coughs. Cold and coughs are prevalent through¬ 
out the country, but throat affections are by far more common among 
business men. Every unfortunate one mutters something about the 
abominable weather and curses the piercing wind. Much of the 
troible, however, is caused by overheated rooms, and a little more 
attention to proper ventilation would remove the cause of suffering. 
Doctor J. Ewing Mears, who is thus afflicted, said to an inquirer: 
“ The huskiness and loss of power of articulation so common among 
us ire largely due to the use of steam for heating. The steam cannot 
be properly regulated, and the temperature becomes too high. A 
person living in this atmosphere has all the cells of the lungs open, 
and when he passes into the open air he is unduly exposed. The 
affliction is quite common among the men who occupy offices in the 
new buildings which are fitted up with all modern improvements. The 
substitution of electric light for gas has wrought a change to which 
people have not yet adapted themselvej. The heat arising from a 
number of gas jets will quickly raise the temperature of a room, and 
unconsciously people relied upon that means of heating to some ex¬ 
tent. Very little warmth, however, is produced by the electric light, 
and when a man reads by an incandescent light he at times finds him¬ 
self becoming chilly, and wonders why it is. Too hot during the day 
and too cold at night are conditions which should be avoided . n 

Facts not Generally Known. 

Spinach is a Persian plant. 

Horse-radish is a native of England. 

Melons were found originally in Asia. 

Filberts originally came from Greece. 

Quinces originally came from Corinth.. 

The turnip originally came from Rome. 

The peach originally came from Persia. 

Sage is a native of the South of Europe. 

Sweet marjoram is a native of Portugal. 

369 


The Newest Game 




Takes the form of an information party, and is proving immen: ely 
popular. The game, as described by the Boston Traveller, is begun by passii g to 
each gentleman a card and to the ladies small pieces of paper, which shoul 1 be 
numbered. Those who discover the same number on their card and: pape are 
partners for the game. 

Each couple must think of a question, sensible or ridiculous, historical or r re¬ 
gard to the weather, to be written on the cards, after which the cards are Jo be 
gathered together, and the leader reads each in turn, giving a few momen s for 
the partners to consider the subject and write the answer, which should be read 
aloud in turn. This is where the fun of the game begins, as many of the an|wers 
are exceedingly queer. 

Those having a correct answer mark their card 10 , a wrong answer 0 and 
if the answer is anywhere near right it is counted 5 . When all are a* ded, 
prizes may be distributed as in progressive games for the best and poorest recoil 

The instructive part of the game is the discussion which follows the ques 
The height of Bunker Hill monument is what everybody living near it ouj ht to 
know, and yet, at an information party held a few evenings ago, only one p 
in a company of twenty was sure of the exact number of feet. 


“The Earth is the Lord’s.” 

Lord of the lambkin and the lion. 

Lord of Ben Lomond and MoUnt Zion, 

Of Israel and Italy, 

Watching in sweet tranquillity, 

I worship Thee! 

Lord of the glow-worm and the planet. 

Lord of dim Patmos and grim Thanet, 

Of Jordan’s flood and Highland Dee;, 

Touched by their waves of harmony^ 

I worship Thee! 

Lord of the sunrise and the sundown. 

Lord of Jerusalem and London, 

Of ruined Babylon, Rome the free. 

Awed by sad tales of tragedy, 

I worship Thee! 

Lord of the well-spring and the geyser. 

Lord of Jew Paul and Roman Csesar, 

Of England and deep Germany, 

Dreaming of wondrous time to be, 

I worship Thee! 

Lord of the lark—heaven’s happy roamer,— 

Lord of King David and blind Homer, 

Of Scotland and green Galilee, 

Illumed by fires of memory, 

I worship Thee! 

Lord of the dewdrop and the ocean. 

Lord of each heart’s divine emotion, 

Of heaven : bom science, piercing free 
To the sweet soul of mystery, 

I worship Thee! 

. Teach me, dear God, and make me lowly. 

Purge me with light, and make me holy; 

Let me be crucified, and be 
Christ-like, with Christ’s humility, 

370 Adoring Thee! — Wm. Freeland. 






ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Abolition movement, the. 

Abstracts of title. 

Accidents and emergencies. 

Accidents on railroads, chances of. 
Acknowledgment, certificate of... 
Adims, John, administration of... 
Aduns, John Quincy, administra¬ 
tion of. 

Adninistrators, duties of. 

Advertisers, hints to. 

Agmcy and attorney. 

Agreement, general form of. 

Agreements and contracts. 

Agricultural or mineral lands. 

Air, dangers of foul. 

Alcoholic poisoning. 

Alexander the Great. 

Alexandrian Library, the. 

Alloys, table of. 

“/lmighty Dollar,” origin of. 

Amendments to the Constitution.. 

America, discovery of. 

American party, the. 

Amsterdam. 

Amuity policies. 

Artidotes for poisons.211, 

Arti-Federalist party, the. 

Arti-Masonic party, the. 

Arts. 

Arts, to destroy. 

Apoplexy.194, 

Apostles, fate of the.. 

Apothecaries’ weight. 

Arbitration, the laws of.... 

A-chitects, handy facts for. 

A-ch, largest. 

A-ctic exploration. 

Area of principal countries. 

Areas of circles. 

Army, proportions of.— 

Aromatic, spirits of vinegar. 

Arrest, exemption from. 

Arrests without warrant. 

Arson. 

Arthur’s administration. 

Artificial feeding of infants. 

Assault and battery. 

Assignment, form of. 

Assignment of copyright. 

Assignment of patents. 

Assignments. 

Asthma... .. 

Attorney, form of power of. 

Australian ballot system, the ..... 
Authors and royalties.. 


Avoirdupois weights.230 

Balloon, first ascension. 3 

Bank controversy, the. 76 

Banker’s time table.184 

Banking capital.107 

Bankruptcy.173 

Bankrupt, origin of term.283 

Barbed wire for fences.. 235 

Barbell, the.191 

Bar iron, flat, weight of.263 

Barnabas, St. 225 

“Barnburners,” the. 78 

Barrels, how to measure.232 

Barrenness.107 

Bartholdi’s statute of Liberty. 10 

Bartholomew, St.225 

Battles, number killed in. 92 

Battles of history, the decisive.... 92 

Bay rum.217 

Bed bugs.212 

Bell-metal.107 

Bells, largest.5, 107 

Belting, horse power of.269 

Belting, table of.269 

Bible, facts about the.84, 113 

Bibles of the world, the seven.228 

Bigamy.166 

Big trees.183 

Bile.194 

Bilious cholera.203 

Bilious complaints.194, 208 

Bill of exchange, form of.142 

Bill of sale, form of.142, 145 

Bills of sale.132 

Birds, flight of.107 

Birds, life of... 8 

Birmingham wire gauges.264 

Birthdays.282 

Bladder, inflammation of the.195 

Bleeding from the nose.209 

Blindness...113 

Board and plank measurement 

table.237 

Boarding-houses, inns, etc., the 

law of.131 

Body in flames.208 

Boiler chimneys.274 

Boilers, etc.268 

Boilers, size and capacity of.273 

Boiling, fusing and freezing 

points.189 

Bonds and guarranty.132 

Bonds and stocks.....172 

Bond, common form of. 142 

Bond for a deed, form of.......... 143 


71 


76 

130 

208 

185 

143 

72 

74 

135 

181 

122 

142 

,115 

,150 

.189 

211 

,239 

, 5 

274 

, 3 

.156 

5 

79 

. 7 

178 

227 

. 72 

. 76 

,234 

,221 

211 

,215 

.230 

.133 

.267 

. 9 

. 97 

. 60 

,265 

92 

,216 

,166 

.166 

.166 

. 82 

.206 

.166 

,142 

.151 

.154 

130 

.202 

,143 

,161 

,107 

3 







































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Books, invention of. 6 

Book work measurement.285 

Boots and shoes, to make water¬ 
proof .i.220 

Boston fire.106 

Bovines v. Equines.170 

Bowels, inflammation of the.195 

Bowels, looseness of the.196 

Brain, compression of the...210 

Brain, inflammation of the.195 

Brain, measurement of the.112 

Brain, water on the.197 

Brassware, to clean.221 

Breath, bad.215 

Brick chimneys.273 

Bricklayers and plasterers, facts 

for.244 

Bricks and pottery, color of.233 

Bricks, number in a building.245 

Brick required to construct any 

building.243 

Bridges. 10 

Bridges, railroad.185 

Brokerage and commission.173 

Bronchitis.202 

Brooklyn theatre fire.106 

Brooms, to preserve.221 

Brown, John. 79 

Bruises and wounds.202 

Buchanan’s administration. 79 

Buddhism.297 

Bug poison.220 

Building, highest. 12 

Building materials, wear and tear 

of.256 

Builders’ estimating tables.246 

Builders, handy facts for.243, 267 

Buildings, height of.98 

Buildings, public, capacity of.Ill 

Burglary.166 

Burns and scalds.208 

Burr’s expedition. 73 

Bushel, legal weight of.234 

Business and legal forms.142 

Business law in brief.114 

Business letters. 36 

Cable, first Atlantic. 5 

Calhoun. 75 

Camel, facts about the.108 

Canary birds, the care of.229 

Candle-power.162 

Capital employed in banking.107 

Capitals of principal countries.... 60 

Capitals the use of. 36 

Capitol building, Washington. 11 

Carbon in food.213 

Car, capacity of freight...188 

Carpenters’ work and measuring. 253 

Carpets, kerosene stains in.210 

Carpets, to brighten.21<> 

Carrier-pigeons.108 


Casks, how to measure.J32 

Cast iron and timber, strength of. 
Cast iron approximate we.ght of 
Cast iron, assumed weight in esti 

mating .J61 

Cast iron balls, weight of, etc.|61 

Cast iron columns, weight of.160 

Cast iron, round, weight of.161 

Catacombs. 8 


Catarrh. 102 

Cathedrals, height of.98 

Cattle and horses, difference be 

tween..70 

Cattle, shipments of. 8 

Cattle, to tell age of.126 

Cattle, weight of..132 

Caveats. .5*4 

Cavern, largest. 6 

Cellar, to disinfect a.119 

Cement.45 

Cement and lime, weight of.58 

Cement, how to use.47 

Cement, tin box.18 

Census, U. S.61 

Centigrade thermometer.88 

Certificate of acknowledgment.... 43 

Certificates, stock.71 

Chairs and desks for schools, sizes 

of.57 

Chance, the laws of.76 

Change, how to make.82 

Change, terms used on.74 

Charleston, great fire at.74 

Chattel mortgages.29 

Checks paid in N. Y. and London. 08 

Cheops, pyramid of.: 09 

Chest weights.: )1 

Chicago fire.; )6 

Chicago, wonderful growth of.... 57 

Chicken-pox.194, i )7 

Chilblains.194, 2 02 

Chimneys, boiler.514 

Chimneys, brick.213 

Chinese wall. 5 

Choking.207, 2 0 

Cholera.2^3 

Cholera, Asiatic.2' 

Cholera, English.146 

Cholera, bilious.2l|3 

Cholera, epidemics.l 

Cholera mixture.2i 

Christians, number of. 

Church, largest. 11 

Cipher marks, private.182 

Circle, the area of a.264 

Circles, table of areas of.265 

Circles, table of circumference of.266 

Circular arc, length of.262 

Circumference of earth—how 

measured. 58 

Circumference of circles.266 













































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Cistern measure.232 

Cisterns, capacity of.272 

Cides, nicknames of. 70 

Ciiies of the U. S., table of. 61 

City, oldest in U. S. 6 

CiTil service, the.,....163 

CiMl war of 1861-1865 . 86 

Cml war, naval battles of the .... 89 
Cidl war, principal battles of the. 87 

Clams, mining.149 

Clry compromise, the. 78 

CUy, Henry. 75 

Cleveland’s administration.82 

Clinates of the U. S.290 

Cod, curious by-products from. ..156 

Cod in the U. S...103 

Cod used as fuel. 7 

Co;kroaches, to kill.221 

Colicils.134 

Co n, weight of. 8 

Co d in the head.202 

Cod, severest on record. 97 

Coic.203 

Ccdection of debts.181 

Coogne water.216 

Colors, combinations of.274 

Cdumns, cast iron, weight of.260 

Conmission.173 

Common fever.•..194 

Compound interest.182 

Compression of the brain.210 

Concussion.210 

Confederacy, Southern, formation 

of. 80 

Ctnflagrations, great.106 

C<ngre88.155 

Cmstipation.194, 203 

Constitutional Union party, the .. 79 

Constitutional law.155 

Constitution, amendments to the. 156 
Constitutions (State), adoption of. 72 
Constitution (U. S.), adoption of . 72 

Consumption.194 

Consumption, death from.Ill 

Contagious diseases.207 

Continental Congress. 71 

Contusions.309 

Convulsions. 194, 203 

Contracts and agreements.115 

Cooking, loss of meat in. 213 

Copernicus, system of.57 

“Copperheads”. 80 

Copyright, the law of.151 

Cork, to remove a broken.220 

Corliss engine, the. 12 

Corn, how to measure.232, 235 

Corns.216 

Corporations.133 

Cost and price marks.182 

Cotton, first raised in U. S. 5 

Cotton spinning. 3 


Cough, common.194, 203 

Cough, whooping.195, 207 

Counterfeit money, how to detect. 183 

Cracks in plaster, to fill.220 

Cremation.108 

Criminal law, points of.166 

Crittenden compromise, the. 80 

Cross ledges (mining laws).150 

Cross ties, per mile.242 

Croup.194, 203 

Crushing strength of stones, etc..269 

Cubes and squares, tables of.278 

Custom-house, largest.13 

Customs duties, list of.306 

Cuts and wounds.209 

Cylinder, to find capacity of a .... 271 
Cylindrical cisterns or tanks, 

capacity of.272 

Daguex-reotype process, invention 

of. 6 

Dandruff.,216 

Dark Ages. 4 

Davis, Jefferson. 80 

Deaf and dumb asylum, largest.... 7 

Debts, how to collect.181 

Decimal approximations.262 

Decimal equivalents of fractions.. 257 

Deed, form of quit-claim.143 

Deed, form of warranty.143 

Deeds.127 

Democratic party, the. 75 

Democratic-Republican Party, the 72 

Demonetization of silver.296 

Depilatory, a safe.215 

Desert, the largest. 7 

Desks for schools, sizes of, etc... .257 

Diamonds, largest.7, 108 

Diarrhoea.203 

Diet in homoeopathy.206 

Digestion of various food6.214 

Dirt in the eye.208 

Discounts, trade.183 

Diseases.194 

Diseases, contagious.207 

Disinfectants.219 

Dislocated thumb.219 

Distances from New York.141 

Dividends.171 

Divorce, State laws governing .... 137 

Dollai-, the standard silver.296 

Domestic and drop measures.231 

Doses for the horse.227 

Doses of medicine.212 

Doses in homoeopathy.205 

Doses, safe,of poisonous drugs. ..213 
Doses, table of proportion, etc.... 212 

Dower, the right of.137 

Draft, form of.142 

Draft at sight, form of.146 

Drafts.114, 115, 118 

Drain-pipe, capacity of.249 


373 









































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Dred Scott decision, the. 79 

Dropsy.195 

Drowning.210 

Drugs, poisonous.213 

Drunkenness,apparent death from 211 
Drunkenness not an excuse for 

crime.166 

Ducks, geese and turkeys.223 

Due bill, form of.146 

Dumb-bell exercise.191 

Durability of woods.275 

Duties, customs.167 

Dwarfs, famous. 95 

Dysentery.203 

Dyspepsia. 195, 204 

Earth, circumference of, how 

measured. 58 

Earnings.221 

Echo, the most remarkable. 7 

Eddas, the.228 

Eggs, how to keep fresh.219 

Eight-hour movement, the.102 

Elections, State, when held.160 

Electoral count act, the.159 

Electoral College, the.158 

Electrical terms.295 

Electric eel. 5 

Electricity, storage of.294 

Electricity, the wonders of.291 

El ectric light.3, 6, 292 

Electric railway, the. ..292 

Electric signal, first transmitted.. 7 

Electric telegraph, first... 4 

Electricity, velocity of. 6 

Electro-magnetism. 4 

Elevation of continents.108 

Emancipation, proclamation of... 80 

Embezzlement.166 

Emergencies.208 

Empire, largest. 7 

Enamel for shirt bosoms.221 

Endowment policies.178 

Engine, largest stationary. 8 

English chol era. 196 

Engravings, transferring..37 

Envelopes, first use of. 4 

Epilepsy.195 

Erasures in deeds.128 

Errors in speaking. 25 

Eruptions on the face.195 

Erysipelas .195. 207 

Estimates of materials.245 

Estimating tables, builders 1 .246 

Ether, first used. 4 

Evaporation of water from fuel.. .108 

Evictions in Ireland. 95 

Evolution, the theory of.297 

Exchange, form of bill of.142 

Executors, duties of.135 

Exemption from arrest.166 

Exemption from taxation.180 


08 

09 

08 

96 
06 
88 
10 
95 

9 

97 
9 

79 

25 

08 

72 

03 

66 

35 


Exercise, physical. 

Expectation of life. 

Express, first. 

Eye, dirt in the. 

Eye, iron or steel spicul® in the.. 

Eye, lime in the. 

Eyes, inflamed. 

Factory fires. 

Fahrenheit’s thermometer ... 

Fainting, hysterics, etc.195, 

Faintness. 

Families in U. S. 

Famines of history, the great. 

Farm, largest. 

Farms in U. S. 

Farms, law relating to, etc.... 

Fasting. 

Federalist party, the. 

Federation of Labor. 

Felony. 

Fences, barbed wire for. 

Ferry-boat, largest. 

Fever, common. 

Fever, intermittent. 

Fever, typhus.197, 

Fevers. 

Fields and lots, contents of... 
Fillmore’s administration .... 

Financial panics. 

Finding, the law of. 

Fire company, the first volunteer. 

Fire insurance. 

Fire insurance, first office.... 

Fire kindler, economical. 

Fires and conflagrations. 

Fishes, curious facts about.... 

Fits. 

Five kings, the. 

Flag and lantern signals. 

Flag, the American. 

Flames, body in. 

Flatulency.'. 

Flax, production of.Ii8 

Flies, to destroy.2 2 

Floating policies.1'7 

Floods and inundations.1( 5 

Floor, wall and roof measure.2o 

Floors, weight of and load upon. ..25w 

Flowers, to keep fresh.221 

Food, carbon in.21? 

Food, digestion of.2H 

Food, nutrition in various articles 

of.214 

Food, properties of.214 

Food, relative value of.213 

Food for stock. 233 

Foreign money, value of.361 

Forest fires.106 

Fort Sumter, attack on. 80 

Foul air, dangers of.189 

Franco-German war.108 


12 

94 

>6 

)7 

14 

15 
8 
)6 

to 
6 
$7 
3 
19 
116 
516 
2 1 
5*8 
6 

7 

8 
244 


374 




















































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Fr*e list, the customs.336 

Fne-Soil Democrats. 78 

Freezing mixtures without ice.... f90 

Fright car, capacity of.188 

Freight, comparative cost of by 

water and rail. 13 

Fr< st bite.195 

Frczen limbs.195 

Friits, degrees of sugar in.213 

Freezing, fusing and boiling 

points.189 

Fuel, water evaporation of.108 

Galon, weight of a.271 

Gaes, suffocation from noxious..211 

Ga;, facts about.251 

Gat, first illumination with. 6 

Ga;-pipe, to thaw out.219 

Ga'field, Jas. A., twentieth presi¬ 
dent. 82 

Gaiges and their equivalents.263 

Gauges, wire.264 

Gtese, ducks and turkeys.225 

Gems of poetry.300 

Guns of knowledge. 3 

Generals commanding U. S. army. 83 

General warranty deeds.128 

Geographical nicknames. 69 

Gtrman Empire re-established_ 4 

Glent, the city of.233 

Giants and dwarfs, famous. 95 

Git frames, to freshen.220 

Gass.252 

Gass, first transparent. 4 

Gass, panes of, in a box.253 

Gass stopper, to loosen.220 

Gassware, to toughen.220 

G azing and painting.252 

Gobe, to find solidity of.264 

Globe, to find surface of.264 

Goats, to tell age of.226 

Gold first discovered. 3 

Gold miners, table for.240 

Government of principal coun¬ 
tries...,..60 

Clout.195 

Grade per mile...,.236 

Grain measure.232 

Grand jury.156 

Grand larceny.166 

Grant’s administration. 81 

Graphophone, the.292 

Gravel.195 

Gravity, specific, table of.276 

Greenback party, the..81 

Grenades, hand.105 

Guaranty, the law of.132 

Gymnastic exercises.191 

Hand grenades.105 

Handy facts for architects and 

builders.267 


Handy facts to settle arguments... 3 


Hanging.21® 

Hair brushes, cleaning.21 5 

Hair, color of.107 

Hair invigorator.215 

Hair, removing.215 

Hair, tricopherous for the.215 

Harrison, Benj. W., administra¬ 
tion of. 82 

Harrison, W. H., ninth president. 77 

Hartford convention, the. 73 

Harvard College. 3 

Hawks, flight of. 3 

Hayes’administration ...'. 81 

Hay in mow, how to measure.232 

Headache.204 

Health, rules for preservation of.200 

Heartburn.204 

Heart, palpitation of the.196 

Heat, excessive, in the past. 96 

Heat, summer, in various coun¬ 
tries.*.. 96 

Hebrew race, the.190 

Heirship to property not be¬ 
queathed.135 

Hemorrhage.209 

Hiccough, cure for.206 

Hierarchy, the Roman Catholic. ..110 

High water.145 

Hints to advertisers.181 

Homestead law.164 

Homoeopathic remedies.201 

Homoeopathy.201 

Homoeopathy, diet in.206 

Homoeopathy, doses in.205 

Homoeopathy, when introduced... 4 

Horizontal bar exercise.191 

Horse, endurance of the. 86 

Horse, medicines for the.227 

Horse, how to tell age of.226 

Horse-power. 109 

Horse-power, necessary to elevate 

water. 271 

Horse-power of belting. 269 

Horse-power of steam engines, etc.268 

Horse railroad, first built. 6 

Horses and cattle, differences be¬ 
tween.170 

Horseshoes, first made. 4 

Horse, what a, can draw.229 

Hotel, largest. 13 

Hotels, the law of.131 

How to detect counterfeit money .183 

Human life, average. 6 

Hurricane, velocity of. 6 

Hydraulic information, useful.. ..271 

Hygiene.194 

Hysterics.195, 210 

Ice, strength of.109 

Illegitimate births.109 

Illiteracy, statistics of..101 

Impeachment...155 


375 






































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Import duties in various countries.lOl 


Indian country, the... 99 

Indian, the American.101 

India rubber.. .109 

Indelible ink.2i9 

Indentures.282 

Independence, declaration of.71 

Independence, war of.72 

Indigestion.195, 204 

Indorsement of notes.119 

Infamous crimes in law.166 

Infants, artificial feeding of..206 

Inflamed eyes.1' 6 

Inflammation of the bowels.195 

Inflammation of the bladder.195 

Inflammation of the brain.195 

Inflammation of the kidneys.195 

Inflammation of the liver.195 

Inflammation of the lungs.195 

Inflammation of the stomach.196 

Inflammatory sore throat.196 

Influenza.196 

Ink, indelible.219 

Inks, printing.274 

Inland seas, area of, etc.141 

Inns, hotels and boarding-houses, 

the law of.131 

Insanity, causes of.113 

Insects, to destroy.222 

Installment note.146 

Insurance.177 

Insurance company, largest. 7 

Interest accumulation.182 

Interest laws.147 

Interest rules.183 

Interesting facts of science, etc... 107 

Interlineations in deeds.128 

Intermittent fever.196 

Internal revenue.180 

Inter-State commerce law.175 

Inundations.174 

Ireland, evictions in. 95 

Iron —See bar iron , cast iron and 
wrought iron. 

Iron and wood, weight of.258 

Iron ore, first discovered. 6 

Itch.196 

Jackson’s administration. 75 

James, St.225 

Jaundice. ....196 

Jefferson, Thomas, administra¬ 
tion of. 73 

Jesuits, order of, founded. 4 

Johnson’s administration. 81 

John, St.225 

Johnstown flood.106 

Joint life policies.178 

Jude, St.225 

Kerosene first used for illuminat¬ 
ing. 5 

Kidneys, inflammation of the.195 


Knights of Labor. 103 

Kflives, first used.J 6 

Know-Nothings.J 79 

Koran, the.£28 

Labor congress, national.103 

Labor, Federation of.103 

Labor, organized, in the U. S.... 102 

Lake Superior.[ll 

Landlord and tenant.123 

Land measure.B33 

Land measure (U. S.).164 

Land monopoly.100 

Lamp chimneys, to toughen.£20 

Languages, name of God in 48 ... J13 

Languages, number of.J 3 

Lantern signals.186 

Larceny, grand and petty.166 

Lavender water.117 

Law (business) in brief.ll4 

Law, constitutional.155 

Law, criminal.116 

Law relating to farms, etc.125 

Laws of chance.176 

Lead, compression of.KO 

Leads and slugs.*4 

Leads for book work.1>6 

Lead pipe, sizes and weights of. ..Is 

Leads for newspapers.is 

Lead, sheet, weight of.2>9 

Leap years.18 

Leases.E3 

Lease, short form of.14 

Legacies.K5 

Legal advice.114 

Legal forms.K2 

Legal tender.1»5 

Leipsic fair, the.lls 

Leprosy.119 

Letter combinations.1«5 


Letter writing. 

Liberty, Bartholdi’s statue of 

Liberty party, the. 

Libraries, statistics of. 

Library, first American...... 

Library, largest. 


Lien laws.12B 

Life, average for professions.10T 

Life, average of.-.lli 

Life insurance, first. 4 

Lightning and sunstroke.211 

Light, velocity of. 5 

Limitation, statutes of.147 

Limited payment life policies ... .178 

Lime, weight of.258 

Lincoln’s administration. 80 

Lincoln, assassination of. 4 

Lisbon earthquake.290 

Liver complaint.194 

Liver, inflammation of the.195 

Load upon floors.257 

Locomotive, cost of a.185 


370 

















































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Locomotive, largest. 10 

Locomotive whistle signals_...187 

Lo? 8 reduced to inch board meas¬ 
ure. 239 

Lo.sette’s system of memory.14 

Loidon fire.106 

Loiseness of the bowels.196 

Lo s and fields, contents of.235 

Loiisiana purchase. 73 

Luce, St.225 

Lunber, etc., weight of.255 

Lunber, to find quantity of, in a 

log.236 

Luninous paint. 37 

Luigs, inflammation of the.195 

Malison’s administration. 73 

Mals, money lost in.155 

Mtjority, age when attained.158 

Mmhattan, origin of name.247 

Mmkind, races of. 59 

Mtnsion, costliest. 11 

Mm, tallest. 8 

Mtrble slabs, weight of.258 

Mirine insurance.179 

Mtrk, St.225 

Mtrriage and divorce.137 

Mtrried women, rights of.139 

Mtsonry, weight of.258 

Mison work.245 

Mitch, first lucifer. 5 

Mitthew, St.225 

Mitthias, St.225 

Miyhem.166 

Measles.. 196, 204, 207 

Measurement, type, by square 

inches.286 

Measures of capacity.233 

Measures, the meaning of.231 

Meat, loss of, in cooking.213 

Medicine and hygiene.194 

Medicine, doses of.212 

Medicines for the horse.227 

Meerschaum. 5 

Memory, Loisette’s system of. 14 

Menstruation.196 

Metals, combinations of.274 

Metric tables, handy.231 

Metric weights and measures.230 

Mexico, war with.5, 77 

Militia, State.156 

Mind cure, the.308 

Mineral lands (mining laws).150 

Mines, largest and deepest. 10 

Mining laws.149 

Mirrors, glass, first made. 5 

Misquotations.314 

Mississippi river. 12 

Missouri compromise. 74 

Mixing inks and paints.274 

Mold, to prevent.219 

Monarchs and their end.170 


Money, Roman, in New Testament. 103 
Money, time in which it doubles ..182 


Money, value of foreign.229 

Monkey wrench, the. 9 

Monopoly, land.100 

Monroe doctrine, the. 74 

Monroe, James,'administration of. 74 

Mouth wash..215 

Monuments, height of. 98 

Monument, highest. 8 

Mormons, arrival of. 6 

Mortgage, form of.143 

Mortgages.129 

Mosquitoes, to keep out.211 

Moths, to get rid of.212 

Mottoes of the States. 68 

Mountain, highest. 12 

Mountains, highest range. 3 

Mrs. Partington, the original.231 

Mucilage.*..217 

Mumps.196, 205 

Murder, degrees of.166 

Musical notes first used. 6 

Mustache grower.216 

Mysticism. .307 

Nails and spikes.241 

Nails required for different kinds 

of work. 242 

Names of the States. 67 

Napoleon 1. 3 

Native American party. 77 

Natural bridge, highest. 6 

Naturalization.157 

Natural sines, etc.283 

Nature’s wonders, some of.113 

Navy in the civil war, the. 90 

Nebular hypothesis. 58 

Needles first used. 6 

Negotiable paper.104,105, 118 

Nervousness.196 

Nettlerash. 205 

Newspaper measure, standard.... 284 

Newspapers. 8 

Newspapers in U. S. 9 

Newspapers, numbers of.103 

Newspapers, sizes of.286 

Newspaper type measurement.... 285 

New York fire.106 

Niagara Falls.8, 239 

Niagara, horse-power of.109 

Nicknames of cities. 70 

Nicknames of States. 69 

Nicotine, proportion in tobacco... 109 

Nijni -Novgorod, the fair of.108 

Non-forfeiting policies.178 

Nose, bleeding from the.209 

Note, joint promissory.145 

Note not negotiable.145 

Note payable at bank.145 

Note payable by installments.146 

Note payable on demand.145 
















































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Note with surety.145 

Note, promissory, form of.145 

Notes aud negotiable 

paper.114, 115, 118 

Nullification ordinance..._.. 75 

Obelisks, Egyptian...292 

Ocean, depth of the.154 

Ocean passage, quickest. 8 

Oceans, dimensions of.141 

Odor, to remove the, from a vial..210 

Open policies.179 

Opium.Ill, 221 

Order, 250 points of.104 

Oregon, reoccupation of. 77 

Organized labor in the U. S.102 

Overflows, great.106 

Ox, largest. 11 

Painting and glazing.252 

Paint, luminous. 37 

Paint, to .remove from window 

glass.220 

Paints, mixing.274 

Palpitation of the heart.196 

Panics, great financial. 96 

Paper, invention of. 3 

Paper money, circulation of. 7 

Paper, book and print, sizes of.... 298 

Papers, flat, common sizes of.296 

Paris. 8 

Park, largest in U. S. 6 

Park, the most extensive. 6 

Parliamentary law.104 

Partington, the original Mrs.231 

Partnership, the law of .120 

Paste, a brilliant.217 

Paste, acid-proof.218 

Paste, a perpetual,.217 

Paste, a strong.217 

Paste, a sugar.217 

Paste for papering boxes.216 

Paste for printing-office.218 

Paste for scrap-books.217 

Paste, paper and leather.217 

Paste to fasten cloth on wood.218 

Patents, how to obtain.252 

Paul, St.252 

Pens, first steel. 5 

Perjury.166 

Personal liberty laws. 78 

Philip, St.225 

Phonograph, invention of. 3 

Phonograph, the .291 

Photographs first produced. 4 

Physical exercise.191 

Pianoforte, invention of. 6 

Piano polish.295 

Pierce’s administration. 78 

Piles.196, 205 

Pipe, block tin.249 

Pipe, diameter and capacity of... .271 
Pipe, lead, sizes of, etc.248 


H 


.. 211 , 


Pitch, lake of . 

Plague, London. 

Plagues, remarkable...., 

Planetary system, elements of the 
Plank measurement table. 

Plants to an acre. 

Plasterers, facts for.. 

Plastering, putty for. 

Plate glass. 

Plato’s definition of man.. 

Plumber’s etc., useful tables for.. 

Poetry, gems of.* .. 

Poison for bugs. 

Poisons and their antidotes. 

Polish for shirt bosoms. 

Political history (U. S.). 

Polk’s administration. 

“ Poor Man’s Region ”. 

Popes . 

Popular vote for presidents... 
Population of American cities 
Population of principal countries. 

Population of States. 

Population of U. S. 

Population of U. S., increase of. 

Postage Stamps, first used. 

Postal information. 

Post-office, first established. 

Pottery. 

Poultry, 300 facts about. 

Power of attorney, form of. 

Power, table of transmission of, by 

wire ropes.. 

Practical calculations... 

Preferred stock. 

Prescriptions.. 

Preserving wood. 

Presidency, legal qualifications 

for the.156, 1|9 

Presidential election, the. .18 

Presidential election statistics....li l 

Presidential succession.119 

Presidents of the U. S. (table)_U 

Pressure of the atmosphere ...... 2' l 

Pressure of water.21L 

Price and cost marks.1$ 

Prickly heat, cure for.21 

Printers, useful information for..28 
Printing, chronology of.. 

Printing inks, mixing of.274 

Printing-office, paste.21f 

Promissory note, form of.143 

Pronunciation, rules of.30, 31 

Public debt, principal of the. 98 

Public lands, titles to, how 

’acquired.%.164 

Public schools, first. 4 

Publishers, useful information 

for.284 

Pulleys for physical exercise.193 

Pump cylinders.271 


P7 

7 

37 

33 

44 

44 

52 

72 

48 

00 

22 

|7. 

11 

II 

7 

4 
0 
1 
1 

8 
1 
1 
1 

3 
$5 

5 

4 

as 

3 


2 0 

42 

1 

‘7 

215 













































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Pimps, efficient working of.271 

Punps, double-acting.272 

Pvnctuation. 35 

Pcgents, volatile salts for.216 

Putty for plastering.244 

Pyramid of Cheops.109 

Pyramid of Ghizeh. 11 

Qunsy.196 

Qut claim deed, form of.143 

Raffiits.209 

lhces of mankind. 59 

Ralroad construction table.342 

Ralroading, twenty points on 

American.185 

R&lroads and transportation.185 

Ralroad. signals.186 

Ralroads, speed on.187 

Rulways, miles of in U. S.185 

Ralway to the sun. 83 

R«‘il8 required per mile (table). ..242 

R.ils, steel, duration of.185 

R.mphorhyncus, the.247 

Rmk of States —See maps. 

Rds, destruction of.221 

Rits, how to get rid of.105 

Rizor-strop paste.216 

R-aumur thermometer.188 

R*cipes, etc.215 

R'construction (Southern).77, 81 

R;dwood trees of California.183 

R-ligion in America. 99 

R'ligious denominations.110 

Republican party, the. 72 

Reserve (insurance).178 

Returning board 6ystem, the. 81 

Rheumatism.196 

Rickets.197 

Rifle ball, velocity of. 4 

light of dower, the.137 

Rights of married women.139 

Ringworm.197 

Rivers, flow of. 6 

Rivers, longest. 12 

Road, the rule of the.295 

Roman Catholic hierarchy.110 

Roman money.103 

Rome founded. 3 

Roofers, hints for.250 

Roof, wall and floor measure_ .245 

Rose water.216 

Rotheln.207 

Royalties paid authors.207 

Rubber, India.109 

Rubble.245 

Sacred College, the.110 

Safe doses of poisonous drugs .. ..213 

Salaries, big.245 

Salts, volatile.216 

San Francisco, great fire at.106 

San Marino.258 

Santiago, great fire at.106 


Savings accumulations.182 

Scalds and burns. 208 

Scantling and timber measure.. ..238 

Scarlet fever.197, 207 

School, largest. 12 

Scrofula.197 

Scurvy.197 

Seas, inland, largest. 3 

Seattle, great fire at.106 

Secession, first proposer of.224 

Seeds, quantity required for 

planting. 234 

Serfdom in Austria. 94 

Serfdom in Russia. 94 

Serfs, German. 95 

Settlement, first in America. 9 

Seven sages. 8 

Seven wise men, sayings of the.. .240 

Seven wonders of the world. 9 

Sewing machine, first patented... 5 

Shampoo, liquid.215 

Shaving compound.216 

Sheep and goats, to tell age of.... 226 
Shingles, number required in a 

roof.250 

Ship, largest. 9 

Shirt bosoms, enamel for.221 

Shocks, violent.210 

Shoes, to make waterproof.220 

Short interest rules.183 

Short rates, insurance.177 

Sickness, ratio of.110 

Signal Service, U. S.289 

Silver, a wash for cleaning.220 

Silver dollar, the standard.296 

Simon Zealot, St.225 

Sines, tangents, etc.283 

Sinks and drains, to disinfect.219 

Skull, measurement of the.112 

Skylights.252 

Slates, number of, per square ... 250 

Slavery and serfdom. 93 

Slavery, first established. 5 

Slavery in the U. S. 94 

Sleeping-cars, cost of.185 

Sleeping-cars, first in use.185 

Smallpox.197, 207 

Smallpox epidemics.107 

Smelling salts, inexhaustible.216 

Smoke stains, to remove.218 

Soap, first manufactured. 4 

Solar system, the. 57 

Sore throat, inflammatory.196 

Sound, velocity of. 3 

Sparrow, the English. 70 

Specific gravity of various sub¬ 
stances .276 

Spectacles, invention of. 4 

Speed on railroads.187 

Spelling, short rules for. 35 


Spherical shells, to find weight of.261 


379 














































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Spikes and nails.241 

Spikes, railroad.242 

Spirits, when “ proof ”.112 

Sprains.205 

Shrubs, plants or trees to an acre.233 

Squatter sovereignty. 79 

Squares and cubes, tables of.278 

Stage favorites.165 

Stains, to remove. 218 

Stains, to remove, from furniture.220 

Standard time.296 

Starch, percentage of, in food ... .213 

State elections, when held.160 

States, mottoes of. 68 

States, names of. 67 

States, nicknames of. 69 

Statutes of limitations.147 

Steamboating.187 

Steam engine, first. 6 

Steam engines.268 

Steamer, first to cross Atlantic.... 4 

Steam piston, to find area of.271 

Steel rails, duration of.185 

Steel, tensile test of.276 

Stephens, Alexander H. 80 

Sterility_.’. .107 

St. John, great fire at.106 

Stock investments explained.171 

Stomach-ache.203 

Stomach, inflammation of the. ....196 

Stock, food for.233 

Stolen property.166 

Stones, weight of.258 

Storm clouds, velocity of. 4 

Storm, velocity of. 5 

Stovepipe, to clean.220 

Strength, comparative scale of .. .110 

Strike, first in U. S.102 

St. Vitus’ dance.197 

Suffocation.211 

Sugar-cane, first cultivated. 5 

Sugar, degrees of, in fruits.213 

Summer heat in various countries 96 
Sunday-school, first established... 6 

Sun jumps a day, place where.176 

Sunstroke.211 

Suspension bridge, largest. 7 

Synonyms and atonyms. 38 

Tacks.241 

Tangets, etc.283 

Tanks, capacity of.272 

Tariff —See import duties. 

Tariff, the U. S. customs .... .167, 306 

Taxes. 180 

Taylor’s administration. 78 

Teething.205 

Teeth, removing tartar from the.. 215 

Telegraph, first in operation. 5 

Telephone, the. 291 

Telescope, invention of the. 4 

Temple, largest. 11 


Tensile and transverse strength.. 176 
Tensile strength of stones, etc.. ..|o9 

Tensile test of steel.|76 

Term life policies. 178 

Terms used on ’Change.I74 

Texas.J12 

Texas, annexation of.77 

Theater, first in U. S. 6 

Theosophy.13 

Thermometer, facts about the.... 84 

Thermometer, how to test a.!19 

Thermometric scales, comparisor 

of. 88 

Thomas, St.125 

Throat, inflammatory sore.96 

Thrush. 97 

Thumb, dislocated.09 

Tiedouloureux..97 

Ties, cross, per mile (table).4i 

Tilden, Samuel J.81 

Timber and cast iron, strength of. 46 

Timber measure (table).38 

Timber rules.36 

Timber, to tell soundness of.36 

Time difference between New York 

and foreign cities.90 

Time measure.30 

Time, standard. )6 

Time table, bankers’.34 

Tin box cement. 17 

Tin, roofing.>1 

Tints, preparation of.! 14 

Title, abstracts of.] !8 

Titles in Great Britain. 7 

Titles of nobility.1 >5 

Tobacco, discovery of. 7 

Tobacco, proportion of nicotine in.l >9 

Toothache.17 

Toothache cure.2 5 

Toothache tincture.2 5 

Tooth paste.2 5 

Tooth powder. ..25 

Tories. 2 

Torpedo signals.US 

Trade discounts.1(3 

Trade dollar.2J5 

Trademarks, the law of.IE 3 

Trade secrets, etc.215 

Trades-unions.10k 

Train management.IBS 

Transferring engravings. 37 

Transferring of property.137 

Transit insurance.179 

Transverse strength.276 

Treason.155 

Trees, how tomeasure.232 

Trees of California, large.183 

Trees or plants to an acre.233 

Tree, the largest. 7 

Tricopherous for the hair.215 

Trillion, a, what it is.180 


380 













































































































ALPHABETICAL INDEX 


Trip around the world.148 

Trx>ps engaged in civil war. 85 

Tny weights.230 

Trist deeds.128 

Trr Pitikes, the.228 

Tujs, capacity of.109 

Tumel, longest. 7 

Tuinel, longest railway.185 

Tumels (mining law).150 

Tukeys, ducks and geese.225 

Tu'pentine, the virtues of.217 

Tyer’s administration. 77 

Ty>e, body,how to estimate for ..284 
Ty pe measurement by square 

inches.286 

Type, etc., weight of.284 

Typhus fever.297, 307 

Uiited States political history...-. 71 

Uiited States, population of. 61 

Uiiversity, the largest. 5 

U) as tree.256 

U eful hydraulic information_271 

Vsccination and smallpox.107 

Wiley of death, the.7, 256 

Wiley of the Upas Tree.256 

Wn Buren’s administration. 76 

Vegetables, how to measure.232 

Vermin, to destroy.221 

V»to, presidential.155 

Volent shocks.210 

Volatile salts for pungents.216 

Vdcano, loftiest, active. 7 

V) lcano, the largest. 7 

V)ting and naturalization.157 

Voting, qualifications for in all the 

States.160 

Hatches, first constructed. 3 

Hatches, first made. 6 

Hater for domestic use.272 

“Watering” stock.271 

Hater on the brain.197 

Hater-pipe, to thaw out.219 

Haterproof cloth, how to make.. .295 
Vaterproof, to make boots or 

shoes.220 

Water, to tell pure.105 

Wall, roof and floor measure.245 

Wandering Jew, the.240 

War, losses from. 91 

Warranty deed, form of.143 


Wars, American, length and cost of 91 


Wars, cost of recent. 91 

Wars of the U. S. 84 

Washington, George, administra¬ 
tion of. 72 

Washington monument. 12 

Wear and tear of building 

materials.256 

Weather signals.289 

Wedding anniversaries.282 

Weight in cubic feet of various 

substances.276 

Weight of type, etc.284 

Weight of floors, etc.257 

Weights and measures.230 

Weights and measures, handy.... 231 

Weights, miscellaneous.2.58 

What’s in a name?.34 

When a man becomes of age.158 

Whigs. 72 

Whisky ring trials. 81 

Whites.197 

Whooping cough.195, 205, 207 

Will, form of.144 

Wills.133 

Wilmot proviso, the. 78 

Wind and weather signals.289 

Window glass.252 

Windows, glass, first used. 4 

Wire gauges.264 

Wire, longest span of. 8 

Wire ropes, table of transmission 

of power by.270 

Wonders of electricity.291 

Wonders of nature.113 

Wood, bulk, how to measure.232 

Wood engraving. 6 

Wood, how to preserve.295 

Woods, durability of.275 

Wood, weight of.258 

Words often mispronounced. 32 

Working life, man’s.107 

Workingmen’s party.102 

World’s principal countries. 60 

Worms in the intestines.197, 205 

Wounds and bruises.202 

Wounds and cuts.209 

Wrought iron, approximate 

weight of.262 

Wrought iron, assumed weight of .263 
Zendavesta, the. 228 


381 
























































































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A VALUABLE SCIENTIFIC WORK 




SEX fl ND 

LIFE 


The Physiology and Hygiene of the Sexual 

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BY 

ELI F. BROWN, M.S., M.D. 


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“ ‘Sex and Life,’ by Dr. Eli F. Brown, is a very sensible book, for it die 
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